Cheorl-Ho Kim

Sungkyunkwan University | SKKU · Department of Biological Science

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the most widely consumed cereal grains worldwide and is considered as an important cereal crop with high nutritional value and potential health benefits. With different bacterial strains, fermented oat extracts were examined for the antioxidant and antiaging effects on the skin after optimization of extraction condit...

Glycolysis represents the process of breaking down monosaccharides, which involves the energy metabolism, homeostasis, and the linkage of various physiological functions such as muscle movement, development, neurotransmission, etc [...]

We analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of the predicted lectin-like adhesins to construct a lectin-glycan interaction network (LGI). A total of 20,603 assembled Esherichia. coli sequences were retrieved from NCBI, including 2,240 strains with Shiga toxin in their genome. A strain isolated from a Korean patient with diarrhea, EHEC NCCP14539, w...

The immune system selects the targets through immune recognition. Lectins in innate immune cells recognize oligosaccharides of cell surface and soluble glycans that encode complex information. Lectin repertoires are extremely diverse in their nonself and self-recognitions. For example, how is diversity in “nonself” and “self”-recognition achieved?...

The first historical depiction of infectious diseases was from the Epic of Gilgamesh, an Akkadian poem, which is the oldest literature that belongs to early Sumerian poems. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Babylonian poem written around 2000 B.C. that depicts the adventures of Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk. Gilgamesh is speculated to reign sometimes betwee...

Host immune system selects the targets through immune recognition. The target-recognition is primary in innate immunity through the innate immune cell populations of myeloid lineage NK cells, innate lymphoid, and non-immune cells in certain circumstances and also the ancient humoral complements. Innate immune system expresses distinct receptors kno...

A representative innate immune cell, dendritic cells (DCs) belong to hematopoietic cells and bridge immune responses between innate immune and adaptive immunities. DCs are the immune cells resided on the first line of interaction with antigens. In addition, the DCs are the primary defense guards for host immune response against pathogens and invade...

Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and host cells, such as plants and animals, have carbohydrate chains and lectins that reciprocally recognize one another. In hosts, the defense system is activated upon non-self-pattern recognition of microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These are present in Gram-negative and Gram-p...

Mycobacterium tuberoculosis (Mtb) is a contagious pathogen that causes human tuberculosis (TB). TB is a major global health threat that causes 9.6 million illnesses and 1.5 million deaths per year. Recent studies have suggested Mtb‐secreted proteins as new candidates for therapeutic drugs and vaccines. LprG is a Mtb‐secreted surface glycolipoprotei...

Genes that influence the growth of Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) may improve the productivity of the aquaculture industry. Previous research demonstrated that the differential expression of a gene encoding a C-type lectin domain-containing protein (CTLD) was associated with a faster growth in Pacific abalone. We analyzed this gene and id...

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are rich in protein, fiber, calcium, vitamins (B, C, E, and K), amino acids, and antioxidants (beta-carotene, polyphenols, chlorophyll, and flavonoids). β-glucan and avenanthramides improve the immune system, eliminate harmful substances from the body, reduce blood cholesterol, and help with dietary weight loss by enhancing t...

Peptides present in foods are involved in nutritional functions by supplying amino acids; sensory functions related to taste or solubility, emulsification, etc.; and bioregulatory functions in various physiological activities. In particular, peptides have a wide range of physiological functions, including as anticancer agents and in lowering blood...

Melanin causes melasma, freckles, age spots, and chloasma. Anti-melanogenic agents can prevent disease-related hyperpigmentation. In the present study, the dose-dependent tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Avenanthramide (Avn)-A-B-C was demonstrated, and 100 µM Avn-A-B-C produced the strongest competitive inhibition against inter-cellular tyrosinase...

Cheonggukjang (CGJ, fermented soybean paste), a traditional Korean fermented dish, has recently emerged as a functional food that improves blood circulation and intestinal regulation. Considering that excessive consumption of refined salt is associated with increased incidence of gastric cancer, high blood pressure, and stroke in Koreans, consuming...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a β-coronavirus, is the cause of the recently emerged pandemic and worldwide outbreak of respiratory disease. Researchers exchange information on COVID-19 to enable collaborative searches. Although there is as yet no effective antiviral agent, like tamiflu against influenza, to b...

In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical subst...

In oat ingredients, flavonoids and phenolic acids are known to be the most important phenolic compounds. In phenolic compounds, wide-ranging biological responses, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-cancer properties, were reported. Avenanthramide C (Avn C), a component of the phenolic compound of oats, has been repo...

