Charles J Golden

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Nova Southeastern University

Objective The development of cognitive abilities varies based on social and cultural factors. Given the expansion of neuropsychological measures internationally, an accurate understanding of performance across different countries is necessary to understand the appropriateness of different cognitive tests. To expand the existing knowledge base, this...

Objective To explore whether adults’ cognitive flexibility performance predicted adverse driving events. Methods Adult participants (n = 297; Mage = 27.48, SD = 9.29; Med = 16.07, SD = 2.01, 63% female) were selected from a de-identified outpatient database. Participants reported having no neurological/neuropsychological or psychological/psychiatr...

Objective Over the past twenty-five years, the field of neuropsychology has expanded internationally. To date, an accurate understanding of the appropriateness of psychometric tests available in African countries remains limited despite the established need and potential benefits. Given the influence of culture on cognition the current study explor...

Objective To identify differences based on perceptions of the Rorschach test between individuals who were diagnosed with Specific Learning Disorder of Reading (LDR) and Mathematics (LDM) impairment. Method Participants were selected from a deidentified database from a large Southeastern university. The group assignment of the diagnoses were made a...

Objective The current study aims to investigate whether hyperactivity is present in the parietal lobe of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method The data for this study was derived from an archival SPECT database. Participants in the ASD group (n = 91, Mage = 10.07, 78% male, 20.9% female, 1.1% others) were like those in the contro...

Objective To compare performance in neuropsychological assessments between a sample of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and those with no diagnosis. Methods The MDD group (n = 77; Mage = 34.69, SD = 12.80; Med =13.41, SD = 2.45) had 41.6% male, 69.7% White, 10.5% Black, 17.1% Hispanic, and 2.6% other race). The undiagnosed group (n...

Objective This study used the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) to compare working memory (WM) and perceptual reasoning (PR) as predictors of math ability measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test-Fourth Edition (WRAT-4) after controlling for age and education. Method The healthy adult sample (N = 417) derived from a de-...

Objective This study uses the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) to compare working memory and verbal comprehension of adults with learning disorders in math (LD-M) and learning disorders in reading (LD-R). Method The data were chosen from a de-identified database in the Neuropsychology Assessment Center (NAC) at Nova South...

Objective The aim of the study is to measure how personality features reported on the MMPI-2 predicts response speed measured on a test of attention. Method Data was selected from a de-identified database of clinical adults. The sample chosen (N = 508) comprised of mixed psychiatric adults consisting of Caucasians (N = 224, M_edu = 13,42% male & 5...

Objective The present study aims to determine whether there are differences in cerebral blood flow (CBF) levels in females versus males with depression. Method The data for this study was derived from an archival SPECT database. Participants in the female group (n = 140, Mage = 14.48) were like those in the male group (n = 241, Mage = 13.77). Mult...

Objective The aim of the study is to measure how executive functioning predicts performance on a measure of delayed memory. Method Data was selected from a de-identified database of clinical adults. The sample chosen (N = 438) comprised of mixed psychiatric adults consisting of Caucasians (N = 193, M_edu = 13,42% male & 58% female), African Americ...

Objective To measure the differences in cognitive performance between a sample of children diagnosed with adjustment disorder (ad) and ADHD. Methods Participants were selected from a de-identified child outpatient clinical database. The ad group (n = 257; Mage = 8.75, SD =2.03; Med = 3.07, SD = 1.86) had 61.5% male, 47% White, 19.2% Black, 26.3% H...

Objectives: Despite the number of deaths from psychostimulants continuing to rise, and the known influence of personality traits predicting drug abuse initiation and outcomes, evidence-based guidelines derived from this information for stimulant dependence is lacking. The purpose of this review was to examine existing literature of personality prof...

Objective: This study aimed to examine the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of several brain regions to evaluate differences between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Method: The sample consisted of PTSD patients (n=89) with a mean age of 12.10 years, SD=3.88, and ADHD patients (n=2568) wi...

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the administration of the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT-3) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in children with ADHD. Methods: The data for this study was derived from a large - database. Participants in the ADHD group (n = 1853, Mage = 12.01) were similar to those in the healthy...

Objective: To compare personality features as measured by the MMPI-2 for individuals with and without acquired brain injuries. Methods: Participants were selected from a de-identified clinical database. Thirty-seven (Mage=41.07, Medu=13.05, 59.5% white, and 61.9% male) individuals were identified as having an acquired brain injury and 377 (Mage=32....

Objective: To determine the extent to which manic symptoms and working memory predict applied mathematical problem-solving abilities after controlling for age, gender, and education. Method: Data was selected from an ongoing de-identified database of clinical adults. The sample chosen (N=136) comprised of mixed psychiatric adults consisting of Cauc...

