Chia-Fone Lee

• Medical Doctor at Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital

Hypothesis Extracochlear electric–acoustic stimulation (EAS) between the round window membrane and the basal part of the cochlear bone exhibits distinct auditory brainstem response (ABR) characteristics. Background The use of EAS in individuals with residual hearing is becoming increasingly common in clinical settings. Ongoing research has explore...

In carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), the CO2 captured in industrial processes are employed as a working fluid in coal bed methane drilling operations. This not only enhances the efficiency of the extraction process but also ensures the storage of the CO2 underground. The liquid CO2 (LCO2) multi-hole flashing jets was proposed for coa...

There are few studies on the effect of turbulent jets on the combustion characteristics of passive pre-chamber (PC) gasoline engines, and their mechanism needs to be elucidated. Therefore, a 3-D simulation was performed using CONVERGE software. The results reveal that a modest expansion in the PC volume contributes to combustion due to the increase...

Introduction Free flap transfer for head and neck defects has gained worldwide acceptance. Because flap failure is a devastating outcome, studies have attempted to identify risk factors—including renal failure. We sought to determine whether end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing dialysis are at increased risk of flap failure following...

To study the influence of ducts other than circular shapes on spray characteristics of ducted fuel injection (DFI), experimental and simulation methods were used to study the impacts of elliptical ducts on DFI macroscopic spray characteristics. Two elliptical ducts, small and large, were used, with a circular duct for comparison. The small elliptic...

This paper aims to experimentally investigate the interaction between a bubble and a plate with multiple holes. The bubble is generated under the plate by underwater electric discharge method, and the top surface of the plate is flush with the water-air interface. In order to reveal the bubble dynamics and the droplets formation caused by bubble os...

Objective: We aimed to identify the sound pressure distribution along the external auditory canal after radical mastoidectomy with meatoplasty by combining real ear measurements and measurements obtained using a finite-element model. Study design: Case series with chart review. Setting: Tertiary care university hospital. Patients: We evaluat...

Background: Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug that can induce sensorineural hearing loss. At present, no otoprotective agent is approved for use. Objectives: This study investigated the optimal concentration of intratympanic N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to prevent cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in a guinea pig model. Materials and methods: Guinea pigs...

The creative proposal of ducted fuel injection (DFI) in the application of heavy-duty diesel engines is to improve the quality of gas-fuel mixture in the combustion zone. The present research employed experimental and simulation methods to investigate the impact of the roughness of the inner wall of the duct on DFI spray characteristics. The study...

Internal flow is closely related to energy consumption and emissions because of its dominant role in the atomization process. The intricate three-phase flow patterns in an orifice were studied based on modified cavitation and turbulence models. Interacting vorticities and their interactions with cavitation were analyzed using vorticity identificati...

Diesel engines play an important role in road transportation. However, they are facing strict regulations in reducing soot and harmful substances emissions. Ducted fuel injection (DFI) is a new method that effectively attenuates soot on a large scale. How this technology reduces emissions by boosting spray atomization remains unknown. This study fo...

This work investigated the behaviors of single-component and multi-component sprays under different flash boiling intensities. Isooctane, hexane, ethanol, isooctane-hexane, and isooctane-ethanol mixtures were used as test fuels. The pressure ratio of the ambient pressure over saturation pressure (Rp) was used as the indicator of the superheated deg...

Wall-impinging ignition has been widely studied, but it is still poorly understood at low temperatures. Thus, visualization experiments are performed in a constant volume combustion chamber using direct photography methods. The results show that the injection pressure effect is highly sensitive to temperature, and increased injection pressure helps...

A CMOS bone-guided cochlear implant (BGCI) microsystem is proposed and verified. In the implanted System on Chip (SoC) of the proposed BGCI, the evoked compound action potential (ECAP) acquisition and electrode–tissue impedance measurement (EAEIM) circuit is integrated to measure both ECAP and electrode–tissue impedance for clinical diagnoses. Both...

In gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, plume-plume interaction usually occurs when the superheated fluid discharges from multi-hole injectors. To mitigate plume interaction for further utilizing the merits of flash-boiling phenomena, it is essential to obtain the criteria of plume interaction and their effects on flashing spray characteristics...

The main objective of this study is to understand the effect of fuel properties on flash boiling sprays using multi-hole injectors. Macroscopic characteristics were investigated using Diffused Backlight Imaging (DBI) and quantified with liquid penetration length and spray angles. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) was applied to measure the droplet siz...

