Chiranjib Chakraborty

Adamas University · Department of Biotechnology

Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by serogroups O1 and O139 of a gGram-negative bacterium named Vibrio cholerae. As per the reports of the World Health Organization, there is a continuous rise in cholera cases. Most recently from the month of December 2022, an exponential growth of cholera outbreak is beinghas been recorded in the Africa...

Modern biological science is trying to solve the fundamental complex problems of molecular biology, which include protein folding, drug discovery, simulation of macromolecular structure, genome assembly, and many more. Currently, quantum computing (QC), a rapidly emerging technology exploiting quantum mechanical phenomena, has developed to address...

Abstract Background The global research community has made considerable progress in therapeutic and vaccine research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several therapeutics have been repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19.One such compound is, favipiravir, which was approved for the treatment of influenza viruses, including drug-resistant influenza. D...

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants are great concerns for their significant mutations, which are also responsible for vaccine escape. Therefore, the study was undertaken to develop a mutation-proof, next-generation vaccine to protect against all upcoming SARS-CoV-2 variants. We used advanced computational and bioinformatics approaches to...

COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 6.71 million deaths out of 660 million confirmed cases as of January 12, 2023. SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for this worldwide pandemic is a member of the broad family of viruses known as coronaviruses (CoVs). It seems difficult to terminate the present pandemic despite continued vaccination programs and boost...

Abstract Background The 2022 outbreak of the mpox virus (previously monkeypox virus, MPXV) in non-epidemic regions has created a global issue. The emergence of MPXV was first reported in Europe, which was described as the MPXV epicenter, however, no reports are available to illustrate its outbreak patterns in Europe. Methods The study used numerou...

On February 6, 2023, a devastating earthquake (7.8 and 6.5 magnitudes) occurred in Turkey and Syria, causing massive destruction, loss of life, and displacement. This event had a severe impact on the affected areas, with hundreds of buildings destroyed, thousands of lives lost, and millions more facing economic ruin. As of March 8, 2023, the death...

Viruses, especially single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, have always been a pathogenic menace as they cause emerging infectious diseases (EID) such as Zika, Ebola, Bird flu, Chikungunya, Dengue, MERS, COVID-19, Mokeypox, Norovirus, Marburg, Cholera, Polio and others. Of note, SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants have posed significant global healt...

We are currently approaching three years since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has caused extensive disruptions in everyday life, public health, and the global economy. Thus far, the vaccine has worked better than expected against the virus. During the pandemic, we experienced several things, such as th...

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in nearly billions of infected cases and millions of deaths. ........ Spike mutations in the variants and subvariants of SARSCoV-2 are reported as a significant cause of antibody resistance......

The rapid spread of monkeypox (mpox) has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and worry levels of the general population in the Kurdistan region of Iraq regarding the ongoing mpox multi-country outbreak. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted...

The rapid spread of monkeypox (mpox) has been declared as a Public Health Emergency of In-ternational Concern (PHEIC). The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and worry levels of the general population in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq regarding the ongoing mpox mul-ti-country outbreak. An online cross-sectional survey was conducte...

Individuals with comorbidities (i.e., Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, heart diseases) are more likely to develop a more severe form of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), thus, they should take necessary precautions to avoid infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus–2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its emerging variants and subvariants by ge...

Purpose The current outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) has created colossal concerns. However, immense research gaps have been noted in our understanding of the replication process, machinery, and genomic landscape during host cell infection. To fill this gap, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were comprehensively analyzed during viral replication in...

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a threat to human health and the global economy for over 3 years..................

Skeletal disabilities are a prominent burden on the present population with an increasing life span. Advances in osteopathy have provided various medical support for bone-related diseases, including pharmacological and prosthesis interventions. However, therapeutics and post-surgery complications are often reported due to side effects associated wi...

November 9, 2021(1, 2). Subsequently, the variant spread throughout South Africa. Afterwards, this variant spread very quickly through the world. Scientists noted a higher amount of transmissibility than other variants and also observed reduced pathogenicity ..............