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate how performance on the TOMM was related to age, race, and level of education. Methods, 160 NFL former players (Mage= 48.9, 71% African American, 29% Caucasian) were evaluated for possible CTE. The sample consisted of 124 African American (Mage= 46.3, SD= 7.94) and 36 Whites (Mage= 43.3, SD= 8.66). Results: Age...

Objective: Females and males may differ in stress responses which suggests different brain reactivity between genders in PTSD. This study compares baseline regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) between females and males with elevated PTSD symptoms. Method: Females [n = 383; Mage=37.51; white (65%)] and males [n=389; Mage=36.37; white (65%)] with elev...

Objective: To identify regions of the brain with disrupted regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) resulting from brain trauma. Method: Participants (N=15,365) were selected from a deidentified adult clinical outpatient database. Participants were divided into those with diagnosed brain trauma (n=6,736, 65.5% male, Mage=40.12, and 67.9% white) and thos...

Objectives: To examine differences in reporting children’s symptoms between parents and teachers on the Conners 3 Rating scale. Methods: Children (N=194, Mage=10.75, Medu=4.87, 41.3% white, and 62.8% male) with corresponding parents and teachers were selected from a deidentified clinical outpatient database. Respondents included mothers (n=287), fa...

Objective: Children with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) comorbid with epilepsy have a significantly poorer quality of life and predominantly inattentive presentation, compared to children who solely have ADHD or epilepsy (Ozalp et al., 2017). The current case study considers a neuropsychological evaluation of ten-yea...

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether differences exist between children with ADHD and a healthy control group in cerebral blood flow (CBF) t-scores at baseline with no external stimuli. Methods: The data for this study was derived from a large de-identified single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) database. Inclusion c...

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between children and adults with high levels of self-reported anxiety. Method: Subjects were selected from two independent clinical outpatient databases for child and adult SPECT scans. Scores were standardized to T scores for each database. The highest...

Objective: To identify differences between Hispanics and Caucasians in mathematics and problem-solving abilities using the KeyMath-3. Methods: The data for this study was derived from a large de-identified database. The sample contained two groups: the Hispanic group, (n=38; 64.4% female; mean age=29.9, SD=10.46; mean education=12.89, SD=10.46) and...

Objective: To test if the WAIS-IV Indexes predicts functioning on the TMT B. Method: The adult clinical sample was recruited from a large de-identified database. The participants (n=392) consisted of 51.1% White, 14% Black, 25.4% Latinx, and 9.5% Other. The diagnostic makeup of the sample was divided into 38.7% psychiatric, 30.5% neurological, 21.4...

Objective: To identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences among children with varying Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes. The participants were part of an archival de-identified database that received SPECT scans at baseline. The sample (N= 3222) consisted of ADHD classifications of asymptomatic (N=773), combined...

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between adults who self-reported high symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Method: Subjects were selected from a de-identified database for adult SPECT scans. Scores were standardized to T-scores for each database. Twenty percent of the sample fro...

Objective: To investigate the effect of apathy on performance on a task of semantic category fluency in a sample of Alzheimer’s disease (ad) patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method: The sample (N = 3951) was selected from the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers database by the National Institute on Aging. Individuals with diagnosed a...

We examined whether significant scatter in WAIS–IV GAI will reduce its validity to predict performance on WMS–IV indexes. Participants were 330 individuals with neurological, psychiatric, or neurodevelopmental disorders and 59 referrals who were found to be free of a diagnosable disorder. For VCI > PRI, 59.32% were significant at p < .05 and 12.29%...

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As we age, exercise is increasingly important for physical health and well-being. Recent studies have shown that exercise is associated with cognitive performance across multiple domains, specifically memory, a common complaint for older adults. Data included a ten-word list of delayed recall, a clock drawing activity, and a sit-to-stand task (i.e....

Exercise and cardiovascular fitness are important for physical health and well-being. Recent studies show that exercise is associated with cognitive performance across multiple domains including memory, a common complaint for older adults. Data included a ten-word list of delayed recall, a clock drawing activity, and a three-meter walking course de...

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to examine relative inter-subtest variability, or scatter, on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) in a clinical sample of patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation and compare the findings to corresponding data from the scale’s standardization sample. Method: Particip...

Objective To see how strongly performance on a computerized visual digit span task correlates with non-computerized digit span subtests. Method The data were chosen from a de-identified database. Undiagnosed adult volunteers (n = 105) took the WAIS-IV Digit Span and TMB Digit Span subtests. Demographic characteristics were as follows: Age (M = 28....

Objective To determine the extent to which memory can predict reading abilities after controlling for gender, age, and education. Method The participants were drawn from a de-identified adult clinical database. Two hierarchical multiple regressions (n = 246, Mage = 33.5, Medu = 13.8, 56% Caucasian, 58% Female) tested the ability of the Wechsler Ad...