Objective: Conventional cochlear implants provide patients who are deaf with hearing via electrical intracochlear stimulations. Stimulation electrodes are inserted into the cochlea through a cochleostomy or round window membrane (RWM) approach. However, these methods might induce cochlear ossificans and loss of residual hearing by damaging inner e...

Compressed natural gas-Diesel dual-fuel combustion mode, the partial replacement of diesel fuel with cleaner fuel, is one of the most important strategies to achieve clean efficient combustion. However, low substitutions conditions face unstable combustion and high emission issues. Thus, the current work investigated the effect of hydrogen blending...

IC engines consume a large amount of fuel and produce plenty of emissions, thus reducing fuel consumption, and emissions are important. Nozzle internal flow which dominates spray breakup is the key to improve spray atomization and reduce fuel consumption. In this study, microscopic imaging technique was employed to investigate the effects of needle...

Scooter emissions have attracted attention in recent years because of human exposure to their direct effects in urban areas. Trace toxics, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have thus become important in scooter emissions. In this work, ten Tier 5 and 6 scooters were tested usi...

Although engines fueled with diesel/gasoline blends show excellent combustion and emission performance, its low-temperature flame development characteristics under cold-start conditions remain to be further verified. To clarify the details, experiments were conducted in an optical constant volume combustion chamber using Mie-scattering and direct p...

Ducted fuel injection spray is a new technology for reducing soot formation in heavy-duty diesel engines. In this work, the ducted fuel injection spray characteristics with different duct inner diameters and different standoff distances were investigated and compared with free spray. Duct inner diameter ranged from 1.5 to 4 mm, and standoff distanc...

Ducted fuel injection (DFI) which mimics Bunsen burner, is a cutting-edge technology for reducing the soot formation of heavy-duty diesel engines. In this work, the Mie-scattering optical method was used to visualise impacts of ambient gas pressure on DFI and free spray characteristics with a single-hole injector. Ambient gas pressure varies from 3...

Ducted fuel injection (DFI) is a cutting-edge technology for boosting the air-fuel mixture quality of heavy-duty diesel engines. The present study employs ducts with different lengths and inner diameters to investigate the diesel macroscopic spray characteristics of DFI spray by Schlieren optical technique and compares them with a free spray. The e...

Soot is one of the main pollutants produced by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, which poses a serious threat to human health and the urban environment. Alcohols have been generally considered to be a potential clean fuel to reduce soot emissions. At present, alcohol fuels represented by methanol, ethanol, butanol and pentanol have been e...

Jet breakup during droplet impacted on heated surface has received wide concerns due to its regularity. The Weber number (We) is a common used dimensionless parameter to classify and analyze the phenomenon, but it is unable to summarize all detailed phenomenon variations and related theory. Thus, the effect of droplet size on jet breakup was invest...

Compressed natural gas/Diesel dual-fuel combustion mode, the partial replacement of diesel fuel with cleaner fuel, is one of the most important strategies to achieve clean efficient combustion. Thus, the current work investigated the effect of various natural gas substitution ratios on the combustion and soot emission characteristics experimentally...

In the heavy-duty diesel engine, the unavoidable impinging spray and ignition during low-temperature ignition have a significant impact on engine performance. In this study, the effects of injection pressure on the impinging spray and ignition characteristics of the heavy-duty diesel engine with a 0.32 mm nozzle were measured visually in a constant...

Methanol has been regarded as a promising alternative fuel. However, the problem in cold start and the resulting high emissions consistently constrain the development of methanol engines. Meanwhile, blending hydrogen in methanol has the potential to alleviate the above problem. Effects of blending hydrogen on the laminar flames of methanol under ch...

The injection characteristics of neat ethanol and pure iso-octane are studied under different ambient pressure and temperature conditions. Injection under flash-boiling conditions can enhance liquid atomization and evaporation, providing the possibility of improvement in the fuel/air mixing. These super-heated conditions often introduce phenomena t...

Diesel engine plays a vital role in various fields, but it does suffer from the cold-start issue when operating in low-temperature environment. As an alternative fuel or emergency back-up fuel for diesel engine, kerosene was investigated to reveal the influences of its difference on physical and chemical properties from diesel on low-temperature ig...

Low temperature reaction process becomes more important for auto-ignition diesel spray with ambient temperature reducing. In order to reveal the effects of negative temperature coefficient (NTC), toluene was added to diesel with different ratios due to its non-NTC feature during investigating ignition and combustion characteristics of spray on an o...

To improve the performance and emission characteristics in the diesel/CNG dual-fuel combustion mode, bio-fuel of n-butanol as the additive in the pilot fuel was investigated by sweeping a wide range of CNG substitution rates. The experiments were conducted at fixed CA50s of 4.5 and 5.5 °CA ATDC for approximately 5 bar IMEP (low load) and 7.5 bar IM...

