Cheorl-Ho Kim

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• PhD
• Professor (Full) at Sungkyunkwan University

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the degradation of its components in a controlled endoproteolytic manner. Beyond ECM degradation, MMPs also target plasma membrane proteins implicated in signaling cascades and the progression of disease. Structurally, the catalytic...

Exposure to tamoxifen can exert effects on the human liver, and esterases process prodrugs such as antibiotics and convert them to less toxic metabolites. In this study, the porcine liver esterase (PLE)-inhibitory activity of tamoxifen has been investigated. PLE showed inhibition of a PLE isoenzyme (PLE5). In addition, avenanthramides, which have a...

Carbohydrate‐antigens widely existed on glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids of all mammalian cells play a crucial role in self‐defense and immunity. Xeno‐reactive antibodies included in natural human sera play a protecting role in an acute phase‐rejection of xenotransplantation. In this study, we investigated the effect of an alteration of glycosy...

Delayed rejection in organ transplantation is observed in a delayed type of immune rejection within a few hours to days after transplantation [1]. The delayed rejection is similar to the HR in its course and process. Human NK cells and CTLs are the major actors of delayed xenograft rejection (DRX) by cell mediation, but the DRX event is still in qu...

Since understanding of the impact in xenoantigenic determinant Galα1,3Gal-R and anti-α1,3Gal Abs during xenoantigenic damages and injuries, other non-α1,3Gal glycan xenoantigens, the non-α1,3Gal epitope-reactive immune responses, and their related inflammation reactions have not well been explained. The α1,3Gal-T enzyme required for the biosynthesi...

With advances in medical technology, even if serious organ damage occurs, it can be overcome through organ transplantation. But organ transplants basically require organ donors, and the donor organs are incredibly limited in their number when compared to the demanders. In fact, there are about 40,000 people waiting for organ transplants in Korea; h...

Human beings commonly understand carbohydrates or glycans only as a source of bioenergy. Because the proteins are biosynthesized in eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, the N/O-glycans not only stabilize the protein synthesis process in ER and Golgi apparatus but also relates to cell-to-cell communication in cell membranes. Fu...

Non-Gal (Non-α1,3-Gal) antigenic epitope is also targeted by the cellular immune system. Preformed natural non-Gal Abs do not cause HR in pig-to-human xenografts. However, non-α1,3Gal Abs can induce graft-injured damages to cells in both vascularized organs and tissues. Transplanted xenografts induce production of non-α1,3Gal-specific Abs in the ho...

Hyper acute rejection (HAR) occurs 48 h immediately after transplantation. HAR is caused by cytotoxic antibody against donor’s HLA or ABO antigen. Its symptoms include high fever, edema, complement activation, and blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is also caused by bleeding from endothelial cells, and its symptoms are heart attack, stroke, pulmo...

In solid organ xenotransplantation, the humoral response of human immunity is a direct barrier due to its Abs binding to non-self-antigens of carbohydrates and proteins present in the pig vasculatures [1, 2]. During the last three decades, for the long-term solid organ survivals in xenotransplantation, vascular endothelial cells have been studied a...

β-d-Mannoside β1,4N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase-III (GnT-III) as a catalytically branching enzyme of glycoprotein N-glycans generates a bisecting GlcNAc residue in N-linked oligosaccharides. GnT-III as a bisecting enzyme glycosylates to add a GlcNAc residue to the core Man residue of the complex type N-glycans. The GnT-III enzyme therefore inhib...

As an alternative prevention of xenograft rejection, induction of immunological tolerance status is another strategy in which the host immune system of human recipients is specifically not responsive to the xenografted organs of pigs [1–3], but the human immune system is normally with the responding ability to infectious pathogens. There are huge p...

Glycome difference between human and non-human species is the most basic concept as a main barrier of xenotransplantation. Determination of xenogeneic carbohydrate antigens different from interspecies and different species is the first and the crucial step because cell surfaced carbohydrates are biosynthesized by diverse and various glycosyltransfe...

