Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma

• PhD, Food Science and Technology
• Professor at Federal University of Technology Minna

This study investigated the rheological, physicochemical, and thermal properties of fermented and germinated whole reddish‐brown cowpea, white sorghum and orange‐fleshed sweet potato. Germination substantially reduced the pasting and rheological attributes of flour suspensions compared to the fermentation process. This study observed notable increa...

Unlocking the potential of legumes through short‐term germination offers an innovative approach to improving the functionality of the resultant flour. This review examines the multifaceted benefits of short‐term germinated legume flour, emphasizing the enzymatic activities that breakdown complex legume compounds into simpler forms and reduce anti‐n...

Metabolite profiling is an analytical technique used to assess metabolites in complex biological samples. This technique allows for the identification of both targeted and untargeted metabolites. In this study, the effect of traditional (fermentation and malting) and novel processing (ultrasonication) on the metabolites of finger millet (FM) and Ba...

In this study, cellulose was synthesized from the residue obtained after germinating tiger nuts for 0, 48, 72 or 96 h. The influence of the synthesized cellulose (0%, 2%, or 5%) on the quality of clove extract laden-cookies was evaluated. The optimum structure, morphology, and thermal properties of cellulose were obtained after geminating tiger nut...

This study investigated the impact of bioprocessing techniques (germination, solid‐state fermentation, the combination of germination, and solid‐state fermentation) on the physicochemical properties, anti‐nutritional and bioactive constituents, in vitro digestibility, and techno‐functional properties of whole wheat grains were investigated. Bioproc...

There is increasing consumer demand for functional and bioactive ingredients in foods to promote human health and ensure nutrition security in the developing regions of the world. Locally produced staples can be improved with specific micronutrients using conventional breeding methods. Orange fleshed sweet potatoes are a new variety of sweet potato...

Rice is a popular grain and forms part of the daily diet of people throughout the world. However, the consumption of rice and its products is sometimes limited by its high glycemic index due to its high starch content, low protein content and quality, and low bioavailability of minerals due to the presence of anti‐nutritional factors. This has part...

Germination is a cheap and effective bioprocessing technique used for improvement of the nutritional, physicochemical and health-promoting properties of seeds. The benefits of germination on two fonio varieties (Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua) have not been studied. This study investigated the nutritional and physicochemical changes in two v...

Wheat flour (WF) was substituted with germinated Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) flour (GBF) at different proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) and used in the preparation of bread. The dough mixing, pasting, and gelatinization properties of the blends were evaluated as well as the nutritional quality, in vitro starch digestibility, p...

Indigenous Fermented Foods

The dominance of cereals as staple foods in Africa may partly be linked to the availability of numerous cereal-based fermented food products in the continent. This chapter provides an overview of cereal-based fermented food products, particularly their biochemistry (including modifications that occur during cereal fermentation), nutritional composi...

Key Features Discusses hot topics such as metagenomics for the identification and characterization of microorganisms in fermented foods Offers innovative techniques for improving these indigenous products and investigating their composition as well as upgrading traditional technologies used in the production of fermented products Covers the role of...

There is an increasing global consumer demand for functional foods due to the prevalence of non-communicable and chronic diseases. Such functional foods including fermented food products are of interest due to the presence of beneficial health constituents. In Africa, fermentation is one of the traditional food bioprocessing techniques employed to...

Fermentation is the oldest form of biotechnology process borne out of the need to extend the keeping quality of food materials. These subsequently derived fermented food products are consumed daily, and the three major continents of the tropics (Africa, Asia, and South America) have the richest diversity of these food products in the globe. These f...

Background: The volatilome of fermented food products are essential metabolites that significantly contribute to such foods’ overall composition and sensorial quality. The dataset presented herein represents the volatilome of raw and fermented maize flour samples. Methods: Maize grains were milled and naturally fermented at 35°C into sourdough at d...

