Chao S. Hu

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Verified

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• "Doctor Who?"
• Professor (Associate) at Guangzhou University

A chapter for the Handbook of Adult development and wisdom. Oxford University Press

The science of wisdom has reached a critical point where researchers from numerous fields propose many distinct wisdom models. The great amount of wisdom models has made it difficult for researchers to communicate their findings within their research field, across psychological disciplines, and to the public. Moreover, the breadth of models challen...

Abstract Objective: Across three experiments (N = 622), we investigated the effect of the future temporal perspective on wise reasoning within the context of interpersonal conflicts. Method: Studies 1 and 2 applied two heterogeneous measurements of wise reasoning: self-report and open-ended measurements. Participants reasoned about their recent int...

Default mode network (DMN) may be associated with wisdom (i.e., mature understanding of life featured by perspectival metacognition) when advising from a self-referential perspective due to the involvement of the DMN in reflecting on personal life experiences. After a resting-state functional MRI scan, 52 adults advised some youths going through li...

本文综合哲学与心理学视角，剖析 “智慧” 的概念，并在此基础上阐述智慧疗愈的概念、形式及其促进心理健康的机制。智慧疗愈作为哲学疗愈的心理学实践范式，蕴含着人是否有能力和意愿活在真理中、自我欺骗与人类适应世界的关系等哲学和心理学经典议题。研究发现，智慧并非天生，需从后天经验及反思中发展，元认知（如多元视角、智性谦逊）在其中起重要作用。智慧疗愈通过培养个体应对人生关键难题的智慧推理能力来帮助其应对人生困境、促进心理健康，其方法包括虚拟人生困境反思、未来时间视角采择等。此外，智慧疗愈实践中存在治疗师如何把握让患者直面真理的时机、是应促进自我反思还是允许一定自我欺骗等真理难题。本文通过理论探讨为这些问题提供见解，并指出智慧疗愈有助于个体心理健康、美德发展及社会福祉提升，但绝对的智慧在现实中难以企及，...

This paper introduces Sorrow Motivation Theory (SMT) as a complementary framework to Terror Management Theory (TMT) and integrates the two to propose a dual-emotion model. Death carries dual meanings: self-destruction, which evokes fear, and the loss of the world, especially intimate relationships, which evokes sadness. These meanings resonate diff...

The COVID-19 pandemic harmed children’s mental health, and limited therapy access exacerbates the issue. We studied positive expressive writing (EW) as a psychological intervention for teachers to reduce depression and social anxiety symptoms among schoolchildren. Altogether, 165 Chinese schoolchildren aged 10–15 were randomly assigned to positive...

Objective: Suicide ideation (SI) is prevalent among college students, and suicide disclosure (SD) is critical for crisis intervention. However, students with SI may worry about stigmatizing responses to their disclosure. To better understand the mechanism of stigmatizing responses to SD, we investigated the effects of a hypothetical classmate's SD...

Emerging adults’ approaches to personal development in life may be revealed in their conception of wisdom resources (WRs), i.e., factors that lead to the development of wisdom. We explored the conception of WRs among 453 Chinese emerging and young adults aged 18–30. Participants completed an online questionnaire covering 19 potential WRs proposed b...

Previous research showed that suicide risk was associated with the anger trait and the facial expression of anger when advising on life dilemmas. We investigated if suicide risk was associated with the facial expression of anger during rest, a state when individuals often reflect upon their lives. Participants took a 1-min rest before being assesse...

Providing advice to others is an important component of wisdom. We conducted a study to test the hypothesis that the Default Mode Network (DMN) is associated with wisdom when advising from a self-referential perspective. This is due to the involvement of the DMN in reflecting on personal life experiences. Altogether, 52 healthy Chinese adults provi...

Objective: Across three experiments ( N = 622), we investigated the effect of the future temporal perspective on wise reasoning within the context of interpersonal conflicts. Method: Studies 1 & 2 applied two heterogeneous measurements of wise reasoning: self-report and open ended measurements. Participants reasoned about their recent interpersonal...

Previous research suggests that receiving a charity donation could induce gratitude but threaten self‐esteem. We investigated if peer charity donations from typical children benefit or harm the mental health of their left‐behind children (LBC) classmates. We recruited children at a school (i.e., intervened school) that organized peer charity donati...

Advice-giving is an important way to share life experiences and promote wisdom in society. We hypothesized that resting-state Default Mode Network (DMN) activity should be associated with increased wisdom when advising from a self-related perspective due to the DMN's involvement in reflection of personal life experiences. In our study, 52 participa...

