Cathy W Levenson

Florida State University | FSU · Department of Biomedical Sciences

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are classified as chronic wounds and are one of the most common complications of diabetes. In chronic wounds, management of inflammation is a key step in treatment. Nutrition plays an important role in managing and controlling inflammation. This study evaluated the effects of nutrition supplementation and education on in...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be a risk factor for repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussions such as those that can occur in contact sports. Individuals with ADHD also appear to have a higher risk of poor neurocognitive outcomes following repetitive mTBI. Findings from clinical studies examining the interact...

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases the risk for concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). At the same time, recommendations for the management of ADHD include participation in sports and other organized physical activities, including those that carry an increased risk of mTBI. Very little work has been done to determi...

With a worldwide incidence rate of almost 70 million annually, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent cause of both disability and death. Our modern understanding of the zinc-regulated neurochemical, cellular, and molecular mechanisms associated with TBI is the result of a continuum of research spanning more than three decades. This review desc...

Trials on nutritional supplements for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) have only evaluated the effects of supplementation with specific nutrients. Additionally, nutrition education has not been a systematic part of these studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nutrient-dense formula combined with nutrition educatio...

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality largely due to increased cardiovascular disease risk. This study examined the relationships among protein consumption and sources on glycemic control and cardiovascular health in individuals with prediabetes and T2D. Sixty-two overweight or obese participants with prediabetes o...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces acute changes in cerebrovascular function, including alterations to cerebral artery contractility, which ultimately increase the incidence of both ischemic and hemorrhagic events. Cerebrovascular tone is controlled by hormonal, neurogenic, endothelial, and myogenic responses. Progesterone, a steroid hormone, has...

Objective: To determine the effects of aerobic exercise on ocular and vestibular function in sport-related concussion (SRC) participants and nonconcussed, age- and sex-matched controls (NC). We hypothesized that aerobic exercise would improve ocular and vestibular function. Design: Randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Setting: Private, orthopedi...

Gliomas are the most common form of central nervous system tumor. The most prevalent form, glioblastoma multiforme, is also the most deadly with mean survival times that are less than 15 months. Therapies are severely limited by the ability of these tumors to develop resistance to both radiation and chemotherapy. Thus, new tools are needed to ident...

Concussion can negatively impact several physiological processes, one of which is the cardiovascular system. While measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) in concussed patients may appear similar to healthy controls at rest, physiological stressors such as exercise may expose cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction present after injury. PURPOSE:...

Objectives The incidence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to increase and many individuals are not aware of having early stages of the disease until symptoms develop. Much focus has been on carbohydrate consumption for this population, with no established recommendations for protein intake and source. Therefore, the obje...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces acute changes in cerebrovascular function, which include alterations to cerebral artery myogenic tone and autoregulation. In arterial smooth muscle cells (myocytes), large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium (BK) channels play a vital role in modulating plasma membrane potential and myogenic tone. Here, we e...

Esophageal cancer (EC) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal side effects that contribute to high rates of malnutrition. The objective of this review was to summarize the research on nutritional interventions during EC treatment and formulate recommendations for nutrition care. Recommendations include (1) nutritional assessment using scree...

Background: Controlled cortical impact (CCI) has emerged as one of the most flexible and clinically applicable approaches for the induction of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rodents and other species. Although this approach has been shown to model cognitive and functional outcomes associated with TBI in humans, recent work has shown that CCI is l...

Research over the past decade has identified several of the key limiting features in multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer ther-apy applications, such as evolving glycoprotein receptors at the surface of the cell that limit therapeutic uptake, metabolic changes leading to protection from multidrug resistant mediators by enhanced degradation or efflux o...

Previous research suggests that strict rest for 5 days following a concussion may prolong symptom presentation. Sub-maximal aerobic exercise is an efficacious treatment for post-concussion syndrome but therapeutic aerobic exercise is not well described in sub-acutely concussed patients. PURPOSE: To determine if sub-maximal aerobic exercise could b...

Zinc-induced neurotoxicity has been shown to play a role in neuronal damage and death associated with traumatic brain injury, stroke, seizures, and neurodegenerative diseases. During normal firing of “zinc-ergic” neurons, vesicular free zinc is released into the synaptic cleft where it modulates a number of postsynaptic neuronal receptors. However,...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a progressive disease state with many adverse and long-term neurological consequences. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising cytotherapy and have been previously shown to reduce secondary apoptosis and cognitive deficits associated with TBI. Consistent with the established literature, we o...