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of fuel temperature and nozzle length‐diameter ratio (L/D) on biodiesel spray characteristics, under high injection pressure and high ambient pressure, by numerical method. The analysis of spray characteristics is carried out in conjunction with the transient flow inside nozzle. To achieve thi...

The effect of hydrogen addition on the methanol laminar flames under various pressures was investigated experimentally and kinetically. A constant volume chamber was used to perform the experiments. The flame propagation was recorded by a schlieren system and a high-speed camera. The CHEMKIN was used to calculate the detailed reaction process. The...

Effects of butanol isomers on characteristics of combustion and emission were studied on PFI SI engine. Experiments were operated under the condition of 3 and 5 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) engine loads and different equivalence ratios (φ=0.83−1.25) with engine speed of 1200 r/min using blends made of 70 vol.% gasoline and 30 vol.% buta...

To improve the fuel efficiency of liquefied natural gas engine, an approach was proposed in our previous study, in which the liquefied natural gas is first purified into liquefied methane gas and then fueled to high compression ratio engine. To further evaluate the fuel efficiency of liquefied methane gas engine, in this study the thermal balance t...

In this study, the evaporation behavior of a desulfurization wastewater (electrolyte solution) droplet with different solute concentration at different ambient gas temperature, was investigated by hanging on a glass fiber in a hot constant chamber. A high speed camera was used to record the evaporation process of the droplet. The radius change of t...

The effects of hydrogen addition on laminar premixed methanol–air flames were studied both experimentally and numerically. To achieve this, a constant volume chamber (CVC) and the premix code in CHEMKIN were used. During the experiments, the equivalence ratios (ϕ) and hydrogen mole fractions (Xh) were set to 0.6 to 1.8 and 0%–100%, respectively. In...

In this work, diesel-n-butanol blends as the pilot fuel were studied to explore the possibility of improving the performance and emissions in the dual-fuel combustion mode with CNG, and the trade-offs among NO x , THC and CO were also discussed. The pilot fuels including B0 (pure diesel), B10 (90% diesel/10% n-butanol)and B20 (80% diesel/20% n-buta...

Biobutanol has demonstrated to be a superior alternative biofuel in internal combustion engine (ICEs). Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation engineering is a typical technique for biobutanol production. However, the high costs and extra energy consumption in recovery process of biobutanol from intermediate fermentation solvent (i.e. ABE mixtur...

Micro-explosion has been concerned for decades due to its potential effect on fuel atomization and combustion. In this work, the characteristics of sputtering and micro-explosion induced by water-diesel emulsion fuel droplets impact on a heated surface under different water content (from 5% to 20% with an interval of 2.5%) and surface temperature c...

The burning of diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) is attractive compared to diesel fuel because of the reduction of CO 2 emissions and particulate matter (PM) emissions. While soot emissions from the diesel-CNG combustion can be tested in a real-world single-cylinder engine, the soot formation characteristics cannot be tested in the same way....

Objective: To develop and verify a CMOS bone-guided cochlear implant (BGCI) microsystem with electrodes placed on the bone surface of the cochlea and the outside of round window for treating high-frequency hearing loss. Methods: The BGCI microsystem consists of an external unit and an implanted unit. The external system-on-chip (SOC) is designed...

An experimental study was conducted in a port-fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition (SI) engine fueled with acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and gasoline. 30 vol% ABE blends with different component ratios (A:B:E = 3:6:1, 6:3:1, and 5:14:1), referred to as ABE(3:6:1)30, ABE(6:3:1)30, and ABE(5:14:1)30, were used as test fuels. Additionally, 30 vol% etha...

Because of the potential to reduce NOx and PM emissions simultaneously and the utilization of biofuel, diesel/compressed natural gas (CNG) dual-fuel combustion mode with port injection of CNG and direct injection of diesel has been widely studied. While in comparison with conventional diesel combustion mode, the dual-fuel combustion mode generally...

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The evaluation of soot tendency of gasoline surrogates in simple atmosphere environments is essential for understanding soot formation processes and developing accurate soot models to represent real fuel chemistry in CFD simulations of gasoline engines. In this work, several surrogates were evaluated based on soot precursors and soot characteristic...

Turbulent hot-jet ignition (THJI) is an advanced ignition enhancement technology which can potentially overcome the problem associated with lean burn combustion. The present study makes an effort on the comprehensive understanding of a hydrogen fueled THJI chamber with various pre-chamber spark locations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulati...