This study investigated the effect of germination time (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) on the physicochemical characteristics, in vitro starch digestibility and microstructural changes in Bambara groundnut starch. The starch yield, lightness (L*) value, amylose content and resistant starch contents of isolated starches decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with...

The formulation of new food products with high nutritional quality and functionality is gaining global attention. The physicochemical properties, in vitro digestibility, antioxidant activity and consumer acceptability of biscuits produced from germinated finger millet (GFM) (Eleusine coracana) and Bambara groundnut (GBGN) (Vigna subterranea) flour...

This study evaluated the safety of Lactobacillus johnsonii IDCC 9203 and investigated its anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Genomic analysis revealed that this strain has no virulence and antibiotic resistance gene except tetW, which is a tetracycline resistance gene. Minimum inhibitory concentrat...

There is an increase in the use of adoptable bioprocessing methods for the development of high-quality pulse ingredients. This study investigated the nutritional composition, physicochemical, bioactivity, in vitro digestibility, functional, pasting, thermal and colour characteristics of germinated (24–72 h) pigeon pea. Germination increased (p ≤ 0....

Locust bean gum (LBG) and cellulose microfibers (CMF) in an interpenetrating hydrogel were developed as a bioink for 3D printing. X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy revealed the intermolecular interactions of the constituent polymers, especially in the matrix containing 3–5% LBG. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the relatively...

Tamarind seed, a by‐product of the tamarind pulp industry, is a good source of protein with potential for industrial use. The aim of this study was to determine the functional properties of whole wheat and processed tamarind seed (pressure cooked, oven‐roasted and microwave‐roasted) and further determine the qualities of cookies from the composite...

This study aimed to investigate the kinetics of phenolic compound modification during the fermentation of maize flour at different times. Maize was spontaneously fermented into sourdough at varying times (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) and, at each point, the pH, titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), phenolic compounds (flavonoids such...

Bambara groundnut is a traditional crop in Africa that has been widely used in the preparation of many indigenous food products. These traditional foods from Bamabara groundnut play a key role in the nutrition of people in Africa where malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency are prevalent. Traditional food systems of indigenous people of Africa a...

The impact of germination alone or in combination with solid-state fermentation on the physicochemical, antioxidant, in vitro digestibility, functional, and thermal characteristics of brown finger millet were evaluated. Germination and fermentation increased (p ≤ 0.05) the protein, crude fiber, minerals, resistant starch (7.64–9.69 g/100g), total f...

Beverages play a vital role in the livelihood of human beings. Drinks, particularly those processed from fruits, provide nutritional and health benefits, and they also support socio-economic livelihood. Beverages have also become part of the culture and tradition among indigenous communities, being served at social gatherings, funerals, and marriag...

Poorly emphasized aspect of sustainable food security in developing countries is adoption of indigenous processing technologies. In this context, effects of blanching operation (blanched B, and unblanched, U), fermentation methods (submerged-liquid, LF and solid-substrate, SF), and time (24, 72 and 120 h) on the physicochemical, pasting, and functi...

The effect of incorporating different proportions (5, 10, 15 and 20%) of cashew nut protein concentrate (CNPC) on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and consumer acceptability of bread was investigated. Substitution of wheat flour with CNPC increased the water and oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity, peak and final viscosit...

The data presented in this study represents the profile of metabolites of germinated Bambara groundnut flour (GBF) and starch (GBS) extracted using two different extraction solvents. Bambara groundnuts obtained from a local agro market in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria were germinated at 28 ± 1°C for 24, 48 and 72 h, dried and then processed into flou...

The physicochemical, functional, thermal properties and in vitro digestibility of flours from germinated Bambara groundnut (BGN) were monitored over 72 h. In a time dependent manner, germination led to significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in protein (26.1–28.79 g/100 g), dietary fiber components, digestible starch, in vitro protein digestibility (73.67...

The composition (proximate, amino acids, in vitro protein digestibility [IVPD]), antinutritional factors (ANFs), functional properties, and antioxidant activity of fermented African yam bean flour (FAYBF) were determined in this study, and the effect of substituting FAYBF on the properties (nutritional, physical, and functional) of bread was invest...