Purpose: Major depression and related mood disorders are the most common long-term outcomes associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Given the potentially debilitating consequences of depression, and the fact that TBI patients are frequently refractory to antidepressant drugs, new therapies are clearly needed. We hypothesized that human bone...

Preclinical research findings suggest a role for blueberries in cancer prevention. The objective of this study was to indirectly evaluate the cancer‐preventive effects of blueberries in humans. Forty postmenopausal women with pre‐ and stage 1‐hypertension were randomly assigned to receive either 22 g freeze‐dried highbush blueberry powder or 22 g c...

The present invention enables a safe and noninvasive assessment of tumor resistance using one diffusion or sodium MRI scan over the entire tumor. The evaluation can be done before therapy and can help select a strategy of treatment. The invention can be used in different types of tumors in most parts of the human body. The level of tumor resistance...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been identified as having great potential as autologous cell therapeutics to treat traumatic brain injury, spinal injury, as well as neuronal and cardiac ischemic events. All future clinical applications of MSC cell therapies must allow the MSC to be harvested, transfected, and induced to express a desired protein...

In addition to the known behavioral and cognitive impairments, including memory deficits, depression, and anxiety associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is an increased risk for new onset heavy weekly drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol‐related problems. Our previously published work has shown that zinc supplementation robustly reduc...

Background: This study examined the association between advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and serum markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic patients with or without diabetic foot ulcers. Methods: Eighty-two adult participants were recruited and assigned to one of three groups: 1) non-diabetic control; 2) diabetic participants w...

In light of the recent recognition that even mild forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits, this review examines recent data on the neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles of zinc after brain injury. Data show that treatment using dietary and parenteral zinc supplementation can reduce TBI-associated...

Proliferating adult stem cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus have the capacity not only to divide, but also to differentiate into neurons and integrate into the hippocampal circuitry. The present study identifies several hippocampal genes putatively regulated by zinc and tests the hypothesis that zinc deficiency impairs neuronal stem...

In addition to being a covalent linker in molecular conjugation chemistry, the function of a 1,2,3-triazolyl moiety resulting from the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction as a ligand for metal ions is receiving considerable attention. In this work, we characterize the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of incorporating a 1,2,3-tr...

New interventions are needed to improve resilience to traumatic brain injury (TBI). To examine the role of zinc, rats were fed a zinc adequate (30 ppm) or supplemented (180 ppm) diet for 4 wks followed by a frontal cortex TBI using controlled cortical impact. Chronic zinc supplementation significantly improved spatial learning and memory, and reduc...

In recent years, stem cell-mediated therapies have gained considerable ground as potential treatments for a wide variety of brain pathologies including traumatic brain injury, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite extensive preclinical studies, many of these therapies have not been fully translated into viable clinical approaches. This is...

Traumatic brain injury is associated with a wide variety of behavioral deficits, including memory loss, depression, and anxiety. While treatments for these outcomes are currently limited, human clinical data suggest that supplemental zinc can be used during recovery to improve cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with brain injury. Addition...

Ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors, are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate much of the excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Not only do these receptors bind glutamate, but they are also regulated by and facilitate the postsynaptic uptake of the trace metal zinc. This paper discusses the role of the ex...

The trace metal zinc is a biofactor that plays essential roles in the central nervous system across the lifespan from early neonatal brain development through the maintenance of brain function in adults. At the molecular level, zinc regulates gene expression through transcription factor activity and is responsible for the activity of dozens of key...

Adult stem cells that proliferate in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus can differentiate into neurons and integrate into the hippocampal circuitry. Consistent with previous work showing that zinc deficiency impairs neuronal stem cell proliferation, microarray analysis of hippocampal mRNA isolated from adult rats fed zinc adequate (ZA) or de...

Sodium and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in intracranial rat 9L gliomas were evaluated over 6-8 days using the advanced sensitivity of sodium MRI at 21.1 T. Glioma doubling time was 2.4-2.6 days. Glioma sodium signal was detected using the ultra-short echo time of 0.15 ms. The high resolution 3D sodium MRI with pixels of 0.125 μL allow...

While treatments for the behavioral deficits associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are currently limited, animal models suggest that zinc supplementation may increase resilience to TBI. This work tests the hypothesis that zinc supplementation after TBI can be used as treatment to improve behavioral outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and l...

A fluorescent heteroditopic indicator for the zinc(II) ion possesses two different zinc(II) binding sites. The sequential coordination of zinc(II) at the two sites can be transmitted into distinct fluorescence changes. In the heteroditopic ligand system that our group developed, the formations of mono- and dizinc(II) complexes along an increasing g...