BM is very specific tissue with an extensive vascular network, and the injected BM cells into the organism easily enter and join the peripheral circulation [1]. Despite successful engraftment of Gal-T+/+ mouse BM cells into α1,3Gal-T KO mice recipients [2], α1,3Gal-T KO pig BM cells to NHP xenotransplantation is not yet successful. For example, bab...

Xenotransplantation as an optional strategy can overcome the human transplantable organs and donor shortage and failure of functional organs. The currently outstanding three barriers are existed in clinical xenotransplantation, and they are the immune rejection, the physiological compatibility achievement, and zoonotic microorganism transmission fr...

Understanding of the blood group system of human gives benefits in transplantation and transfusion medicine. Karl Landsteiner received Noble Prize in 1930, and Jan Jansky classified human blood groups to four different blood group types. The human blood group genes are present in allelic or located on the identical chromosomal region. Blood type in...

Numerous patients in each country need their life-saving transplants. The current sources required for allogenic or xeno-antigenic transplantation are mainly the organs rather than tissues and cells. As mentioned earlier, genetically edited and modified pig organs with multiple genes are attracted to solve the issues of donor organ supply and short...

Prior to human transplantation application, clarification and elucidation of the pig organ compatibility with the human host thromboregulation system are prerequisite in the pig-to-human or pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. Pig xenografts promote intensive thrombotic response of human blood, although pharmacological interventions and genetic targ...

After the ABO blood group discovery, Karl Landsteiner and his colleagues further discovered additional markers of blood groups of MN and P, and a third, Secretor, was found in 1930.

In transplantation, function loss of grafts is primarily observed in the early time of transplantation, mainly by two known responses of the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) and hyperacute rejection (HR) [1]. It was reported that the first few hours have been reported to display the IBMIR after cell infusion of xenoantigenic isl...

Besides the immunological damages, the xenotransplantation also induces several blood and vascular damages through fatal hemorrhagic coagulation, phagocytotic cell death, and activation of platelets as thrombocytopenic consequence. Several biochemical events such as inflammatory response and thrombotic failure occur at xenotransplantation of solid...

Although regular AB(H) blood group system depicts non-SA-containing erythrocyte differentiation, another example of the Neu5Ac-attached to specific antigens is so-called human blood group MN, raised by genetic variations in the N-terminal regions of glycophorin in RBCs, which yield different and small O-linked sialylation from each individual [1, 2...

The origin of life is dependent on biodiversity, which is the pathway of evolution. Organism evolution is intricately connected with glycan adaptation. In retrospect, the exhaustion time in biological evolution could not have been delayed by the human historic era, since BC1000. Development, differentiation, growth, aging, apoptosis, xenotransplant...

Disruption of specific target genes is a first step to uncover the gene function. Large-sized animals are difficult to be targeted in embryo level, causing damages in early embryo developments. The recent development of genome editing techniques is being evolved to the easier ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies than the conventional laborious...

In eukaryotes from lower molds to terminally evolved humans, distinct biological event is so called glycosylation. Therefore, cell-specific and tissue-specific expression patterns of the glycans are crucial for their fate determination of roles to the organisms. This specific phenomenon is a complicated event specific only for the eukaryotic cells...

In the past era, gene manipulation techniques were slowly developed and inefficient, making them very difficult to experiment with xenotransplantation. But now it is possible to create genetically modified animals quickly and accurately with CRISPR-Cas9 system. This allows the development of GGTA1 or DKO or TKO to suppress the expression of certain...

As an another direction in the xenotransplantation, chimeric organisms are recently represented in the regenerative medicine using the stem cells (SCs). For definition of chimeric transplantable compatibility, human organs can be generated from pigs usable for xenotransplantation because of the non-new concept of chimeric animals. Since the embryon...

In this study we observed that human GD1c/GT1a/GQ1b synthase (hST8Sia V) is particularly expressed in human glioblastoma cells. To address the mechanism regulating human glioblastoma-specific gene expression of the hST8Sia V, after the transcription start site (TSS) was identified by the 5’-rapid amplification of cDNA end with total RNA from human...