There is a growing interest in the use of low-cost and adoptable technologies in the development of nutritious healthy snacks. The physicochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of germinated (24–72 h) African yam bean (AYB) flour, and the prepared chips were determined. Germination significantly increased the ash (2.86–3.52 g/100 g), pro...

In this study, ten rice varieties comprising two newly released varieties, five elite breeding lines and three earlier released lowland rice varieties were evaluated for various quality characteristics in terms of physical, milling and cooking characteristics using standard evaluation system for rice. Among the 10 varieties, the two newly released...

Efforts to attain sustainable nutritional diets in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are still below par. The continent is envisaged to face more impending food crises. This review presents an overview of common edible insects in Africa, their nutritional composition, health benefits and utilization in connection with fermentation to enrich the inherent com...

The meat quality and sensory properties of weaned rabbits administered different concentrations/cell count of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii (flora norm) were investigated. A total of 36 mixed breeds of rabbits were randomly divided to four treatments with three replicates and three rabbits per replicate. The weaned rabbits were fed the same die...

This study investigated the effect of groundnut protein concentrate inclusion on the quality of wheat flour. Wheat and groundnut concentrate flours were blended (%, w/w) at ratios 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20, with 100% wheat flour serving as the control sample. Subsequently, proximate composition, functional, and pasting properties of blen...

The physicochemical (colour, bulk density, thermal properties, molecular sizes), functional (water and oil absorption, solubility, emulsifying and gelation properties) and secondary structural properties of winged bean isolate (W-ISO) were studied and compared with those of soybean isolate(S-ISO) as reference. Results showed that W-ISO and S-ISO ha...

Variations in nutrient composition of most commonly consumed cassava (Manihot esculenta) mixed dishes in South-eastern Nigeria were determined. Four communities were randomly selected from each of the five states in the South-east. Focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted in each of the communities to determine commonly consumed foods and varia...

The effect of substituting wheat flour with acha and bambara nut sourdough flours on bread properties was investigated. Bread was prepared by replacing wheat flour with acha and bambara nut sourdough flour at different proportions (0, 5:5, 10:10 and 15:15). Nutritional, antinutritional, antioxidant and bread properties of bread were determined. Est...

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the effect of hydrothermal treatment by conventional, microwave and pressure cooking on the cooking properties, proximate composition and organoleptic characteristics of dehulled Moringa oleifera seeds. Design/methodology/approach – Samples of Moringa oleifera seeds were subjected to cooking for the minimum...

The effect of replacing wheat flour with cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) flour on the proximate composition, physical, sensory properties of cake were investigated. Baking trials were conducted at different levels of substitution (0, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100%). Cocoyam flour had higher values (p < 0.05) in all functional characteristics evalua...

Effects of fermentation time on the functional and pasting properties of defatted Moringa oleifera seed flour was examined. Moringa seeds were fermented naturally at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h; oven dried at 60°C for 12 h; milled into five different flour samples for each fermentation time and defatted. The functional and pasting properties of the samp...

The effect of xanthan gum addition on the quality of nonwheat cakes prepared from acha–bambara nut flour blend was studied. Xanthan gum (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) were added to to acha–bambara nut (75:25) blend and used in cake preparation. Addition of xanthan gum improved peak and final viscosities of acha– bambara nut batter while setback value decre...

Cereal brans are functional ingredients with high nutritive value and enormous health properties. Cereal brans have not been fully utilized in food systems despite their health benefits. This review presents an overview on the physical, chemical, microbiological, functional, and sensory properties of cereal brans for possible comparisons and select...

The rice bran fermentation conditions for extraction of protein concentrate was enhanced by the use of baker’s yeast at optimized conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design with three independent variables: fermentation temperature (25 to 35°C), yeast concentration (1 to 5%) and fermentation time (10 to 24 h) wa...