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between reading fluency in the WJ-IV ACH and processing speed in the WISC-V. Method The data for this study was derived from a large de-identified database. Participants (n = 90) included individuals who completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Editio...

Objective Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons. This literature review examines the recurring etiology of cognitive impairments in ALS through empirical literature. The current study explores ALS across different subtypes and potential cognitive im...

Objective To test if there is a correlation between the inattentive domain of the Conners Continuous Performance Task 3rd Edition (CPT-3) and depression scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Method Adult mixed psychiatric clinical sample was derived from a large de-identified database through a SPSS descriptive stati...

Objective To identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between individuals with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and healthy controls. Mehtods: Healthy controls (n = 81, Mage = 41.9, 53.0% female, 42.0% Caucasian) and persons diagnosed by psychiatric examination with OCD (n = 1020, Mage = 34.8, 33.6% female, 66.3% Caucasian) were...

Objective Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many services attempted to quickly transition to a remote format. A need to incorporate and evaluate a remote delivery of neuropsychological measures arose. TestMyBrain (TMB) from the Many Brains Project has been utilizing teleneuropsychology in research since 2017. Method Volunteer research participants (N...

Objective To determine whether or not distinct neuropsychological profiles could be created to aid in earlier detection in Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia (PDD). Data Selection A literature review was conducted informally to search for articles pertaining to neuropsychological testing with individuals with DLB or P...

Objective Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many services attempted to quickly transition to a remote format. A need to validate remote delivery of neuropsychological measures arose. TestMyBrain (TMB) from the Many Brains Project has been utilizing teleneuropsychology in research since 2017. Method Volunteer research participants (N = 147, Mage = 29,...

Objective To investigate the effects of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) on performance on attention and executive function measures in a sample of MCI patients. Method Individuals with a clinician diagnosis of MCI with T2D and [n = 719,Mage = 75.24,50.3% female] and MCI persons without T2D [n = 719,Mage = 75.21,47.1% female] were selected from the Alzheimer...

Objective To identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between individuals who self-reported either low or high symptoms of somatic anxiety. Method Individuals who reported low levels of somatic anxiety (0-20th percentile;n = 8962,Mage = 39.2,39.2% female,62.6% Caucasian) and individuals who reported high levels of somatic anxiety (...

Objective The aim of this study is to measure the associations between overall math ability, visual working memory, and perceptual reasoning. Method Data stemmed from an ongoing de-identified database aof clinical adults. Participants were administered the WAIS-IV, KM-3, and WMS-IV. The sample consisted of Caucasians (N = 671, M_edu = 14,45.7% mal...

Objective To identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between individuals with DSM-IV diagnosis of Cluster B Personality Disorders (PDB) and healthy controls. Method Healthy controls (n = 81, Mage = 41.9, 53.0% female, 42.0% Caucasian) and persons diagnosed by psychiatric examination with PDB (n=, Mage = 34.12, 71.5% female, 69.8%...

This study explored in cases of parental emotional abuse, whether familial factors influence the purpose of life (PIL) in adulthood. Previous research shows that adverse childhood experiences can have a negative, long-lasting impact on health and well-being in childhood and later in life. One adverse childhood experience (ACE), emotional abuse, app...

Objective The present study examined the relationship between the Social Skills Deficit (SSD) subscales obtained on the Personality Inventory for Children, second edition (PIC-2), and diagnoses of three major Learning Disorders (LD) of Math, Reading, and Writing. Method Participants in the present study consisted of 523 children from a mixed clini...

Objective To assess which brain areas, as measured by SPECT, are related to self-reported feelings of pessimism. Method Using a symptom checklist, participants were determined based on their self-reported feelings of pessimism. The participants were part of a large archival de-identified database. A total of 7,661 individuals were categorized into...

Objective To determine the contribution of different types of memory (Visual Memory, Auditory Memory and Visual Working Memory) to mathematical abilities. Method The participants were drawn from a deidentified adult clinical database. A multiple regression tested (n = 91, Mage = 29.9, Medu = 13.3, 49% Caucasian, 57% Female) the ability of the Wech...

Objective To identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and healthy controls. Method Healthy controls [n = 81, Mage = 41.9, 53.0% female] and persons diagnosed by psychiatric examination with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) [n = 62, Mage = 29.8, 75.8% male] were selected from a deident...

Objective To examine whether ADHD-Combined-Type in males and females alters brain activity at concentration. Method Participants were selected by DSM-IV diagnoses from a de-identified, archival database. Sample(n = 154) included a male(n = 97, Mage = 33.29, 67% Cau.) and female group(n = 57, Mage = 34.54, 71.9% Cau.). Exclusion criteria were most...