Background: Establishment of a traumatic brain injury (TBI)-sensitive biomarker or identification of a key therapeutic agent would significantly improve clinicians’ efforts to diagnose and treat TBI, thereby promoting improved outcomes for patients. Numerous studies support the role of kallikrein-6 (Klk6) as a critical component of neuroinflammatio...

Depression, anxiety, and impairments in learning and memory are all associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because of the strong link between zinc deficiency, depression, and anxiety, in both humans and rodent models, we hypothesized that dietary zinc supplementation prior to injury could provide behavioral resiliency to lessen the severity...

Stem cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, cell survival, and migration in the central nervous system are all important steps in the normal process of neurogenesis. These mechanisms are highly active during gestational and early neonatal brain development. Additionally, in select regions of the brain, stem cells give rise to new neurons thr...

The present review is a critical examination of the most recent published work on the role of zinc in the development and treatment of mood disorders. Clinical studies and experimental work using animal models have both revealed a link between zinc status and neuropsychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Not only has zinc deficiency...

Although it has been known for some time that chronic caloric or dietary restriction reduces the risk of neurodegenerative disorders and injury following ischemia, the possible role of chronic restriction in improving outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been previously studied. Therefore, 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were di...

Introduction There is growing evidence that the disruption of sodium homeostasis is the one of the first and an important component of cellular response during cancer therapy, indicating a possible goal for drug development (1-9). Multiple tumor cell lines demonstrate this trend in many experiments performed in vitro (1-9). The goal of the present...

Previous work has shown that the neurosteroid progesterone (PROG) and hypothalamic hormone thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) improve molecular and functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) when used independently. This work was designed to evaluate if a combination of PROG and TRH results in further improvements in outcomes. Adul...

While chronic caloric or dietary restriction, characterized by a regular reduction in food intake, improves longevity and reduces the risk of age‐related neurodegenerative disorders and injury following ischemia, its ability to improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been explored. Because TBI is a significant problem in aging p...

Edema and intracranial pressure associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) result in poor long‐term clinical outcomes. Thus, we need to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that result in edema and develop new treatments to target water accumulation. Progesterone (PROG) has been shown to reduce edema after TBI. Because 1, 25 dihydroxyvitam...

Our previous work has shown a role for zinc and the tumor suppressor protein p53 in the regulation of neuronal precursor cell proliferation and survival in vivo and in vitro. In human neuronal precursor cells (NT‐2) zinc deficiency results in increased p53 nuclear abundance, where it acts as a DNA‐binding transcription factor to regulate 14 downstr...

Gestational vitamin D deficiency causes permanent changes in the developing rat brain. Not only does it alter brain gene and protein expression, deficiency disrupts the balance between neuronal stem cell proliferation and programmed cell death in the offspring. These data are particularly relevant in light of new work showing a high prevalence of v...

There is mounting evidence suggesting a link between serum zinc levels and clinical depression. Not only is serum zinc negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms, but zinc levels appear to be lowest in patients who do not respond to antidepressant drug therapy. It is not known if reduced zinc levels are contributing to depression, or the r...

The potential importance of stem cells in the adult central nervous system (CNS) that cannot only divide, but also participate in neurogenesis, is now widely appreciated. While we know that the trace element zinc is needed for brain development, the role of this essential nutrient in adult stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis has not been inves...

While zinc is essential for normal brain function and repair, recent work has implicated this trace element in the neuronal damage and death that follow traumatic brain injury, stroke, and seizure. Therefore, the development of new zinc-based therapeutic strategies will need to consider the emerging roles of zinc in the central nervous system.

While there is a significant amount of data showing health benefits of increased fish consumption, there are conflicting reports about the cardiovascular risks of mercury in seafood. A recent long-term study attempted to resolve this controversy, providing an opportunity to balance recommendations from the US Environmental Protection Agency for mer...

Recent data on the expression and function of the ZIP family of proteins has suggested that these zinc transporters may be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of human breast cancer. This exciting new area of research opens the door for the use of a variety of nutritionally regulated genes and proteins as screening tools not only for...

Caloric restriction has wide-ranging health benefits and may offer protection against age-related neuronal loss and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, possibly via enhanced adult neurogenesis. While a variety of interventions such as exercise increase neurogenesis, recent work suggests that exercise and caloric restriction may...

Previously, we reported that cartilage is an estrogen receptor (ER) positive tissue and that mRNA levels of ERbeta increase in postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis. Based on our findings and those of other investigators, we hypothesized that local rather than circulating estrogen levels negatively affect chondrocyte metabolism and that selectiv...