Within the two years of the pandemic, the collaborative efforts between the industry, academia, funders, regulatory bodies, and government agencies have provided us with a range of antiviral therapies and vaccines. These success lessons have helped us to learn how to develop a "rapid" vaccine or therapeutics with the help of collaborative efforts u...

The current outbreak of the monkeypox (MPX) viral zoonosis with the symptoms similar to smallpox has indeed created a serious health concern lately. In the past, the MPX outbreak had limited geographic range covering the Central and Western parts of Africa where its epidemic..............

The massive surge of SARS-CoV-2 has imposed significant implications for the population of the entire World during COVID-19 ongoing pandemic...............

The risk of 'zoonotic spillovers,' or the transmission of viruses from animals to humans, has been raised by climate change and the devastation of nature, as infectious disease experts have long warned. Even as the world works to stop the spread of the currently unfolding pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the breakout of monkeypox...

Recently, the Omicron subvariant BF.7 (BA.5.2.1.7) has outcompeted the earlier different lineages, sublineages and subvariants of Omicron (B.1.1.529) including BA.2, BA.3, BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.75, BA.2.75.2, BA.4, BA.4.6, BA.5, BQ.1, BQ.1.1 (BA.4/5), owing to possessing additional genomic mutation, higher transmissibility, and significant...

Several subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant have evolved very quickly and also evolving continuously. Notably, some significant subvariants such as BF.7, BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.2.75.2, BQ, XBB, etc. are potentially expanding in the brief period of current times .............

Over the last few decades, humankind has constantly encountered new viral species that create havoc in the socio-economic balance worldwide. Among the method to combat these novel viral infections, fast and Point-of-care diagnosis is of prime importance to contain the spreading of viral infections. However, most sensitive diagnostic systems for vir...

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),(COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had a disastrous effect worldwide during the previous two years due to widespread infections with SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variations. More than 650 million confirmed cases and over 6.6 million deaths have been attributed to successive waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections as of...

Background: To date, more than 10% of the global population is unvaccinated against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the reasons why this population is not vaccinated are not well identified. Objectives: We investigated the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine refusal and to assess the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine refusal. Methods...

Monkeypox (MPX) has been declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. As of November 4, 2022, 78,000 verified cases from 109 countries and territories, and 40 deaths have been reported due to MPX. The present article highlights salient hospital-based prevention and control measures to be adopted and...

Newly emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are continuously posing high global public health concerns and panic resulting in waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Depending on the extent of genomic variations, mutations and adaptation, few of the variants gain the ability to spread quick...

The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant concern for everyone. Recent data from many worldwide reports suggest that most infections are caused by the Omicron variant and its sub-lineages, dominating all the previously emerged variants. The numerous mutations in Omicron’s viral genome and its sub-lineages attribute it a larger amount of viral f...

Pattern recognition plays a critical role in integrative bioinformatics to determine the structural patterns of proteins of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. This study identifies the pattern of SARS-CoV-2 proteins to depict the structure–function relationships of the protein alphabets of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. The assembly enumeration algorithm, Aniso...

SARS-CoV-2 has a single-stranded RNA genome (+ssRNA), and synthesizes structural and non-structural proteins (nsps). All 16 nsp are synthesized from the ORF1a, and ORF1b regions associated with different life cycle preprocesses, including replication. The regions of ORF1a synthesizes nsp1 to 11, and ORF1b synthesizes nsp12 to 16. In this paper, we...

The recent emergence of monkeypox (MPX) has created a global threat. The number of infected and suspected cases of MPX is increasing in different parts of the world, especially in non-African countries. However, vaccines are available to fight against this disease. It has been observed that smallpox vaccines can be used to protect against MPX. The...

In the last two years, the world encountered the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is still dominating the population due to the absence of a viable treatment. To eradicate the global pandemic, scientists, doctors, and researchers took an exceptionally significant initiative towards the development of effective therapeutics to save many lifes. This review di...

Recent efforts in designing nanomaterials to deliver potential therapeutics to the targeted site are overwhelming and palpable. Engineering nanomaterials to deliver biological molecules to exert desirable physiological changes, with minimized side effects and optimal dose, has revolutionized the next-generation therapy for several diseases. The rap...

