Cesar Leandro Schultz

• PhD
• Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

This dataset compiles published hindlimb morphological measurements from six flamingo species (Phoeniconaias minor, Phoenicoparrus andinus, Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Phoenicopterus chilensis, Phoenicopterus roseus, and Phoenicopterus ruber) to serve as Supplementary Material for a neoichnological study on flamingo foraging behavior and the resulting b...

This dataset compiles ichnological records attributed to flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes), including both taxonomically indeterminate traces and ichnogenera such as Phoenicopterichnum, from multiple Miocene to Pliocene formations across four continents. The data were gathered from published sources and represent a wide range of sedimentary environme...

This dataset compiles records of modern biogenic structures (lebensspuren) associated with stamping behavior in flamingos (Mirandornithes, Phoenicopteridae) across a wide range of environmental settings. The dataset is intended for immediate use as supplementary material to a manuscript investigating the environmental contexts of stamping behavior...

A paleohistologia oferece uma abordagem valiosa para determinar aspectos paleobiológicos de vertebrados extintos, como padrões de crescimento, modo de vida, idade e estágios ontogenéticos. Neste estudo, analisamos a fíbula e uma costela do espécime UFRGS-PV-0152-T (~3,8 m de comprimento) e uma costela do espécime UFRGS-PV-0156-T (~7,0 m de comprime...

Sampling (or sample) bias is a widespread concern in scientific research, across several disciplines. The concept of sampling bias originated in statistical studies. The consequence of a biased sample is that scientists will conclude about a population different from their target. In paleontology, sampling bias is typically related to fieldwork con...

Prestosuchus chiniquensis is an iconic non‐crocodylomorph loricatan from the Brazilian Triassic beds and the best‐known taxon, represented by several specimens. The completeness and preservation of its skeleton make it a valuable taxon for paleobiological studies. We explore the microstructure of bone tissues of appendicular elements and ribs of th...

Rhynchosauria is a group of extinct, exclusively Triassic, terrestrial, and herbivorous archosauromorphs, characterized by a peculiar maxillary‐mandibular apparatus. They reached global distribution during the Carnian, with the Hyperodapedontinae clade. The rhynchosaurian record from South America is included in the Ladinian‐?earliest Carnian Dinod...

The acquisition of the load-bearing dentary–squamosal jaw joint was a key step in mammalian evolution1–5. Although this innovation has received decades of study, questions remain over when and how frequently a mammalian-like skull–jaw contact evolved, hindered by a paucity of three-dimensional data spanning the non-mammaliaform cynodont–mammaliafor...

The nasal cavity of living mammals is a unique structural complex among tetrapods, acquired along a series of major morphological transformations that occurred mainly during the Mesozoic Era, within the Synapsida clade. Particularly, non-mammaliaform cynodonts document several morphological changes in the skull, during the Triassic Period, that rep...

The Triassic period (251.9–201.4 Ma) is the first period of the Mesozoic Era, initiating after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and ending at the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction. This period witnessed the origin of modern ecosystems, and also the rise of the dinosaurs. This influence on both geological and ecological history of the Earth has...

The Permian mesosaurs are well known for being the earliest amniotes to exhibit adaptations for living in a marine environment (Irati‐Whitehill Sea). In addition to their set of skeletal features associated with aquatic dwelling life, their dentition includes important characteristics related to feeding in this habitat, which is described in this w...

Prestosuchus chiniquensis is the best represented pseudosuchian archosaur from the Pinheiros-Chiniqu a Sequence, Middle-Late Triassic (Ladinian/Carnian) of the Santa Maria Supersequence, Southern Brazil. Several incomplete specimens attributed to this species have been described, but the morphology of the postcranial skeleton of P. chiniquensis is...

Decuriasuchus quartacolonia is a middle-sized basal "rauisuchian" (Pseudosuchia, Loricata) from the Triassic beds of Brazil, whose original description was based on 10 specimens of equivalent size found in aggregation. In this contribution, we explore the osteohistology of its appendicular bones and a rib, aiming to infer growth patterns and ontoge...

