Charles Johnston

• PhD
• Auckland University of Technology

China has a long history of alcohol consumption, particularly drinking distilled grain spirits (baijiu). Winemaking and consumption have also been important in China; however, after 1949 Chinese drank almost no wine made from grapes. This began to change during China’s opening-up policy in the 1980s, and the trend of drinking wine has accelerated a...

McKercher's cultural tourist typology (2002) has been used widely for destinations. This research began as a replication of McKercher; the current paper reports new insights. The aims are to examine the typology at New Zealand's Bay of Islands and modify it accordingly. Our modification provides improved understanding of the Serendipitous tourist....

In developed countries, travel advisories are generally viewed as legitimate by the travelling public. This paper is constructed around the opposite position ? the travel advisory often represents an attempt to politically and/or economically destabilise the developing-nation destination through disruption of tourism. As a conceptual paper, we refe...

This paper proposes a new gaze: the refractive gaze. To provide a contextual framework for it, this paper explores Foucault's (1963) physicians gaze; Urry's (1999) tourist gaze; Maoz's (2006) mutual gaze and Bell's (2005) prescriptive and nervous gazes. We introduce the refractive gaze by examining how tourist-gastronomes negotiate food risk and ho...

Wellness tourism involves satisfying the body, mind and spirit. Through this holistic approach it overlaps with a sector intimately concerned with matters spiritual—New Age tourism. This paper examines New Age tourism and New Age tourists in New Zealand, through discussion of a specialization index. Data on tourists were gathered via questionnaires...

There has been some discussion about the relationship between sustainable development and sustainable tourism, and the need to further explore the relationships between theory and practice. Using grounded theory, this paper reviews new and existing research on Beijing's historic hutong neighbourhoods in relation to the housing, heritage conservatio...

The alternative tourism described in this paper has as its over-riding theme sustainability as applied to the environment, social organization, economic considerations and cultural presentations as perceived by Maori in Tai Tokerau (Northland). The main instrument for collecting the data was a survey administered to the Maori of North Hokianga, one...

This paper investigates how information and communication technologies (ICT), and particularly the World Wide Web (Web), can enhance the role that Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) properties play in local economic development (LED). The complex linkages between MICE, ICT and LED are explored through a literature review, a w...

This paper investigates how information and communication technologies (ICT), particularly the Web, can enhance the role that Meeting, Incentives, Conference/Convention, and Exhibition (MICE) properties play in local economic development (LED) processes. The complex links between ICT, MICE, and LED, are explored through an extensive literature revi...

Butler's destination life cycle model has been a popular source of research inspiration within tourism geography. After 20 years, the model still stands as the theoretical benchmark. This paper attempts to shore up the model's theoretical foundations by specifying and elaborating upon ontological and epistemological elements. Giddens' structuration...

This paper presents a case study of the destination life cycle model in the Kona district of Hawai'i Island. Ontological and epistemological elements developed previously are integrated to show better the aspects of 'place-as-process'. An initial analysis shows that the Kona region represents an appropriate spatial scale for study. A sequence analy...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 538-580). Microfiche.