Despite having been documented for over four decades, Hantaviruses are currently considered emerging viruses due to their increasing relevance as human pathogens. The paradoxical spread of Hantavirus during the global pandemic struggle against COVID-19 made headlines in news and threatened the continued existence of the human species. Hantavirus is...

This study analyzed perceptions of Indians regarding COVID-19 booster dose vaccines using natural language processing techniques, particularly, sentiment analysis and topic modeling. We analyzed tweets generated by Indian citizens for this study. In late July 2022, the Indian government hastened the process of COVID-19 booster dose vaccinations. Un...

Purpose: The recent Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant poses a significant threat to global health. This variant has spread worldwide, and several sublineages have rapidly emerged. Study tried to analyze the microevolution of this variant. Methods: We studied the molecular phylogenetics, divergence, geographical distributions, frequencies, risk mutatio...

Background: The current monkeypox virus (MPXV) spread in the non-epidemic regions raises global concern. Presently, the smallpox vaccine is used against monkeypox with several difficulties. Conversely, no next-generation vaccine is available against MPXV. Here, we proposed a novel multi-epitopic peptide-based in-silico potential vaccine candidate a...

Since early 2020, the entire world has been facing a disastrous outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, with massive reporting of death and infections per day. Medical practitioners adopted certain measures such as convalescent plasma therapy, antibody treatment, and injecting vaccines to eradicate the pandemic. In this review, we have primarily focused...

Marburg virus (MARV), an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Filovirus genus of Filoviridae family, and a zoonotic pathogen, is one of the deadliest pathogens causing rare but severe, devastating hemorrhagic fever known as Marburg virus disease (MVD) with high case-fatality (24-88%), similar to Ebola virus disease (EVD). This highl...

The recent report of Seang et al with regards to first evidence of human-to-dog transmission of MPXV urges a priority demand of enhancing surveillance and conducting further explorative and in-depth disease investigations, and strengthen researches on this zoonotic virus (1). This will facilitate to find out the real magnitude of MPXV reverse zoono...

The name Neocoronavirus (NeoCoV) is derived from the name of its reservoir host, i.e., Neoromicia capensis, a species of South African bat that has been infected by this virus. The virus was detected in the fecal material of the bats and found to spread exclusively among these animals. NeoCoV is closer to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviru...

Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged after the its first infection was reported in December 2019. The world has noted several significant variants from time to time, such as B.1.351 (Beta; originated from South Africa, during May 2020), B.1.1.7 (Alpha; originated from the UK, during September 2020), B.1.617.2 (Delta; originated from India, d...

Recent monkeypox (MPX) outbreaks are major ones in non-endemic countries. The present study analyzed molecular phylogenetics, divergence, epidemiology, the geographical distribution, entropy diversity of genome, mutational landscape, and evolution of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) genome and the current MPXV is entitled “hMPXV1.” We used different in-s...

Monkeypox (MPX) has now been declared a global public health emergency owing to its constantly rising cases. Currently, the monkeypox virus (MPXV) has rapidly spread to 99 countries and as of August 31, 2022, about 49,974 confirmed cases and 15 deaths have been reported by CDC, USA. .......... As of August 31, 2022, 18 MPX cases were reported from...

Recent outbreak of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a tick-borne disease with high fatality rate, caused by an arbovirus named as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), has posed an emerging public health concern in Iraq. CCHF is endemic in some parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. The disease has been earlier reported in Iraq (1979-...

Marburg virus (MARV), a highly pathogenic RNA virus belonging to the Filoviridae family, the causative agent of Marburg virus disease (MVD), was first identified in Germany and Serbia in the year 1967 in a laboratory personnel working for poliomyelitis vaccine development with African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) imported from Uganda [1]....

Amid the global health threats of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, recent re-emergence of rising cases of monkeypox posing public health emergency of international concern, and very recent re-emergence of Marburg virus disease in Ghana, another zoonotic disease as a febrile illness in humans has been reported from China as per one report published mo...