In this study, we have firstly elucidated that serum starvation augmented the levels of human GD3 synthase (hST8Sia I) gene and ganglioside GD3 expression as well as bone morphogenic protein-2 and osteocalcin expression during MG-63 cell differentiation using RT-PCR, qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. To evaluate upregulation of...

KEYWORDS innate immunity, adaptive immunity, human urinary system, nervous system, interleukins, toll-like receptors, cytokines

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is still one of the global health burdens. The occurrence of various cases and multidrug resistance confirm that TB has not been completely conquered. For these reasons, the present research has been conducted to explore TB vaccine and drug candidate possibility using Mtb-secreted...

Background: Pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted from activated macrophages and astrocytes are crucial mediators of inflammation for host defense. Among them, the secretion of IL-1β, a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, is especially mediated by the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Pro-IL-1β, which is produced in response to the invaded pathogens, s...

In this study we observed that human GD1c/GT1a/GQ1b synthase (hST8Sia V) is particularly expressed in human glioblastoma cells. To address the mechanism regulating human glioblastoma-specific gene expression of the hST8Sia V, after the transcription start site (TSS) was identified by the 5’-rapid amplification of cDNA end with total RNA from human...

Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulati...

Background The representative symptom of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has mainly been mentioned to be misfolding of amyloid proteins, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein. In addition, the neurological pathology related to neuroinflammatory signaling has recently been raised as an important feature in AD. Currently, numerous drug candidates contin...

Cellular metabolism governs the signaling that supports physiological mechanisms and homeostasis in an individual, including neuronal transmission, wound healing, and circadian clock manipulation. Various factors have been linked to abnormal metabolic reprogramming, including gene mutations, epigenetic modifications, altered protein epitopes, and t...

Editorial on the Research Topic Insights in ethnopharmacology: 2021

Aerobic glycolysis is an emerging hallmark of many human cancers, as cancer cells are defined as a “metabolically abnormal system”. Carbohydrates are metabolically reprogrammed by its metabolizing and catabolizing enzymes in such abnormal cancer cells. Normal cells acquire their energy from oxidative phosphorylation, while cancer cells acquire thei...

In this study, we tried to develop a FimH inhibitor that inhibits adhesion of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) on the epithelium of human intestine during the initial stage of infections. Using a T7 phage display method with a reference strain, EHEC EDL933, FimH was selected as an adherent lectin to GM1a and Gb3 glycans. In order to detect...

Human N-acetylgalactosamine-α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6GalNAc I) is the major enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of sialyl-Tn antigen (sTn), which is known to be expressed in more than 80% of human carcinomas and correlated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Athough high expression of hST6GalNAc I is associated with augmented proliferation,...

Introduction Zn2+-containing endo-type peptidases directly degrade and remodel the ECM region in the progression of various diseases. MMPs are frequently found in abnormal disease status of inflammatory responses, periodontal lesion, inflammatory pulmonary lesion, arteriosclerotic smooth muscles, arthritis, and tumor metastasis and invasion. They a...

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the most widely consumed cereal grains worldwide and is considered as an important cereal crop with high nutritional value and potential health benefits. With different bacterial strains, fermented oat extracts were examined for the antioxidant and antiaging effects on the skin after optimization of extraction condit...

Glycolysis represents the process of breaking down monosaccharides, which involves the energy metabolism, homeostasis, and the linkage of various physiological functions such as muscle movement, development, neurotransmission, etc [...]

We analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of the predicted lectin-like adhesins to construct a lectin-glycan interaction network (LGI). A total of 20,603 assembled Esherichia. coli sequences were retrieved from NCBI, including 2,240 strains with Shiga toxin in their genome. A strain isolated from a Korean patient with diarrhea, EHEC NCCP14539, w...

Carbohydrates (or glycans) are ubiquitous and display a broad range of biological functions and disease expressions. Without glycan-mediated events, any biological aspect is not possible in living organisms. For example, protein folding, cell adhesion, trafficking, signaling, fertilization, embryogenesis, pathogen recognition, and immune responses...

CD33 is a myeloid differentiation marker antigen with immune functions associated with anti-inflammatory signaling, cell adhesion, and endocytosis. CD33 is expressed by the earliest myeloid progenitors and present during myelomonocytic differentiation. Thus, it is an immune function protein with anti-inflammatory signaling, cell adhesion, and endoc...