The use of cassava starch and soy protein concentrate edible coatings containing 20% glycerol in extending the shelf life of toasted groundnut during ambient (27 ± 1°C) storage for 14 days was studied. Chemical indices of oxidative rancidity and sensory parameters were evaluated using standard procedures. Moisture uptake, peroxide and thiobarbituri...

The effects of substituting germinated Moringa seed flour for wheat flour on the rheological properties of flour blends and cake quality were investigated. Wheat and germinated Moringa seed flour were blended at different proportions. Pasting properties of wheat flour were influenced by germinated Moringa seed flour substitution. Substitution of th...

The effect of substituting wheat flour with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% protein concentrates from natural and yeast fermented rice bran on the rheological properties of their dough and bread properties was studied. Rheological properties of wheat dough were influenced by addition of rice bran protein concentrates. Overall acceptability score and specific l...

This study investigated the effect of germinated tigernut and Moringa flour addition on the quality characteristics of wheat-based bread. Wheat, germinated tigernut and Moringa flours were blended at different proportions where 100% wheat flour served as standard. Pasting properties of wheat flour were affected by addition of germinated tigernut an...

The paper focuses on the chemical, antioxidant, functional and thermal properties of rice bran proteins after yeast, natural fermentations and unfermented rice bran. Protein content of yeast-fermented rice bran protein concentrate (YFRBPC), naturally fermented rice bran protein concentrate (NFRBPC) and unfermented rice protein concentrate (UFRBPC)...

As fermentation could reduce the negative effects of bran on final cereal products, the utilization of whole-cereal flour is recommended, such as brown rice flour as a functional food ingredient. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of fermented brown rice flour on white rice flour, white rice batter and its steamed bread qualities...

The effect of xanthan gum addition on the quality of nonwheat cakes prepared from acha–bambara nut flour blend was studied. Xanthan gum (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) were added to to acha–bambara nut (75:25) blend and used in cake preparation. Addition of xanthan gum improved peak and final viscosities of acha–bambara nut batter while setback value decrea...

The chemical, functional and pasting properties of cassava starch and soy protein concentrate blends intended for biofilm processing were studied. Cassava starch and soy protein concentrates were prepared and mixed at different proportions (100: 0%; 90 : 10%; 80 : 20%; 70 : 30%; 60;40% and 50: 50%). Addition of varying levels of soy protein concent...

Moisture sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of cassava starch and soy protein concentrate–based edible films were investigated. Equilibrium moisture content was determined at various temperatures (10, 20, 30 and 40 °C) and relative humidities (17–83%) using gravimetric method, and the results were analysed using four sorption isotherm...

The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the water vapour permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of cassava starch and soy protein concentrate (SPC) based edible films containing 20 % glycerol level were studied. Tensile strength and elastic modulus of edible films increased with increase in temperature and decreased with increase i...

Blends of ‘acha’ and soybean flours with moisture contents of between 15 and 35% were extruded in a single screw extruder. A response surface design (central composite nearly orthogonal) was used in the investigation with four independent variables comprising of feed moisture content (FMC), feed composition (FC), screw speed (SS) and barrel tempera...

The effects of defatting on the chemical, functional and pasting properties of starches from cowpea and soybean and their application in stiff porridge preparation were studied. Conventional cassava starch served as standard. Defatting of cowpea and soybean resulted in higher yield. Defatted starches also had higher amylose contents with low protei...

The cookie making potentials of unripe plantain and defatted sesame flours blended at different proportions were evaluated. The peak viscosity, trough, final viscosity and setback values of composite blends were higher than 100% wheat flour. The protein, fat, ash and crude fiber contents of unripe plantain-defatted sesame cookies were significantly...

The sensory attributes, mechanical, water vapour permeability (WVP) and solubility properties of cassava starch and soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based edible films of varying levels of glycerol were studied. Addition of SPC and glycerol up to 30% and 20%, respectively, reduced stickiness and improved colour and appearance of the films. Tensile str...