Research has demonstrated a relationship between anger and suicidality, while real‐time authentic emotions behind facial expressions could be detected during advising hypothetical protagonists in life dilemmas. This study aimed to investigate the predictive validity of anger expressions during advising for suicide risk. Besides advising on life dil...

Previous studies have found that high‐status people are more individualistic and think more analytically than people of lower social status. We find new evidence that this is not always the case. We tested a large sample (N = 1,418) of people across China on analytic thought and the friend–stranger distinction. In China's more individualistic wheat...

The debate between the trait- and state-theories of wisdom has always been a heated topic. The trait-theory of wisdom argues that wisdom is a stable personality trait that is difficult to be intervened through self-improvement or external efforts, and only the sages possess "true wisdom". Empirical studies basing on the trait theory have utilized s...

Background: High school and university teachers need to advise students against attempting suicide, the second leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds. Aims: To investigate the role of reasoning and emotion in advising against suicide. Method: We conducted a study with 130 students at a university that specializes in teachers' education. Parti...

This is the first electroencephalogram study exploring the personal perspective effect on wise advising. Participants advised hypothetical protagonists in life dilemmas from both the 2nd- and 3rd-person perspective. Their advice for each dilemma was rated by two independent raters on wisdom criteria, i.e., metacognitive humility, metacognitive flex...

Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-...

We explored whether children could apply linguistic strategies for lying, i.e., manipulating linguistic content of speech to mislead others. We announced a knowledge-test entailing prizes in the classrooms of a primary school and a middle school. Altogether 79 Chinese children (6–18 years) voluntarily participated in the test: listening to a series...

The debate between the trait- and state-theories of wisdom has always been a heated topic. The trait-theory of wisdom argues that wisdom is a stable personality trait that is difficult to be intervened through self-improvement or external efforts, and only the sages possess "true wisdom". Empirical studies basing on the trait theory have utilized s...

Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-...

Previous studies have found that high-status people are more individualistic and think more analytically than people of lower social status (e.g., Grossmann & Varnum, 2011; Miyamoto et al., 2018; Talhelm et al., 2015). We find new evidence that this is not always the case. We tested a large sample (N = 1,418) of people across China on analytic thou...

This is the first electroencephalogram study of advising, exploring the personal perspective effect on wise advising. Participants advised hypothetical protagonists in life dilemmas from both the 2 nd-and 3 rd-person perspective. Their advices were rated by two independent raters on wisdom criteria, i.e., intellectual humility, intellectual flexibi...

Objective: This study aims to develop an objective and efficient measure of personal wisdom (i.e., excellence in both virtue and talents) for personnel assessment in practical contexts (e.g., elections, job interviews), testing the reliability and validity of a novel paradigm— the thin-slice measurement of personal wisdom— with a Chinese sample.Met...

Wisdom is a quality of expert thinking that manifests from a deep understanding of the dynamic and diverse nature of things and beings. Wisdom lies in exploring the unknown from the known, instead of the accumulated expert knowledge. Across disciplines of the natural and social sciences, wise thinkers understand that it is often difficult to ask th...

Objective: to explore wisdom and emotion as suicide attempters advised on a life dilemma. Method: a study was conducted with 130 adults, of whom 36 indicated a previous suicide attempt. In addition to advising a hypothetical protagonist of a friend’s betrayal, participants also completed scales of suicide risk, meaning of life, collectivism and in...

Objective: to explore wisdom and emotion as suicide attempters advised on a life dilemma. Method: a study was conducted with 130 adults, of whom 36 indicated a previous suicide attempt. In addition to advising a hypothetical protagonist of a friend’s betrayal, participants also completed scales of suicide risk, meaning of life, collectivism and ind...

摘 要 智慧与美德是独立但相互作用的心理结构。针对其关系，以往哲学家与心理学家基于个人经验和文化观念进行了大量规范 性层面的理论思辨，但仍存在理论分歧（线性论、阈值论、从属论），且缺少以定量方法为主的描述性层面的实证研究，尤其缺 乏基于实验的关于“智”与“仁”双向因果关系的探索。未来研究可以借鉴实验伦理学的范式，着眼于研究特定领域、特定情境 下智慧与美德之间的双向因果关系，加强中国文化背景下的智慧与美德关系的研究，并探索其潜在的认知神经机制。如何统一智 慧与美德关系的“应然”与“实然”的研究，是接下来需要面临的挑战。Abstract Wisdom and virtue are independent psychological structures interacting with each...