The immune system selects the targets through immune recognition. Lectins in innate immune cells recognize oligosaccharides of cell surface and soluble glycans that encode complex information. Lectin repertoires are extremely diverse in their nonself and self-recognitions. For example, how is diversity in “nonself” and “self”-recognition achieved?...

The first historical depiction of infectious diseases was from the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian poem, which is the oldest literature that belongs to early Sumerian poems. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Babylonian poem written around 2000 B.C. that depicts the adventures of Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk. Gilgamesh is speculated to reign sometimes betwee...

Host immune system selects the targets through immune recognition. The target-recognition is primary in innate immunity through the innate immune cell populations of myeloid lineage NK cells, innate lymphoid, and non-immune cells in certain circumstances and also the ancient humoral complements. Innate immune system expresses distinct receptors kno...

A representative innate immune cell, dendritic cells (DCs) belong to hematopoietic cells and bridge immune responses between innate immune and adaptive immunities. DCs are the immune cells resided on the first line of interaction with antigens. In addition, the DCs are the primary defense guards for host immune response against pathogens and invade...

Recognition of glycans and transfer of information contained in the glycan structures are performed by carbohydrate-recognizing proteins of lectins or GAG-recognizing proteins. Lectins bind to N-glycans, O-glycans, and GSLs, while GAG-binding proteins easily bind sulfated GAGs. Lectin receptors are innate immune receptors and include Siglec, C-type...

During the mid-1980s, in vitro rosette formation between macrophages and sheep erythrocytes was reported; however, sialidase treatment on erythrocytes abolished the rosettes [1]. Rosette formation is based on sialic acid-binding receptors expressed by macrophages. Later, these receptors were identified to be sialoadhesin that binds to sialic acids...

Among the PRRs, the DC-SIGN (CD209) directly involves in diverse molecular events in the interaction of DCs with some pathogens. DC-SIGN as a TM protein is a CTL with a calcium-dependency and exists on the cell surfaces of both DCs and macrophages. DC-SIGN is, therefore, a pathogenic microbe- and antigen-binding receptor present in DCs. Human DC-SI...

Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and host cells, such as plants and animals, have carbohydrate chains and lectins that reciprocally recognize one another. In hosts, the defense system is activated upon non-self-pattern recognition of microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These are present in Gram-negative and Gram-p...

Mycobacterium tuberoculosis (Mtb) is a contagious pathogen that causes human tuberculosis (TB). TB is a major global health threat that causes 9.6 million illnesses and 1.5 million deaths per year. Recent studies have suggested Mtb‐secreted proteins as new candidates for therapeutic drugs and vaccines. LprG is a Mtb‐secreted surface glycolipoprotei...

Genes that influence the growth of Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) may improve the productivity of the aquaculture industry. Previous research demonstrated that the differential expression of a gene encoding a C-type lectin domain-containing protein (CTLD) was associated with a faster growth in Pacific abalone. We analyzed this gene and id...

For three billion years, terrestrial life has been evolved to adapt to environmental changes with energy production, reproduction, and cellular signal transduction. Each organism has mainly used each DNA genetic code and RNA diversity, structure-based functional proteins, lipid-based membranes, and metabolites. Using such nucleic acid-protein-lipid...

Immune response is regulated by multiple pathways with activation and tolerance of immune cells. Galectins are one of the most ancient mammalian lectins and galectins found in all metazoans. Galectins are soluble proteins belonging to the family of animal lectins. Galectins are first found in 1994 as β-galactoside-binding lectins that agglutinate c...

All organisms have their own specialized patterns like face appearances. The molecular patterns are grasped by specific pattern-understanding molecules called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Likewise, pathogen-related stimuli are recognized through the specific transmembrane receptors of the host cells, PRRs, present on the cell surfaces of a...

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are rich in protein, fiber, calcium, vitamins (B, C, E, and K), amino acids, and antioxidants (beta-carotene, polyphenols, chlorophyll, and flavonoids). β-glucan and avenanthramides improve the immune system, eliminate harmful substances from the body, reduce blood cholesterol, and help with dietary weight loss by enhancing t...

