Catherine Bradshaw

Catherine Bradshaw
University of Virginia | UVa · Curry School of Education

PhD, MEd

About

391
Publications
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Publications

Publications (391)
Article
This study investigated the moderating role of family factors on victimization experiences and internalizing and academic outcomes. Data (collected 2017–2019) on 471 Black urban ninth graders (51% male; M age = 14 years) with elevated externalizing symptoms were analyzed and we explored how the interaction between (self‐reported) racial socializati...
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There is growing interest in the integration of social–emotional learning (SEL) and equity approaches in schools, yet systematic research on how to blend these two frameworks is limited. In this article, we describe the process by which a research-practice partnership (RPP) collaborated to iteratively co-create a multi-component equity-focused SEL...
Article
Coping Power (CP) is a preventive intervention that focuses on reducing child externalizing problems. Although it is typically delivered in a group format (GCP), individually-delivered CP (ICP) has produced greater mean reductions in externalizing problems. However, standard analysis of randomized trials loses individual-level information regarding...
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Educators have embraced the promotion of social emotional development, student well-being, and mental health as essential educational objectives to promote academic readiness and growth. To address known research-to-practice gaps and limited availability of evidence-based, universal high school programs, we took a community-based participatory rese...
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Literature has highlighted that social relationships at school are essential to school success, yet few studies have examined this construct from parents’ perspectives. Even less research has explored perceptions of social relationships in the school among parents whose children are bullying victims and potential racial–ethnic differences in the pe...
Article
Positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) is a three-tiered framework shown to improve student behavioral outcomes. There has been considerable investment in scaling up Tier 1 PBIS but less focus on scaling Tier 2 supports. Having greater insight into teachers,’ students,’ and families’ perceptions regarding the social validity of Tier 2...
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Background Educators in rural schools are uniquely situated to address youth mental health disparities, yet often face challenges in delivering mental health supports. This paper describes the process of adapting the evidence-based Coping Power program, a small group prevention program for youth with aggressive behavior problems, to be a two-tiered...
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A large body of research demonstrates positive impacts of the Coping Power Program as a preventive intervention for youth behavioral outcomes, but potential collateral effects for caregivers is less known. The current study examined whether the youth-focused Coping Power Program can have a secondary impact on caregiver self-reported symptoms of dep...
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The importance of improving teachers’ use of culturally responsive practice (CRP) in the classroom setting has been widely recognized. Although quantitative data on teachers’ use of CRP has potential to be a helpful decision-making tool in advancing that goal, little is known about the psychometrics of classroom-based CRP measures, their utility in...
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Exposure to violence and racial discrimination are linked with behavioral and emotional health concerns among youth. However, it is unclear which coping strategies are most adaptive versus maladaptive for youth in urban areas. This study explored the extent to which coping, by using self-reliance or ventilating feelings, is adaptive or maladaptive...
Article
As the public health framework has been implemented in schools through multi-tiered systems of support, as in Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), a prominent interpretation has been that 80% of students will benefit from universal or Tier 1 schoolwide behavior support, around 15% will require added selective or Tier 2 targeted su...
Article
This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue of Prevention Science entitled, “Innovations and Applications of Integrative Data Analysis (IDA) and Related Data Harmonization Procedures in Prevention Science.” This special issue includes a collection of original papers from multiple disciplines that apply individual-level data synthesis...
Article
This article focuses on the psychometric properties and characteristics of the Assessing School Settings: Interactions of Students and Teachers (ASSIST), an observational assessment administered by trained external observers of teacher practices, classroom context, and student behaviors at the classroom level. Study 1 examines variability, reliabil...
Article
Teachers' classroom management practices are an essential aspect of supporting student engagement, yet they often vary in response to changing conditions in the classroom. This study explored the variability within middle school teachers' observed practice and their students' engagement as a function of contextual factors. Observers visited teacher...
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Race-based bullying (RBB) victimization is a significant concern among youth and can translate into a range of adjustment problems. As such, additional research is needed on possible protective factors that may buffer these effects among RBB victims. One potential factor is school equity, as it may buffer race-based bullying victims from maladjustm...