Inflammation is implicated in various diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Ascochlorin (ASC) and its derivatives have been shown to modulate inflammatory responses in many previous studies. However, the effects of 4-O-methylascochlorin (MAC), one of the ASC derivatives, on inflammatory responses have yet to be reported. In addit...

In this study, we found that gene expression of the human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) was specifically increased during differentiation of human MG-63 osteoblastic cells by serum starvation (SS). In parallel, a distinct increase in binding to SNA, the α2,6-sialyl-specific lectin, was observed in serum-starved cells, as demonstr...

Objectives In order to prevent infections through dummies used during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training, we analyzed the microbiological contamination on dummies used in CPR institutions. Methods A total of 31 dummy samples were collected from 13 different institutions in Korea, and were evaluated for the number of contaminating bacteri...

Sialic acid (SA) is a 9-carbon sugar in eukaryotic cells. SA metabolism and catabolism are cooperatively linked in the cells. The SA transfer, modification, catabolic reactions, biosynthesis, and activation in extracellular region, plasma membrane, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus are simply described (Fig. 2.1). GM3 is...

Galectin-1 (Gal-1) recognizes βGal residue on N-glycan of growth factor receptors and O-glycans of mucins and promotes tumor growth and escape immune surveillance. In immune recognition of self or non-self-antigens, biological roles of galectins have been “Recognition of exogenous ligands in innate immunology”. For example, galectins recognize carb...

GSLs are mainly located in the PMs with their carbohydrate parts protruding into the extracellular region. The gangliosides are distributed for recognition as roles of both ligands and receptors. Ganglioside recognition and binding results obtained to date suggested that certain GSLs, regardless ganglio series or non-ganglio series glycolipids, fun...

The fact that the GM3 or related gangliosides are localized on cell surfaces allows the possibility that the extracellular interaction of pathogenic agents such as bacteria and viruses is mediated via those gangliosides. Glycans of gangliosides are recognized with high affinity and specificity by infectious protein factors. GSLs frequently act as r...

GM3-like forms, which are monomethylated or monosialylated gangliosides, are found from the lipid phase of the starfish Luidia maculata using the chloroform/methanol extracts [1]. Ceramide moieties are quite different from the animal sources in their chemical structures, consisting of phytosphingosine, sphingosine, unsubstituted fatty acids, and 2-...

Expression of cellular ganglioside regulates various extracellular stimuli. Gangliosides are plenary parts to the physical structure and biological function of PMs in eukaryotic cells. Distribution, composition, and clustering of PM gangliosides decide the functional direction of cells. For example, the apical villi surfaces of the colon and small...

Gangliosides, sialylated GSLs, are ubiquitously expressed components of mammal cells and affect cellular events including adhesion, differentiation, division, cell cycle, growth, signal transduction, invasion, metastasis, migration, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis [1, 2]. Gangliosides with SA carbohydrate chains are implicated in basic cellular eve...

The tumorigenic potential is related to the gangliosides [1, 2]. Among them, it was reported that many tumors express GM1 [3] and GM1 exert its pro-angiogenic activity. GM1 recruits tumor-produced soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) on HUVEC lipid rafts to trigger angiogenesis [4]. For valance of tumor cells and normal cells, GM...

GSLs play integral roles in the tissue and organ development of mammals and their maintenances. For example, in osteoclastogenesis, which BM cells are differentiated into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-expressing multinuclear cells or mononuclear cells, ganglioside GM3 and GM1 are synthesized. More in detail, when the BM cells are utili...

Tumor cells express highly carbohydrates on the cell surfaces for immune escape or better tumor environments of tumor cells. Some tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACC) are mainly detected in mucins. Mucins are heavily O-glycosylated proteins resided on the epithelial cell surfaces or tumors. An excess levels of tumor-associated antigens (TA...

Sialylation patterns and distribution at the cellular surfaces or the extracellularly secreted milieu are a hallmark of parameters to evaluate the level of malignant differentiation [1, 2]. However, the mechanisms between sialylation and cancer are not well explained. For protein regulation, NEU3 controls cell growth and division by modulation of T...

Gangliosides as SA or NeuAc-containing GSLs are composed of the cellular PMs of vertebrates and abundantly expressed in the CNS [1]. Among them, GM3 has a carbohydrate structure of Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glcα1,1Cer and is a basic component in most cells. GM3 is enzymatically generated in the starting step of GSL biosynthetic pathway. Other GSLs are thus...