The Anteosauridae (Dinocephalia) were the largest predators of Guadalupian (Middle Permian) land communities. The, thus far, only known South American anteosaurid is the medium-sized syodontine Pampaphoneus biccai. This taxon was, until now, known only by its holotype, recovered from an outcrop of the Rio do Rasto Formation, Southern Brazil. Here w...

Proterochampsidae is a clade of non-archosaurian archosauriforms restricted to the Middle to the Late Triassic of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of Argentina and the Santa Maria Supersequence of Brazil. A reappraisal of proterochampsid specimens from the Brazilian Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone (AZ) of the Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence (late La...

In this contribution we describe a new genus and species of gomphodontosuchine cynodont from the Late Triassic Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone (AZ) of the Santa Maria Supersequence of southern Brazil, based on material collected 20 years ago. The new taxon, Santagnathus mariensis gen. et sp. nov., is based on numerous cranial and postcranial remains,...

Protuberum cabralense é um cinodonte traversodontídeo da Zona de Associação (ZA) de Dinodontosaurus (Ladiniano-Carniano) do Rio Grande do Sul, conhecido apenas por um crânio e materiais pós-cranianos associados. Neste trabalho estudamos a cavidade cerebral e aspectos da dentição pós-canina baseados em uma tomografia médica do holótipo MPDC 368-100....

One of the main “databases”, on which palaeontologists carry on their studies, is constituted by palaeontological collections. These collections are the final result of fieldwork and surveys, sampling activities, preparation and curatorial processes, and analyses. However, the content of a palaeontological collection can also be strongly biased, le...

We describe for the first time the presence of straight, curved and quasi-helical burrows preserved in plan, oblique and transversal views in the aeolian strata of the Permo-Triassic Buena Vista Formation (Paran a Basin), Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The morphology of the burrows is similar to that of others found in Guadalu-pian to Early Tr...

Mammalian lineage is deep rooted in Mesozoic, with several taxa and ichnotaxa described worldwide. One of the most prolific mammaliaform ichnospecies is Brasilichnium elusivum, which is extremely abundant in the Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation of the Brazilian Paraná Basin, as well as in other Mesozoic ichnofaunas of North America and Africa. I...

Two sets of teeth (diphyodonty) characterise extant mammals but not reptiles, as they generate many replacement sets (polyphyodonty). The transition in long‐extinct species from many sets to only two has to date only been reported in Jurassic eucynodonts. Specimens of the Late Triassic brasilodontid eucynodont Brasilodon have provided anatomical an...

Rhynchocephalians are a group of lizard-like diapsid reptiles that were very diverse during the Mesozoic but are now restricted to a single extant genus in New Zealand. Recent cladistic analyses have revealed two major clades, Eusphenodontia and the more crownward Neosphenodontia, but relationships of individual taxa have remained difficult to dete...

Access to the geochemical conditions of paleoenvironments is made through the analysis of the chemical composition of the hydroxyapatite of fossil bones. This is because the bones were able to incorporate chemical elements from adjacent fluids into their pores and channels during the fossildiagenesis process, and as a result, have their original ap...

The phylogenetic relationships of Pseudosuchia, the crocodile-line of Archosauria, are still poorly resolved, in part, due to the lack of crucial braincase information for several key taxa. Recently, erpetosuchids and ornithosuchids have been recovered as close relatives to Aetosauria, sharing several braincase features. Here we provide the descrip...

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Understanding the ontogeny of a taxon is a crucial step to properly elucidate its taxonomy and evolution. However, aside from histological data, osteological criteria for assessing maturity are considered lineage specific or controversial. The sequence of neurocentral suture closure of the axial skeleton of extant crocodilians, which occurs in a po...

The goals of this study were to establish patterns in a silicified wood assemblage to depict the evolution patterns of the Triassic paleoclimate in southern Brazilian Gondwana during an interval of global arid to semi-arid climatic context, and the taphonomic process that led to the preservation of the so-called “Petrified Forest”, which is preserv...