The effect of adding different pineapple juice preparations on the microstructure, staling and textural properties of wheat bread were investigated. The loaves quality, crust and crumb color, and staling profile (crumb firmness, enthalpy) during storage were monitored. The micro-structural differences of crumbs were also examined using microtome an...

Nutritional and sensory properties of complementary food prepared from sorghum, pigeon pea and mango flour blends were studied. A commercial infant diet (Nutrend) served as standard. The proximate composition of the complementary blends were analyzed. The protein content increased from 15.60 - 19.73% while Vitamin A and C increased from 129.05 - 19...

The kinetics of thermal degradation of ascorbic acid in fluted pumpkin leaves were investigated from 60 to 90°C (pH 5.0 to 6.5). Ascorbic acid degradation was modeled as a first order rate reaction with the rate constants increasing with increase in pH of the medium. The pH and temperature dependence of the rates of destruction gave highly signific...

Objective: The study explored the potential of tigernut and pigeon pea flour blends in the preparation of biscuits. Materials and methods: Tigernut and Pigeon pea seeds were processed into flour and formulated into blends. The chemical composition of the flours and biscuits prepared from the flour blends as well as in-vitro (starch and protein) dig...

Cakes processed from wheat-tigernut flour blends and stored under ambient (29±1oC) and refrigerated (4±1oC) conditions was studied. Cake samples were packaged in 5mm thick polyethylene bag and stored under ambient and refrigerated conditions for seven days and six weeks respectively. Staling of cake resulted in increases in chemical properties such...

Quality attributes of stiff porridges prepared from Irish potato and pigeon pea starch blends were studied. Starches were extracted from Irish potato and pigeon pea using a wet extraction method. Various ratios of the starches were mixed and analyzed for chemical, functional and pasting properties. The starch blends were then prepared into stiff po...

The effect of substituting tigernut flour for wheat flour on the proximate, mineral and pasting properties of the resultant blends and cake quality were studied. The proximate composition of flour blends increased with increasing level of tigernut. Protein increased from 22.30 to 26.93% and fat from 4.17 to 7.21% resulting in an increase in energy...

The chemical, functional and pasting properties of flours processed from germinated (0, 24, 48 and 72h) brown and yellow varieties of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) seed was studied. Germination decreased carbohydrate (60.50–53.60%) and fat (60.50–53.60%) while protein and ash increased from 8.23% to 12.40% and 3.28% to 4.26%, respectively. In addit...

The storage stability of “Akara-akpu” (a deep-fried product from sweet cassava), supplemented with soyabean and melon flour during ambient storage (29 ± 1C), was investigated. “Akara-akpu” balls were produced and packaged in polyethylene bags (0.2 mm thick) and stored at 29 ± 1C for 2 months. Sensory properties, microbial load and chemical composit...

Two frying variables (Oil temperature and frying time) at three levels each, were studied to determine effects on degree of starch gelatinization, consumer response and microbial quality of fried cassava balls (Akara-akpu). Results showed that the degree of starch gelatinization of Akara-akpu increased with increasing oil temperature ( °C), time an...

The effects of soaking and germination on some physicochemical properties of millet flour and the sensory properties of porridges produced from the flour were studied. Millet flours were prepared from untreated, soaked, germinated and soaked-germinated grains. There were significant (p≤0.05) increase in protein, ash, dry matter, water absorption ca...

The physicochemical and functional properties of four local varieties of cowpea seeds (Achishiru, Akidi, Jokada and Odudu) in Nigeria were studied. Length, major and minor diameter of seeds were in the range 6.70-12.90 mm, 3.33-5.58 mm, 3.18-4.65 mm while grain weight of seeds varied between 8.40 to 34.90 g. Cooking time ranged from 28.00 to 40.00...

The processing and acceptability of fried cassava balls (“Akara-akpu”) supplemented with melon and soybean flours were studied. Cassava flour, defatted soybean flour and cassava mash were produced. Some functional and chemical properties of the flours were determined. Akara-akpu prepared from 100% cassava mash served as control; 100% cassava flour,...