The trace elements copper and zinc are essential for the molecular and physiological functions of the central nervous system (CNS). These cations act as cofactors for enzymes that regulate every aspect of CNS function, including neuronal development and plasticity, neurotransmitter synthesis and processing, cellular metabolism and energy production...

Recent work has shown that zinc is involved in the developmental regulation of neurotrophins and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, controlling use of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). This is particularly important in the hippocampus, a region of the brain involved in learning and memory, and is an intriguing...

Recent work has shown that zinc is involved in the developmental regulation of neurotrophins and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, controlling use of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). This is particularly important in the hippocampus, a region of the brain involved in learning and memory, and is an intriguing...

While there is a significant amount of data showing health benefits of increased fish consumption, there are conflicting reports about the cardiovascular risks of mercury in seafood. A recent long-term study attempted to resolve this controversy, providing an opportunity to balance recommendations from the US Environmental Protection Agency for mer...

Although the olfactory bulb contains one of the highest concentrations of neuropeptide Y in the CNS, its function in the bulb remains unclear. In this study, we used whole-cell electrophysiological, molecular, and primary culture techniques to investigate neuropeptide Y gene expression and neuromodulatory actions of neuropeptide Y on rat olfactory...

Low serum zinc levels have been linked to major depression. Furthermore, zinc treatment has been shown to have an antidepressant effect. With the hope of understanding the role of zinc in mood disorders, recent work has begun to explore possible mechanisms of zinc action on serotonin uptake in the brain.

Low serum zinc levels have been linked to major depression. Furthermore, zinc treatment has been shown to have an antidepressant effect. With the hope of understanding the role of zinc in mood disorders, recent work has begun to explore possible mechanisms of zinc action on serotonin uptake in the brain.

The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a role in the molecular response to DNA damage by acting as a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates specific target genes to arrest the cell cycle, induce repair mechanisms, and initiate apoptotic cell death. To test the effect of copper on the transcriptional activity of p53, Hep G2 cells were trans...

The genetically programmed form of neuronal death known as apoptosis plays a role in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease. Apoptosis is also responsible for neuronal death after traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, stroke, and seizures. Th...

While zinc is essential for normal brain function and repair, recent work has implicated this trace element in the neuronal damage and death that follow traumatic brain injury, stroke, and seizure. Therefore, the development of new zinc-based therapeutic strategies will need to consider the emerging roles of zinc in the central nervous system.

Copper toxicity associated with Wilson's disease is known to cause neuronal damage and death in the basal ganglia and frontal cortex leading to Parkinson-like symptoms and cognitive deficits. Our previous work in cultured human NTERA-2-N neurons showed that copper-induced neuronal apoptosis is dependent on the induction and nuclear translocation of...

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that iron chelation may be a useful therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Experiments were designed to test the impact of dietary iron availability on the pathogenic process and functional outcome in a mouse model of PD. Mice were fed diets containing low (4 ppm) or adequate (48 ppm) am...

While there have been significant advances made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate iron absorption, transport, storage, and utilization, the effect of ageing on these mechanisms and the role of iron in the ageing process is not fully understood. Thus, this review will provide an overview of the iron regulato...

The trace metal zinc (Zn) is essential for the catalytic activity of many enzymes involved in energy nutrient metabolism and appears to regulate hormones, such as insulin, leptin, and thyroid hormone that play key roles in metabolism. Thus, this study used the continuous monitoring of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, locomotion, and f...

The essential metal iron has long been implicated in the neuronal damage associated with Parkinson's disease. Recent findings show that iron chelation may prevent the reductions in dopamine and motor disturbances associated with this disease, and suggest the need to examine the role of dietary iron and the use of metal chelators in neurodegenerativ...

The essential metal iron has long been implicated in the neuronal damage associated with Parkinson's disease. Recent findings show that iron chelation may prevent the reductions in dopamine and motor disturbances associated with this disease, and suggest the need to examine the role of dietary iron and the use of metal chelators in neurodegenerativ...

The role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in feeding behavior and zinc deficiency-induced anorexia has been controversial because hypothalamic NPY levels are elevated in both zinc deficiency and food restriction. A recent report shows that while NPY is released from terminals in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of food-restricted animals, thi...

We have previously shown that brain ferritin H expression, which has been associated with iron utilization, is developmentally regulated. Because retinoic acid (RA) regulates gene expression and is involved in cellular differentiation, we tested the hypothesis that RA regulates ferritin H during brain development and neuronal differentiation. RA, a...