Peptides present in foods are involved in nutritional functions by supplying amino acids; sensory functions related to taste or solubility, emulsification, etc.; and bioregulatory functions in various physiological activities. In particular, peptides have a wide range of physiological functions, including as anticancer agents and in lowering blood...

Melanin causes melasma, freckles, age spots, and chloasma. Anti-melanogenic agents can prevent disease-related hyperpigmentation. In the present study, the dose-dependent tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Avenanthramide (Avn)-A-B-C was demonstrated, and 100 µM Avn-A-B-C produced the strongest competitive inhibition against inter-cellular tyrosinase...

Cheonggukjang (CGJ, fermented soybean paste), a traditional Korean fermented dish, has recently emerged as a functional food that improves blood circulation and intestinal regulation. Considering that excessive consumption of refined salt is associated with increased incidence of gastric cancer, high blood pressure, and stroke in Koreans, consuming...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a β-coronavirus, is the cause of the recently emerged pandemic and worldwide outbreak of respiratory disease. Researchers exchange information on COVID-19 to enable collaborative searches. Although there is as yet no effective antiviral agent, like tamiflu against influenza, to b...

In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical subst...

In oat ingredients, flavonoids and phenolic acids are known to be the most important phenolic compounds. In phenolic compounds, wide-ranging biological responses, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-cancer properties, were reported. Avenanthramide C (Avn C), a component of the phenolic compound of oats, has been repo...

Inflammation is implicated in various diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Ascochlorin (ASC) and its derivatives have been shown to modulate inflammatory responses in many previous studies. However, the effects of 4-O-methylascochlorin (MAC), one of the ASC derivatives, on inflammatory responses have yet to be reported. In addit...

In this study, we found that gene expression of the human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) was specifically increased during differentiation of human MG-63 osteoblastic cells by serum starvation (SS). In parallel, a distinct increase in binding to SNA, the α2,6-sialyl-specific lectin, was observed in serum-starved cells, as demonstr...

Objectives In order to prevent infections through dummies used during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training, we analyzed the microbiological contamination on dummies used in CPR institutions. Methods A total of 31 dummy samples were collected from 13 different institutions in Korea, and were evaluated for the number of contaminating bacteri...

Sialic acid (SA) is a 9-carbon sugar in eukaryotic cells. SA metabolism and catabolism are cooperatively linked in the cells. The SA transfer, modification, catabolic reactions, biosynthesis, and activation in extracellular region, plasma membrane, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus are simply described (Fig. 2.1). GM3 is...

Galectin-1 (Gal-1) recognizes βGal residue on N-glycan of growth factor receptors and O-glycans of mucins and promotes tumor growth and escape immune surveillance. In immune recognition of self or non-self-antigens, biological roles of galectins have been “Recognition of exogenous ligands in innate immunology”. For example, galectins recognize carb...

GSLs are mainly located in the PMs with their carbohydrate parts protruding into the extracellular region. The gangliosides are distributed for recognition as roles of both ligands and receptors. Ganglioside recognition and binding results obtained to date suggested that certain GSLs, regardless ganglio series or non-ganglio series glycolipids, fun...

The fact that the GM3 or related gangliosides are localized on cell surfaces allows the possibility that the extracellular interaction of pathogenic agents such as bacteria and viruses is mediated via those gangliosides. Glycans of gangliosides are recognized with high affinity and specificity by infectious protein factors. GSLs frequently act as r...

GM3-like forms, which are monomethylated or monosialylated gangliosides, are found from the lipid phase of the starfish Luidia maculata using the chloroform/methanol extracts [1]. Ceramide moieties are quite different from the animal sources in their chemical structures, consisting of phytosphingosine, sphingosine, unsubstituted fatty acids, and 2-...

Expression of cellular ganglioside regulates various extracellular stimuli. Gangliosides are plenary parts to the physical structure and biological function of PMs in eukaryotic cells. Distribution, composition, and clustering of PM gangliosides decide the functional direction of cells. For example, the apical villi surfaces of the colon and small...