Dicynodonts represent a speciose clade of non-mammalian synapsids that lived from the middle Permian to the Late Triassic, exhibiting a Pangaean distribution. The South American Norian fossil record is represented by two species: Jachaleria colorata from Argentina and J. candelariensis from Brazil. The Brazilian specimens come from a relatively sma...

The Middle-Upper Triassic section of the Paraná Basin is included in the Santa Maria Supersequence. This stratigraphic unit is classified as a second-order Supersequence, being subdivided into three third-order sequences in which four Assemblage Zones (AZ) based on tetra-pods are recognized. In this work, chemical analyses of fossils and hosting ro...

A new basal stereospondyl taxon from the Permian is described. The material used to erect the new taxon consists of a series of mandibles and some postcranial elements. A single badly preserved short-snouted skull is considered as referred material. Rastosuchus hammeri gen. et sp. nov. presents conical teeth along all coronoid bones, the prearticul...

Damages produced by plant roots are one of the biological processes that may modify or destroy vertebrate remains (such as bones, scutes, scales, and teeth) during the biostratinomic stage of fossilization. These damages can be produced in fresh remains (pre-fossilization or pre-diagenesis phase) and/or in fossil remains (post-fossilization or post...

A composição química da hidroxiapatita dos ossos fósseis pode registrar as condições geoquímicas do paleoambiente, pois durante a fossildiagênese eles podem incorporar elementos da matriz sedimentar que os envolveu. O objetivo deste trabalho foi buscar padrões geoquímicos em ossos e sedimentos, dos períodos Permiano e Triássico, para projetar as co...

A Bacia do Paraná é composta por um pacote sedimentar com aproximadamente 8.000 m de espessura. Esse pacote não exibe uma continuidade deposicional, mas sim eventos policíclicos resultantes de sucessivos episódios de sedimentação associados aos eventos tectônicos da porção SW do Gondwana. A seção Meso-Neotriássica da Bacia do Paraná está inclusa na...

The early evolution of lepidosaurs is marked by an extremely scarce fossil record during the Triassic. Importantly, most Triassic lepidosaur specimens are represented by disarticulated individuals from high energy accretion deposits in Laurasia, thus greatly hampering our understanding of the initial stages of lepidosaur evolution. Here, we describ...

Damages produced by plant roots are one of the biological processes that may modify or destroy vertebrate remains (such as bones, scutes, scales, and teeth) during the biostratinomic stage of fossilization. These damages can be produced in fresh remains (pre-fossilization or pre-diagenesis phase) and/or in fossil remains (post-fossilization or post...

Taphonomic studies are often associated with palaeontological and archaeological fieldworks, and only in a second phase with laboratory work. Here, we present the preliminary results of a revaluation of fossil specimens, from a taphonomic point of view, housed in the palaeontological collection of the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory of the Feder...

The colonization of deserts by tetrapods occurred for the first time in the late Paleozoic. In spite of amniotes being the most abundant and diverse taxon in such environments, fossil tracks indicate that anamniotes also inhabited late Paleozoic deserts. In this paper, the presence of the tetrapod-footprint ichnotaxa Ichniotherium sphaerodactylum a...

The colonization of deserts by tetrapods occurred for the first time in the late Paleozoic. In spite of amniotes being the most abundant and diverse taxon in such environments, fossil tracks indicate that anamniotes also inhabited late Paleozoic deserts. In this paper, the presence of the tetrapod-footprint ichnotaxa Ichniotherium sphaerodactylum a...

Prestosuchus chiniquensis is the most famous “rauisuchian” described by Friedrich von Huene, eight decades ago, and several specimens have been assigned to this taxon since then. In the present contribution, we provide the first detailed description of a complete and very well preserved skull (including the braincase) assigned to Prestosuchus chini...

With the aid of modern technologies such as μCT scanning and 3D model reconstruction, the internal anatomy of fossilized remains can be easily and non-invasively studied. Here we describe the internal anatomical structures and associated bones of the nasal cavity of Riograndia guaibensis, a non-mammaliaform cynodont for the Late Triassic of Brazil....