Tumor-associated vessels display glycosylation change to delineate sensitivity against anti-VEGF trials. Cancer cells are specific for the VEGF–VEGFR signaling in the angiogenetic vascular tube formation and new vessel formation. VEGF is a protruding regulator responsible for development and pathologic conditions such as angiogenesis. Three VEGFR-1...

Sialooligosaccharides benefit the body because sialooligosaccharides as probiotics serve as carbohydrate substrates for beneficial bacteria. Sialooligosaccharides prevent pathogen attachment to intestinal epithelial cells because they function as glycan receptor decoys and as antiadhesive and antimicrobial agent [1]. Sialooligosaccharides directly...

GM3 ganglioside involves various cellular events of receptor-associated signalings. GM3 regulates signaling pathway involved in the insulin resistance and diabetes process. The GM3 contents generated by the ST enzyme ST3Gal V/GM3 synthase/SAT-I are upregulated in the adipose, kidney, liver, and murine muscles of animal diabetes [1]. The aberrant ex...

Sialidases or neuraminidase (N-acylneuraminosyl glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) belongs to a group of exotype glycosidase family. The enzymes remove the terminal α-linkage of SA residues at the non-reducing end, which are ketositically attached to mono-SA, di-SA, or oligosaccharide SA chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The mammalian enzymes are...

Immune cells, which are derived from bone marrow (BM), are differentiated into each of finally differentiated terminal cell to act as functional self-defense system. This course of cell differentiation is phenotypically characteristic of appearance or disappearance of specific clusters of differentiation (CD) as specific biomarkers. This is disting...

Homeostatic maintenance of bone articular cartilage is performed basically by resident chondrocytic cells. The chondrocytes synthesize and degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). If the chondrocytes excessively degrade the components, osteoarthritis (OA) issue is raised for a progressive degradation of articular cartilages in the tissue. Rheumatoid...

Deficiency of GM3 synthase leads to deficits in newborn hearing and auditory in humans. For example, deficiency of GM3 synthase causes severe neuronal diseases, showing deafness and neurological disability. The auditory function is characterized by stereocilia of outer hair cells. GM3-associated membrane microdomain of lipid raft formation is cruci...

Gangliosides are implicated in inflammation. Ganglioside sustains and maintains intestinal cell architectures and functions, supporting outer membrane barrier integrities. Ganglioside content is decreased in the inflammatory intestines due to inflammation response. Gangliosides replace mucosal compounds composition of glycolipids and carbohydrates,...

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a scheduled programing and differentiating transition from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype. The EMT event is, therefore, the programmed cellular process for differentiation transition from epithelial to mesenchymal type cells. EMT involves in multiple cellular events including development, ca...

Ganglioside was first named by the German scientist Ernst Klenk in 1942 since he for the first time identified it as lipids from ganglion cells of the brain [1]. By 2011, 188 gangliosides are classified in vertebrate alone. For 70 years since the first naming of ganglioside by Klenk, globular acknowledgments have been accumulated on the GM3. In 195...

The question why they are located on the outer sides of cell PM has long been raised in this molecular biology and glycobiology. The outer world or border side of any organization is endlessly recognizing and interacting with their meaning counterparts or meaningless counterparts. This process is specific in the multicellular tissues, organs, or in...

N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), a non-human sialic acid derivative synthesized by cytidine-5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), plays a crucial role in mediating infections by certain pathogens. Although it has been postulated that NeuGc biosynthesis and CMAH expression are downregulated during microbial infection, the unde...

Among the PTMs, the N-Glycosylation is the representative sugar–amino acid linkages of glycoproteins. Glycans attached to protein by a GlcNAcβ1-N-Asn linkage are called N-glycans. N-glycosylation has been named by the process of adding an N-glycan to a protein, where more than 50% of all proteins in humans have been suggested to be N-glycosylated....

Among a group of SAs, NeuAc and NeuGc are two of the most common derivatives. SA biosynthesis begins at the cytosol and the synthesized SA is converted to activated nucleotide saccharide form in the nucleus. The activated SA is delivered to Golgi apparatus for ST reaction. STs add SA residues to the terminal sugars of the glycolipids, especially of...

Sialyl-glycoconjugates are associated with various life processes including cellular responses of fertilization, development, differentiation, transformation, tumor metastasis, and inflammation. The sialyl-carbohydrates are key molecules in cellular recognition and cell–pathogen interaction. To synthesize the sialyl-glycoconjugates, sialyltransfera...

Cytologically, carcinomas are classified into the two types: (1) adenocarcinoma, which includes the breast, colon, liver, ovary, pancreas, and stomach cancers; (2) squamous cell carcinoma has cervix or esophagus cancers. Tumor growth stage is classified into (1) superficial stage where superficial tumors involve only the tissue lining; (2) invasive...