Monkeypox (MPX) has now been declared global public health emergency due to its rising cases and rapid spread in more than 80 countries with over 25000 cases. Smallpox vaccines cross-protect against MPXV owing to antigenic similarity, however after smallpox eradication, cessation of smallpox vaccination program in 1980 has led to virtual lowering o...

Marburg virus (MARV), a highly pathogenic and deadly virus and causing Marburg virus disease (MVD) with upto 90% case fatality rate, has very recently been in news during mid of July 2022 owing to its outbreak in Ghana, while its last outbreak was reported from Guinea during August 2021.... MVD is a zoonotic disease, mainly transmitted from bats-to...

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease caused by viruses of the genus Enterovrirus, family Picornaviridae, especially serotypes coxackivirus A16 (CVA16), A6 (CVA6) and enterovirus 71 (EV71). The disease was first recognized in New Zealand in 1956 and afterwards spread widely. Currently, HFMD outbreaks occur frequently i...

The recent appearance of monkeypox (MPX) outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries beyond Africa has now posed a public health emergency of international concern amid its rising cases. Being a neglected / rare disease, much attention had not been paid on its management and treatment aspects. The present article provides updated information on cli...

In the beginning of 2022, we have highlighted the proposed concept of simultaneous attack of Delta (most deadly) and Omicron (most mutated) in the immunocompromised people, which is an extremely rare event. A combination of the Delta (AY.4) and BA.1 omicron variants has been named as BA.1 x AY.4 recombinant by the World Health Organization, first d...

The Delta variant is one of the alarming variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that have been immensely detrimental and a significant cause of the prolonged pandemic (B.1.617.2). During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from December 2020 to October 2021, the Delta variant showed global dominance, and afterwards, the Omicron variant showed global dominance. Delta...

Omicron, another SARS-CoV-2 variant, has been recorded and reported as a VoC. It has already spread across >30 countries and is a highly mutated variant. We tried to understand the role of mutations in the investigated variants by comparison with previous characterized VoC. We have mapped the mutations in Omicron S-glycoprotein's secondary and tert...

The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants has created a catastrophic impact worldwide. Several variants have emerged, including B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.1.28/triple mutant (P.1), B.1.1.7 (Alpha), and B.1.429 (Epsilon). We performed comparative and comprehensive antigenicity mapping of the total S-glycoprotein using the Wuhan strain and t...

The Omicron variant is spreading rapidly throughout several countries. Thus, we comprehensively analyzed Omicron’s mutational landscape and compared mutations with VOC/VOI. We analyzed SNVs throughout the genome, and AA variants (NSP and SP) in VOC/VOI, including Omicron. We generated heat maps to illustrate the AA variants with high mutation preva...

Hybrid immunity has been accepted as the most robust immunity to fight against SARS-CoV-2. The hybrid immunity against the virus is produced in individuals who have contracted the disease and received the COVID-19 vaccine. This happens due to the cumulative effect of natural and acquired (vaccine) immunity, which provides higher antibody responses...

Objective: Osteoporosis is regarded as a silent disorder affecting bone slowly, leading to an increased risk of fractures. Lately, selenium has been found to be associated with the acquisition and maintenance of bone health by affecting the bone remodeling process. However, the mechanism of action of selenium on bone is poorly understood. Here, th...

Biological scientists have established ‘Biodiversity Informatics’ to map the global diversity of biological organisms by using cutting-edge bioinformatics tools. This review depicts an overview of microbial diversity's status worldwide and discusses microbial biodiversity in the marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The study shows how the ‘Biodiversi...

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution process has generated several variants due to its continuous mutations, making pandemics more critical. The present study illustrates SARS-CoV-2 evolution and its emerging mutations in five directions. First, the significant mutations in the genome and S-glycoprotein were analyzed in different variants. Three linear...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to a severe respiratory illness and alters the gut microbiota, which dynamically interacts with the human immune system. Microbiota alterations include decreased levels of beneficial bacteria and augmentation of opportunistic pathogens. Here, we describe critical facto...