Objective To determine whether MMPI-2 clinical scales are related to Acquired Brain Injury(ABI) compared to Healthy individuals. Methods Participants were selected by DSM-IV diagnoses from a de-identified, archival database. The sample(n = 75) included an ABI group(n = 34, Mage = 43, Medu = 13.4, 58.8% Males, 64.7% Cau.) that have had long-term ch...

In this special issue, The Brain and Violence, special editors Charles Golden and Lisa Lashley have assembled a collection of articles featuring the work of early career and predoctoral researchers across a spectrum of disciplines and international collaborations. These works review the literature in the areas of the neuropsychology of criminal vio...

Recently, negative consequences associated with sport-related concussion (SRC) have received increased attention in both the media and literature. A specific negative consequence that has received widespread attention is the possible association between SRC and suicide. While the connection between concussion and suicide has been reported by variou...

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a pervasive issue within society which has negatively impacted millions of individuals. Previous literature has focused on the potential risk factors associated with IPV perpetration such as substance use, childhood maltreatment, and higher levels of inattention symptom severity. However, few studies have consider...

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are a group of non-cognitive symptoms and behaviors that often occur with a diagnosis of dementia. Aggression is the most prevalent and serious of these noncognitive symptoms. However, the development and treatment of aggression in this population are not always clear and the type of dementia...

The medical side effects of brain tumors have been studied rather extensively for the development of accurate diagnosis and effective treatments; however, the psychological implications of the various tumor types are vastly understudied. There has been mixed literature surrounding the impacts of tumors on personality changes. Some research, primari...

Objective To examine regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between those with self-reported high and low levels of depressive symptoms. Method Participants were selected from a de-identified archival SPECT database. Depressive symptoms were determined by self-reported factors related to depression which included eight questions rated on...

Objective To identify CBF differences between individuals with Tic Disorder and healthy controls. Methods The data for this study was acquired from a de-identified archival Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) database. The sample included a healthy control group (n = 83,age M = 42.02,54.22% female) and a second group included indivi...

Objective To test whether Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) alters brain activity compared to a Healthy group at baseline, as measured by a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Methods The sample (n = 189) included a PTSD group (n = 109, Mage = 43.4, 23% Male, 71.6% Caucasian.) and a Healthy group (n = 80, Mage = 41.5, 4...

Objective Explore the effects of aggression in adults diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Method Participants were extracted from an archival de-identified SPECT database (n = 889,Mage = 36.73, 60.4% male, 71.6% Caucasian). Two groups were formed based on self-reported aggressive s...

Objective To assess whether diagnosed Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) interactively alter brain activity, as measured by a Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging. Method The sample included adults diagnosed with OCD (n = 915) with a mean age of 34.65 and predominantly male (68.6%) a...

Objective To examine differences in blood flow perfusion, measured by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), at baseline between individuals diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder and healthy controls. Method The participants were part of an archival de-identified SPECT database. The sample (N = 160) had a Mage = 38.85, was primarily male (5...

It is clear without any question that CTE exists and many theories exist to explain the cases which have been documented and those which show neuropathological CTE but fail to show any behavioral, cognitive or sensorimotor symptoms. We are also faced with cases of suicide or aggression in which there is debate as to the role of CTE and TBI in gener...

While there are no absolute answers to the many questions that surround CTE, there are preliminary conclusions we can reach for these major issues. While these answers are subject to change in the future.\, they offer guidelines to those interested in this disorder. Questions to be examined include who will get CTE, the relationship of CTE to depre...

The term Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) has recently gained a significant amount of public attention and media coverage, which is partially due to several high profile suicides of former professional athletes, multiple lawsuits filed against the National Football League (NFL), and a popular Hollywood film. Parents and caregivers all across...

A common and challenging consequence of CTE is disruption in cognition, mood, and behavior. Clinical manifestations in these domains appear to be reflective of the regions shown most affected by CTE. According to published case series and case history reports, such symptoms and are insidious, with a typical onset several years after recovery from t...

The term chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has recently gained a significant amount of media coverage. However, a large proportion of the information disseminated through the media pertaining to the etiology, neuropathology, and clinical manifestations of CTE are not corroborated by empirical research, and are disputed by prominent researchers...

Interpretive strategies for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) include Wechsler’s four-factor structure and the five-factor Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model. The frequency of profile occurrence and the contribution of demographic- and ability-related variables to their incidence are unknown. Current participants were 291...

As noted earlier, Richard Loeb’s father hired the eloquent and brilliant criminal defense attorney, Clarence Darrow to represent his son. Nathan Leopold was represented by attorneys Benjamin and Walter Bachrach. They all worked together during the trial. Darrow had a reputation of taking on cases that most others believed could not be won, yet Darr...