Most of the researches on the cell functions and activations so far has focused on the pathways and downstream of proteins. The study of glycolipids or glycoproteins was not considered important. Regarding sphingolipids, it has been thought that it is simply a structure of membranes and not have any functions. However, it has recently been discover...

Currently, the three domains in life include eukaryote, archaea, and bacteria to organize life as representatives. Archaea and bacteria consist of organisms having prokaryotic cells or prokaryotes. Domain eukaryote includes kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia, and protists. Only protists include multiple kingdoms. Meanwhile, there is a...

Cells are surrounded with glycosynapses as ganglioside-based microdomain in outer leaflet of plasma membrane. Because GSLs are expressed in eukaryotic plasma membranes, defects of GSL catabolic metabolism are associated with inherited lysosomal storage diseases. Therefore, it is considered that GSLs regulate the membrane receptor-mediated phosphory...

Currently, it is known that approximately 27% of all human proteins are found in N-glycan forms in human. Among them, 96% is secreted and membrane proteins and the rest 4% is cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins [1]. In contrast, O-glycosylated proteins occupy at least approximately 12% level from all glycosylated proteins in human. The glycoproteins b...

SAs as a group of nine carbon saccharides are named nonulosonates (NulOs) or nonoses and they are mainly appeared in the animal tissues including invertebrates and vertebrates. They are located and distributed on the surfaces of eukaryotic cells, mainly as forms of the terminal components of glycoconjugates. They play central roles in cell–cell int...

Since 1953 the year that Watson and his colleagues elucidated and reported the detailed structure of DNA in a supercoiled form, the human protein-coding genes of the genome have been generalized to comprise approximately 30,000 proteins [1]. Considering the human genome size of 3 billion pairs, it has been claimed that the 30,000 coding genes are t...

Aberrant glycosylation in tumor biology is a hallmark of oncogenesis. The events related to cellular transformation or differentiation are involved in altered biosynthesis of glycoconjugates and new glycan structures. The abnormal glycoconjugates and glycan structures are recognized by antibodies and lectins. Some advantages of glycans are known as...

The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the global health crisis of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. No evidence is yet available for CoV infection into hosts upon zoonotic disease outbreak, although the CoV epidemy resembles influenza viruses, which use sialic acid (SA). Currently, information on SARS-CoV-2 and its recepto...

Objectives Lectin-like adhesins of enteric bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli are an attractive target for vaccine or drug development. Here, we have developed e-Membranome as a database of genome-wide putative adhesins in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Methods The outer membrane adhesins were predicted from the annotated genes of Escherich...

Ascofuranone, an isoprenoid antibiotic initially purified from a culture broth of Ascochyta viciae, has multiple anticancer effects. However, the impacts of ascofuranone on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced effects on human lung cancer cell lines have not been previously reported. Here, we show th...

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. EHEC infection begins with bacterial adherence to the host intestine via lectin-like adhesins that bind to the intestinal wall. However, EHEC-related lectin–glycan interactions (LGIs) remain unknown. Here, we conducted a genome-wide investigation of...

3′-sialyllactose is one of the abundant components in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that protect infants from various viral infections in early stages of immune system development. 3SL is a combination of lactose and sialic acid. Most sialic acids are widely expressed in animal cells and they bind to siglec proteins. In this study, we demonstr...

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Background To characterize molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of sialylated glycan expression and its roles for endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. Here, we characterized the role of a truncated form of sialylated O-glycan, sialyl-Tn, for endometrial receptivity. Methods The transcriptomes of human endometrium at mid-secreto...

-20pt?>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes contagious tuberculosis (TB). Recently, Mtb-secreted proteins have been considered virulence factors and candidates for drugs and vaccines. Among these proteins, 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) is known to be able to induce component of matrix metalloprotei...

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) serves as a key factor in the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells and is a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect remain largely unknown. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is induced and over-expressed in various cancers an...

This book presents the latest knowledge and the most recent research results in the field of ganglioside biochemistry. The early chapters cover all relevant background on sialic acids and their biosynthesis, on N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), which cannot be synthesized by humans, and on general aspects of ganglioside research. Ganglioside adso...

This book reviews recent progress in understanding of the signaling and biochemistry of GM3 ganglioside in eukaryotic cells. GM3 is the simplest of the gangliosides and the precursor of other gangliosides. It is expressed in the outer leaflet of plasma cell membranes and has roles in the recognition, interaction, binding, adhesion, and motility of...