Tanystropheidae is a clade of early archosauromorphs with a reported distribution ranging from the Early to the Late Triassic of Asia, Europe, and North America. Although some specimens with possible tanystropheid affinities from the Lower Triassic beds of Brazil have been previously attributed to “Protorosauria”, little is known about the tanystro...

A Geoquímica vem sendo cada vez mais introduzida e aplicada a estudos paleontológicos nas últimas décadas. Fragmentos ósseos, dentes e vegetais, quando analisados quimicamente, podem fornecer informações como interações paleocológicas (tipo de alimento ingerido), condições climáticas (clima seco, úmido, quente ou frio) e posição relativa de organis...

The evolution and diversification of Triassic pseudosuchian lineages has been the subject of much interest and revision in the last couple of decades, fuelled by new and important discoveries, which have allowed for better-sampled phylogenetic analysis. In the present contribution, we add to this by describing a new taxon, Pagosvenator can-delarien...

Aetosauria, which includes 30 species, is a diverse group of armored pseudosuchian archosaurs restricted to Upper Triassic beds. Three species occur in Brazil, and one of these, Aetosauroides scagliai Casamiquela, 1960, also occurs in Argentina. The specimen UFSM 11505, found at Faixa Nova–Cerrito I Outcrop, Santa Maria Formation (Hyperodapedon Ass...

Character/Taxon matrix. (TXT)

The Paraná Basin represents an important sedimentation episode that occurred in the south margin of Gondwana during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The evolution of the basin extended mainly from the Ordovician to the Lower Cretaceous, with the continental break-up and the formation of the rift that originated the South Atlantic Ocean. The stratigraphy...

Knowledge on the faunal record from the mid-Cretaceous of northern South America has come mainly from the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. However, the Cenomanian Alcântara Formation of the São Luís-Grajaú Basin has recently increased in paleontological importance. Regarding their non-avian dinosaur diversity, the formation has yielded body and...

A new sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic Candelária Sequence (Santa Maria Formation), south Brazil, Bagualosaurus agudoensis gen. et sp. nov., helps to fill a morphological gap between the previously known Carnian members of the group and younger sauropodomorphs. In some aspects, the skull, lower jaw, and dental anatomy of the new taxon...

Tetrapod tracks in eolianites are widespread in the fossil record since the late Paleozoic. Among these ichnofaunas, the ichnogenus Chelichnus is the most representative of the Permian tetrapod ichnological record of eolian deposits of Europe, North America and South America, where the Chelichnus Ichnofacies often occurs. In this contribution, we d...

Supplemental tables and figures.

Paes Neto, V.D., Francischini, H., Martinelli, A.G., Marinho, T.S., Ribeiro, L.C.B., Soares, M.B. & Schultz, C.L. XX.XXXX.2018. Bioerosion traces on titanosaurian sauropod bones from the Upper Cretaceous Marília Formation of Brazil. Alcheringa XXX, X–X. ISSN 0311-5518. Bone bioerosions provide an important taphonomic record on fossils from continen...

This file contains supplementary text, tables and figure in order to improve the discussion of the main text. Comments on the Sample MGS1 Zircons of the sample MGS1 are all inherited having ages in the range of 357-1838 Ma (Supp. Fig. 2). Only eleven ages were obtained because the main aim of this investigation was to determine the age of the mudst...

The Permian Rio do Rasto Formation (Parana´ Basin) crops out in southern Brazil and was deposited under fluvio-lacustrine settings. A singular outcrop located in the Acegua´ municipality (Rio Grande do Sul State) represents a sequence of three distinct levels of paleosols in which rhizoliths and a single vertebrate burrow were recovered. The latter...

A digital cranial endocast of the specimen UFRGS-PV-596-T of Riograndia guaibensis was obtained from μCT scan images. This is a small cynodont, closely related to mammaliaforms, from the Late Triassic of Brazil. Riograndia has large olfactory bulb casts and the cerebral hemispheres region is relatively wider than in other non-mammaliaform cynodonts...