Zinc supplementation has been used clinically to reduce Zn losses and protein turnover in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. Despite the known role of zinc in cell survival and integrity, the influence of zinc status on central nervous system wound healing in the weeks and months after brain injury has not been addressed. In this inves...

While the mechanisms are not fully understood, olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) is a well-known rat model of depression and depression-related disorders such as anxiety and aggression. Alterations in neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in the brain have been linked to depression and have been shown to be involved in the response to stress. This study explored th...

High concentrations of the trace metal zinc (Zn) have previously been shown to provide transient protection of cells from apoptotic death. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this protection are not known. Thus, this work explored the ability of Zn to protect human neurons in culture (NT2-N) from Cu-mediated death and tested the hypotheses tha...

Copper toxicity causes hepatic damage that can lead to the development of hepatocarcinoma. Similarly, copper deficiency has been reported to increase hepatocyte tumorigenesis. Thus, the objective of this work was to explore the role of copper toxicity and deficiency in the regulation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Using Northern analysis, Wes...

Copper toxicity causes hepatic damage that can lead to the development of hepatocarcinoma. Similarly, copper deficiency has been reported to increase hepatocyte tumorigenesis. Thus, the objective of this work was to explore the role of copper toxicity and deficiency in the regulation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Using Northern analysis, Wes...

To determine the effect of copper status on the preference for copper-containing food, male Sprague-Dawley rats were weaned to a copper-deficient, copper-adequate or high-copper diet. Four weeks later, alterations in copper status were confirmed by measurement of liver copper concentrations. Rats (n=10) were then given the choice between a copper-a...

A novel gene (abg1) was isolated by differential display RT-PCR from guard cells of Vicia faba L. Abg1 transcript accumulated in guard cells that were incubated with 5 microM S(+)-ABA for 1 h. The full-length abg1 cDNA was 753 bp, which included a 513 bp coding region. The deduced 17.8 kDa protein shared sequence similarity with several desiccation...

A novel gene ( abg1 ) was isolated by differential display RT‐PCR from guard cells of Vicia faba L. Abg1 transcript accumulated in guard cells that were incubated with 5 μM S (+)‐ABA for 1 h. The full‐length abg1 cDNA was 753 bp, which included a 513 bp coding region. The deduced 17.8 kDa protein shared sequence similarity with several desiccation‐...

An extract of Licania michauxii Prance root was found to be cytotoxic to cultured human hepatoma (HepG2) and colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells. Morphological and nuclear characteristics of treated cells were consistent with necrotic death. Increases in the chaperone protein hsp 70 and hsp 70 mRNA were dose dependent reaching peak mRNA levels (40-fold...

The iron binding protein ferritin is a heterogeneous mix of 24 heavy (H) and light (L) subunits. The H subunit is associated with iron utilization, while the L subunit is responsible for iron storage. Examination of the developmental pattern of mRNA abundance in rat brain revealed that ferritin L mRNA is highest at birth and declines during the fir...

The accumulation of free zinc (Zn2+) appears to play a role in the neuronal degeneration that occurs after brain injury. Given that neonates respond to brain injury with increased plasticity compared to adults, this study compared the effect of age on free Zn2+ and the Zn2+-binding protein metallothionein-3 (MT-3) after injury. Unilateral cortical...

While it is clear that hypoxic-ischemic injury leads to neuronal death, the type of cell death and the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that cobalt-induced hypoxia induces neuronal apoptosis and that high concentrations of the nutrient zinc protects neurons. Treatment of cultured...

Three populations of hypothalamic neuroendocrine dopaminergic (NEDA) neurons, arising from the arcuate and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus release dopamine (DA) that acts at the pituitary gland to regulate the secretion of PRL. It is generally accepted that NEDA neurons lack functional DA transporters (DATs), which are responsible for up...

Three populations of hypothalamic neuroendocrine dopaminergic (NEDA) neurons, arising from the arcuate and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus release dopamine (DA) that acts at the pituitary gland to regulate the secretion of PRL. It is generally accepted that NEDA neurons lack functional DA transporters (DATs), which are responsible for up...

Copper overload and deficiency are known to cause morphological and functional mitochondrial abnormalities. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based method of differential display of mRNA was used to identify genes with altered expression in cultured human hepatoma cells (Hep G2) exposed to increasing concentrations of cop...

Metallothionein-3 (MT-3) is a brain specific member of the MT family. Unlike other members of this family, MT-3 has been shown to act as a neuronal growth inhibitory factor. MT-3 mRNA abundance increases throughout the developmental period, reaching adult levels by postnatal day 21. The role of thyroid hormone in the developmental regulation of MT-...