智慧与美德是独立但相互作用的心理结构。针对其关系，以往哲学家与心理学家基于个人经验和文化观念进行了大量规范性层面的理论思辨，但仍存在理论分歧（线性论、阈值论、从属论），且缺少以定量方法为主的描述性层面的实证研究，尤其缺乏基于实验的关于“智”与“仁”双向因果关系的探索。未来研究可以借鉴实验伦理学的范式，着眼于研究特定领域、特定情境下智慧与美德之间的双向因果关系，加强中国文化背景下的智慧与美德关系的研究，并探索其潜在的认知神经机制。如何统一智慧与美德关系的“应然”与“实然”的研究，是接下来需要面临的挑战。 Abstract Wisdom and virtue are independent psychological structures interacting with each other....

Assuming the total cognitive resource available always being the same, lying might require more allocation than telling the truth and thus reduce what is available for gaze movement, resulting in lower gaze velocity. To test this hypothesis, an eye-tracking study was conducted: the participants were preparing, and subsequently telling, a truthful o...

To investigate the development of verbal strategy for lying, a modified temptation-resistance paradigm was applied, in which Chinese children and adolescents (6-18 years) completed a knowledge-test: listening to a series of animal sounds before guessing the names of the animals. Meanwhile, behind the participants, a video was playing images that os...

Scholars within the Berlin paradigm have analysed participants' responses to a hypothetical vignette about a friend's suicide ideation. However, no study has yet focused on participants' emotional reactions to this scenario, an important aspect of wisdom performance. We conducted a Thin‐Slice Wisdom study where participants were asked to give advic...

Objective Measurement of Wisdom within a short period of time is vital for both the public interest (e.g., understanding a presidential election) and research (e.g., testing factors that facilitate wisdom development). A measurement of emotion associated with wisdom would be especially informative; therefore, a novel Thin-Slice measurement of wisdo...

Objectives This is the first study on the Mainland Chinese implicit theory of wisdom. To understand the role of culture and social changes in the implicit theory of wisdom, cultural and generational differences were explored. Method Two generations of Mainland Chinese, 50 older adults (age 60–80 years) and 50 younger adults (age 20–30 years), were...

Past research has demonstrated differential recognition of emotion on faces of different races. This paper reports the first study to explore differential emotion attribution to neutral faces of different races. Chinese and Caucasian adults viewed a series of Chinese and Caucasian neutral faces and judged their outward facial expression: neutral, p...

This research report presents a novel method of dual-tasking lie-detection. Novel software “Follow Me” was invented for a concurrent eye-hand coordination task during truth-telling/lying. Undergraduate participants were instructed to tell truths on questions about undergraduate school whereas they were instructed to tell lies on interview questions...

Recent studies have shown that participants use different eye movement strategies when scanning own- and other-race faces. However, it is unclear (1) whether this effect is related to face recognition performance, and (2) to what extent this effect is influenced by top-down or bottom-up facial information. In the present study, Chinese participants...

An ability to accurately perceive and evaluate out-group members' emotions plays a critical role in intergroup interactions. Here we showed that Chinese participants' implicit attitudes toward White people bias their perception and judgment of emotional intensity of White people's facial expressions such as anger, fear and sadness. We found that Ch...

Extensive behavioral and neural evidence suggests that processing of own-race faces differs from that of other-race faces in both adults and infants. However, little research has examined whether and how children scan faces of own and other races differently for face recognition. In this eye-tracking study, Chinese children aged from 4 to 7 years a...

Recent eye-tracking studies have revealed that own- and other-race faces are scanned differently, and this differential scanning is affected by observer ethnicity. Westerners scan the eyes of own- and other-race faces more than other face parts (Blais et al., 2008). In contrast, Chinese observers scan more the central (nasal) region of Chinese face...

The current study explored the relationship between shyness and face scanning patterns for own- and other-race faces in adults. Participants completed a shyness inventory and a face recognition task in which their eye movements were recorded by a Tobii 1750 eye tracker. We found that: (1) Participants’ shyness scores were negatively correlated with...

The neural basis of self and identity has received extensive research. However, most of these existing studies have focused on situations where the internal representation of the self is consistent with the external one. The present study used fMRI methodology to examine the neural correlates of two different types of identity conflict: identity fa...

It is well established that individuals show an other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition: they recognize own-race faces better than other-race faces. The present study tested the hypothesis that individuals would also scan own- and other-race faces differently. We asked Chinese participants to remember Chinese and Caucasian faces and we tested t...

The current study explored the correlation between speakers' Eysenck personality traits and speech spectrum parameters. Forty-six subjects completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. They were instructed to verbally answer the questions shown on a computer screen and their responses were recorded by the computer. Spectrum parameters of /sh/ an...

The current research explored the correlation between speakers’ personality traits and speech spectrums of the same phoneme during different emotional states. 45 subjects completed a 16PF personality test, and then gave feedback on false results of personality test, describing their feelings at the same time. Their responses during different emotio...