Gangliosides, sialylated GSLs, are ubiquitously expressed components of mammal cells and affect cellular events including adhesion, differentiation, division, cell cycle, growth, signal transduction, invasion, metastasis, migration, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis [1, 2]. Gangliosides with SA carbohydrate chains are implicated in basic cellular eve...

The tumorigenic potential is related to the gangliosides [1, 2]. Among them, it was reported that many tumors express GM1 [3] and GM1 exert its pro-angiogenic activity. GM1 recruits tumor-produced soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) on HUVEC lipid rafts to trigger angiogenesis [4]. For valance of tumor cells and normal cells, GM...

GSLs play integral roles in the tissue and organ development of mammals and their maintenances. For example, in osteoclastogenesis, which BM cells are differentiated into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-expressing multinuclear cells or mononuclear cells, ganglioside GM3 and GM1 are synthesized. More in detail, when the BM cells are utili...

Tumor cells express highly carbohydrates on the cell surfaces for immune escape or better tumor environments of tumor cells. Some tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACC) are mainly detected in mucins. Mucins are heavily O-glycosylated proteins resided on the epithelial cell surfaces or tumors. An excess levels of tumor-associated antigens (TA...

Sialylation patterns and distribution at the cellular surfaces or the extracellularly secreted milieu are a hallmark of parameters to evaluate the level of malignant differentiation [1, 2]. However, the mechanisms between sialylation and cancer are not well explained. For protein regulation, NEU3 controls cell growth and division by modulation of T...

Gangliosides as SA or NeuAc-containing GSLs are composed of the cellular PMs of vertebrates and abundantly expressed in the CNS [1]. Among them, GM3 has a carbohydrate structure of Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcα1,1Cer and is a basic component in most cells. GM3 is enzymatically generated in the starting step of GSL biosynthetic pathway. Other GSLs are thus...

Tumor-associated vessels display glycosylation change to delineate sensitivity against anti-VEGF trials. Cancer cells are specific for the VEGF–VEGFR signaling in the angiogenetic vascular tube formation and new vessel formation. VEGF is a protruding regulator responsible for development and pathologic conditions such as angiogenesis. Three VEGFR-1...

Sialooligosaccharides benefit the body because sialooligosaccharides as probiotics serve as carbohydrate substrates for beneficial bacteria. Sialooligosaccharides prevent pathogen attachment to intestinal epithelial cells because they function as glycan receptor decoys and as antiadhesive and antimicrobial agent [1]. Sialooligosaccharides directly...

GM3 ganglioside involves various cellular events of receptor-associated signalings. GM3 regulates signaling pathway involved in the insulin resistance and diabetes process. The GM3 contents generated by the ST enzyme ST3Gal V/GM3 synthase/SAT-I are upregulated in the adipose, kidney, liver, and murine muscles of animal diabetes [1]. The aberrant ex...

Sialidases or neuraminidase (N-acylneuraminosyl glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) belongs to a group of exotype glycosidase family. The enzymes remove the terminal α-linkage of SA residues at the non-reducing end, which are ketositically attached to mono-SA, di-SA, or oligosaccharide SA chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The mammalian enzymes are...

Immune cells, which are derived from bone marrow (BM), are differentiated into each of finally differentiated terminal cell to act as functional self-defense system. This course of cell differentiation is phenotypically characteristic of appearance or disappearance of specific clusters of differentiation (CD) as specific biomarkers. This is disting...

Homeostatic maintenance of bone articular cartilage is performed basically by resident chondrocytic cells. The chondrocytes synthesize and degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). If the chondrocytes excessively degrade the components, osteoarthritis (OA) issue is raised for a progressive degradation of articular cartilages in the tissue. Rheumatoid...

Deficiency of GM3 synthase leads to deficits in newborn hearing and auditory in humans. For example, deficiency of GM3 synthase causes severe neuronal diseases, showing deafness and neurological disability. The auditory function is characterized by stereocilia of outer hair cells. GM3-associated membrane microdomain of lipid raft formation is cruci...