The impact of ethane (C2H6) addition to ignition delay of dimethyl ether (DME) under high-temperature conditions is opposite to that of other small molecule alkanes, but the trend is still unclear under low-temperature conditions. Thus, ignition delays of DME/C2H6 mixtures (C2H6 blending ratio ranging from 0% to 70%) were measured at temperatures o...

Dimethyl ether (DME)/n-butane mixtures are ideal fuel for homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. Fundamental ignition delay data under engine-related conditions are essential to better understand HCCI combustion and to validate DME/n-butane models. However, there is a significant lack of ignition delay data of DME/n-butane mixtures...

In view of the importance of atomization, droplet breakup induced by high Weber number and vapor bubble during droplet impacting onto a solid and heated surface has been studied extensively, but the understand on jet break-up phenomenon in the film boiling regime is still lacking. Thus, the work is trying to study the dynamic of jet break-up of n-b...

The ignition characteristics of a homogenous hydrogen/air mixture using a hot transient jet generated by the combustion of syngas (H2/CO) with varying CO concentrations from 33% to 95% in a pre-chamber is numerically investigated with particular attention to the chemical kinetics. Detailed reaction mechanism for hydrogen and syngas mixture oxidatio...

Alcohols have been regarded able to reduce particulate emissions from GDI engines, which in turn requires a deeper understanding of the effect of fuel chemistry on the formation and growth of PAHs. This work focused on combustion and soot forming progress, thus studied the distribution characteristics of PAHs with different ring sizes by PLIF and t...

Characterization of soot formation is becoming more important for gasoline surrogate fuels, requiring a deeper understanding of the effect of toluene ratio on PAHs formation. In this work, the different size PAHs distribution in laminar diffusion flames was measured by PLIF technique, and the chemiluminescences of OH and CH radicals were recorded b...

An experimental investigation was conducted on the effect of equivalence ratios and engine loads on performance and emission characteristics using acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) and gasoline blends. Gasoline blends with various ABE content (0 vol % to 80 vol % ABE, referred to as G100, ABE10, ABE20, ABE30, ABE60, and ABE80, respectively) were used a...

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel because of its renewability and extensive source of raw materials. Butanol can be blended in biodiesel to reduce the kinematic viscosity and promote the fuel atomization. In this respect, biodiesel was blended with 10% and 20% n-butanol, and the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of the fu...

Effect of turbulent jet ignition induced by pre-chamber sparkplug (PCSP), a simper version of turbulent jet ignition pre-chamber system without fuel injection, on the air-hydrogen combustion characteristics was conducted based on an optical constant volume chamber under varied equivalence ratio conditions. The dynamic pressure sensor and schlieren...

Alcohols are widely used to reduce soot emission as alternative fuel for SI engines. 2-D soot distribution of alcohols/gasoline blends were studied in laminar diffusion flames by 2C-LII technique. The results showed that the soot volume fraction decrease with alcohols blending ratio significantly. At the same blending ratio, the soot reducing abili...

Bio-butanol has been considered to be an important alternative fuel to reduce soot emissions from gasoline engines, and it has the potential to overcome the disadvantages brought by low-carbon alcohols. In this study, the effect of n-butanol addition on soot formation in gasoline laminar diffusion flame is investigated respectively under the same f...

Among primary alcohols, bio-n-butanol is considered as a promising alternative fuel candidate. However, relatively low production efficiency and high cost of component recovery from the acetone-n-butanol-ethanol (ABE) or isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE) fermentation prevents bio-n-butanol's use in modern engines. Therefore, the purpose of this s...

Acetone is widely recognized as a major organic solvent and also a basic ingredient for varnishes and paints. In comparison with ethanol, acetone has more attractive properties as a potential alternative fuel such as its higher energy density, heating value, and volatility. However, the water content in acetone production would lead to a high cost...

Methanol has been considered to be a potential alternative fuel to reduce soot emissions from GDI engine. In order to fully understand the effect of methanol addition on soot formation, the 2-D distribution of soot volume fraction in methanol/gasoline laminar diffusion flames was measured quantitatively with two-color laser induced incandescence (T...

Bio-butanol has been widely investigated as a promising alternative fuel. However, the main issues preventing industrial-scale production of butanol are its relatively low production efficiency and high cost of component recovery from the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process. Therefore, ABE has attracted a lot of interest as an altern...

The gasoline direct-injection compression-ignition (GDCI) combustion strategy is studied in this work based on the numerically constructed ignition phase curves. Previous research has shown that for GDCI operation, the engine efficiency can reach as high as that of diesel engines yet the NOx and soot emissions can be reduced simultaneously. A compa...