Fossil sites from Brazil have yielded specimens of spinosaurid theropods, among which the most informative include the cranial remains of Irritator, Angaturama, and Oxalaia. In this work some of their craniodental features are reinterpreted, providing new data for taxonomic and evolutionary issues concerning this particular clade of dinosaurs. The...

Supporting information on the character statement list and taxon-by-character matrix of the current study. (PDF)

Ephemeral rivers display a wide range of upper- and lower-flow regime structures due to great flow-velocity changes during the floods. The development of flow structures in these setting is yet to be understood, especially in the formation of thick, massive sandstones. The Upper Triassic of Southern Gondwana was marked by a climate with great seaso...

This work aims to characterize the depositional systems of the Santa Maria Supersequence (Middle to Late Triassic) in the Paraná Basin and discuss their paleoclimatic significance through the use of field, chemical and paleontologic data. Facies analysis led to the identification of two dominant facies associations: dry mudflat and sheet delta. The...

Terrestrial tetrapod coprolites are abundant in the Middle to Late Triassic of southern Brazil, but only few specimens have been described in just a couple of papers. Here we revisit the already-known specimens and describe new materials, including their size, shape, external modifications, matrix composition and rare inclusions. Regarding size and...

Triodus is a well-known genus of Xenacanthiformes, previously recorded from the late Bashkirian (Lower Pennsylvanian, Carboniferous) to the middle Artinskian (Cisuralian, Permian), mainly from Laurasian deposits (Europe and USA). For the first time, this genus is recorded from the Western Gondwana, based on isolated teeth that are referred to Triod...

The dental anatomy of Candelariodon barberenai from the Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone (Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Santa Maria Supersequence, late Ladinian–early Carnian) of south Brazil, is redescribed. Candelariodon was originally classified as Eucynodontia incertae sedis and our analysis recovered this taxon deeply nested within Probainognath...

No distrito de Novo Treviso (município de Faxinal do Soturno, RS), um pavimento arenítico apresenta feições cilíndricas que são alvo de especulações em relação à sua origem e idade desde os trabalhos pioneiros do Pe. Daniel Cargnin. Inicialmente, tais estruturas foram descritas como pegadas de terápsidos produzidas nos arenitos da Formação Caturrit...

The Guará Formation (Paraná Basin, southern Brazil) is an Upper Jurassic unit that yielded a dinosaur ichnoassemblage composed of theropod, ornithopod, and sauropod tracks. A new set of footprints is described herein and its major features are heteropody, paraxony, and both manual and pedal tetradactyly, among others. Using ichnological, osteologic...

The Sanga do Cabral Supersequence (SCS), comprises the Brazilian Sanga do Cabral Formation (SCF) and the Uruguayan Buena Vista Formation (BVF). So far, the SCS has yielded temnospondyls, parareptiles, archosauromorphs, putative synapsids, and a number of indeterminate specimens. In the absence of absolute dates for these rocks, a biostratigraphic a...

In this contribution we report the first occurrence of the enigmatic African probainognathian genus Aleodon in the Middle-early Late Triassic of several localities from the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. Aleodon is unusual among early probainognathians in having transversely-expanded postcanine teeth, similar to those of gomphodont...

In this file are included phylogenetic analysis details, additional figures, description of Luangwa (UFRGS-PV-0265-T), a table with references of fossil occurrences in different localities of the Dinodontosaurus AZ of Brazil, comments on fossiliferous localities, the data matrix of the cluster analysis, and Jaccard similarity indices. (DOCX)

Modified data matrix. (TXT)

Mato Grosso State is the main area of paleontological investigations in central Brazil, especially regarding Upper Cretaceous beds. Fossil collection in the surroundings of the Morro do Cambambe started as early as late nineteenth century, but prospections and studies are still ongoing. This contribution presents new dinosaur specimens recovered fr...