This book presents the latest knowledge and the most recent research results on glycosphingolipid (GSL)-mediated signaling. GSLs are important constituents of the plasma membrane that exert their distinct functions through binding to certain functional proteins. They play a role in various human diseases and also function as human alloantigens. Cel...

Structural lipids in membranes are composed of three general types of membrane lipids: (glycero)phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols. Sphingolipids are the derivatives of sphingosine and sites of biological recognition. Sphingolipid does not contain glycerol, different from (glycero)phospholipid. Sphingolipid contains a long-chain fatty acid a...

GSLs recognize, bind, and interact with PM proteins including growth factor receptors (GFRs), tetraspanins (TSPs), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), integrins, and nonreceptor cytoplasmic kinases including Src kinase family and G proteins in direct or non-direct mode. Such recognition and interaction contribute to the formation of glycosynaptic mic...

Glycosylation events to modify various molecules expressed on cell surfaces are a dynamic process to influence cellular processes of pathogen recognition, leukocyte migration, and tumor immunology. In host cell sides, surface glycosylation varies with species specificity and microbial tropism. In fact, cell surface molecules are normally covered wi...

Viruses attach and adhere surface receptors to target host cells, and the receptors determine viral tropism of hosts and tissues. Cell surface glycans are used as the virus receptors. The enveloping viruses generally recognize surface receptors of hosts as the initial step in the viral infection cycle to host and further define the viral host range...

GSLs as membrane components of cells are most abundant in the CNS, because GSLs confer protection and restoration of neuronal functions. This reflects clinically available avenue for ganglioside replacement therapy for dysregulation of neuronal function. Currently, gangliosides are obtained bovine-free for therapeutics. In the functional side, gang...

GSL synthesis and metabolism are carried out via endosomal organelle of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi systemic network, in the secretory organelle membrane system [16]. As a starting lipid structure to generate GSLs, the Cer is used. As described earlier, the aminoalcohol sphingosine with long chain is a key constituent of Cer [1]. Sphingosi...

Bee venom of Apis mellifera is a traditional medicine in Asia. It has been used with promoting results for the treatment of pain, rheumatoid, and cancer disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bee venom on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)...

Background: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common cause of bacterial infection that leads to diarrhea. Although some studies have proposed a potential association between the toxic profile and genetic background, association between toxin of ETEC and phylo-group has not been reported yet. The objective of this study was to examine ge...

Improvement of endometrial receptivity is necessary for successful embryo implantation, and its impairment is associated with female infertility. In this study, we investigated the effect of the roots of Cnidium officinale Makino (CoM) on endometrial receptivity in both in vitro and in vivo model of embryo implantation. We found that CoM enhanced t...

Background: Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are blood tests used to measure the amount of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) released by T lymphocytes after stimulation by antigens specific for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. A mitogen serves as a positive control to assess the immune function in IGRAs. Methods: This in vitro study was...

Aerobic glycolysis is one of the important metabolic characteristics of many malignant tumors. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) plays a key role in aerobic glycolysis by phosphorylating the E1α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Hence, PDHK has been recognized as a molecular target for cancer treatment. Here, we report that huzhangoside A...

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Plant-specific fungus of natural compound of Ascochyta viciae has traditionally been used in the treatment of sleeping sickness and tumors. The anti-tumor activities of the compounds obtained from Pisum sativum L were evaluated in this study. Aim of the study: In this study, during the prolonged incubation, treatm...

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are known to play important roles in inflammatory diseases such as arteriosclerosis and plaque instability. The purpose of this study was to perform the effect of 4-O-carboxymethylascochlorin (AS-6) on MMP-9 expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophages and signa...

N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a generic form of sialic acid, is enzymatically synthesized by cytidine-5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). Although expression of pig CMAH gene pcmah encoding CMAH has been reported to be regulated by pathogenic infection and developmental processes, little is known about the mechanisms un...

Background: Red ginseng is a traditional medicine that has been used to treat numerous metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Probiotic administration has been established to have beneficial effects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of Korean red ginseng (KRG) and probiotic...

The purpose of this study was to investigate antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative potentials of onion ( Allium cepa L.) extract fermented with a novel Lactobacillus casei HD-010. In general, fermented onion extract is used for its antioxidative activity (ORAC), inhibitory effect on adipocytes differentiation, quercetin contents, and antihyperlipide...

Natural compound esculentoside B (EsB), (2S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11S,12aR,14bS)-11-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2 methoxycarbonyl-2,6a,6b,9,12a-pentamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid with molecular weight of 664.833, isolated from roots of Phytolacca...