Article
Disparities in exclusionary discipline practices are well-documented; however, variation in Black students' disciplinary experiences across different racial and ethnic school compositions remains understudied. Utilizing a state-wide dataset (N = 769,050 students in J = 1296 schools), we examined student- and school-level factors that contribute to...
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Introduction Effective classroom management is critical to creating a classroom environment in which social, emotional, and academic learning can take place. The present study investigated the association between early career, early elementary teachers’ occupational health (job stress, burnout, and perceived teaching ability) and perceptions of pro...
Chapter
Given the access and opportunity schools provide as a setting for programming to improve school climate and youth mental health outcomes, it is not surprising that models which aim to optimize the school context could both directly benefit youth and improve the delivery of programs. Of particular relevance is the concept of school climate, which at...
Chapter
Developers of evidence-based preventive interventions and professional development models have often struggled to scale their interventions and make them more readily available to a broader audience. Many program developers have expressed interest in using the Internet and online platforms to help address these scaling and delivery challenges. Yet...
Chapter
Each year, an estimated 89 billion dollars is spent on treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders in the United States (including adults, children, and adolescents; Kamal, 2017). These investments have the potential to provide a return on investment to society by improving child well-being, school discipline, and learning, as well as redu...
Chapter
This chapter serves as an introduction to the fourth part of the Handbook, which focuses on implementation and scale-up of evidence-based school mental health programming. The research on evidence-based practices and effective programs in school mental health has increased substantially over the past several decades. Despite the persistent need for...
Article
While integrative data analysis (IDA) presents great opportunity, it also necessitates a myriad of methodological decisions related to harmonizing disparate measures collected across multiple studies. There is a lack of step-by-step methodological guidance for harmonizing disparate measures of latent constructs differently conceptualized or operati...
Article
This paper presents the findings from two school-level randomized controlled effectiveness trials of a multitiered systems of support for behavior (MTSS-B) framework on student and staff reported school climate outcomes in 98 secondary schools. Schools randomized to the intervention condition received training and coaching to support Tier 1 impleme...
Article
ARTICLE FREE TO ACCESS AT: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2022.2158842. In this editorial statement, we briefly delineated a series of observations, guidelines, and directions for future research focused on the most common outcome of multi-informant assessments of youth mental health. Discrepancies commonly occur between estimates of youth mental...
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The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an urgent pivot to remote learning, causing many challenges for teachers and school administrators. The current study sought to better understand the extent to which the perceived negative impacts of COVID-19 on U.S. educators and their students varied as a function of staff role (teacher vs. administrator), school...
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Challenges in the measurement of racial disparities in school discipline are a significant barrier to identifying policy and programmatic reforms that are effective at closing gaps. This article reviews key measurement issues and presents a set of empirical analyses as an illustrative case study. Specifically, we reframe the interpretation of disci...
Article
Despite research linking teachers’ occupational health to student outcomes, the processes through which these associations exist are unknown. In a sample of 516 teachers, four latent profiles of occupational health were identified, indicated by job stress, occupational burnout, and teaching self-efficacy: lowest occupational health (17%), low-to-mi...
Article
Many efforts to prevent child sexual abuse (CSA) aim to teach children strategies for recognizing, resisting, and reporting victimization. There is limited evidence that victimization-focused efforts actually prevent CSA. Moreover, these efforts often overlook the fact that many children and adolescents engage in problem sexual behavior against you...
Article
Classroom management practices are critical to the success of teachers and students, and a growing number of programs have been developed to improve these practices. However, there has been less investigation into observational tools to assess classroom management and exploration of whether it can be measured consistently by observers across elemen...
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Propensity score matching and weighting methods are often used in observational effectiveness studies to reduce imbalance between treated and untreated groups on a set of potential confounders. However, much of the prior methodological literature on matching and weighting has yet to examine performance for scenarios with a majority of treated units...
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Despite decades of concern about disparities in educational outcomes for low SES students and students of color, there has been limited rigorous study of programmatic approaches for reducing these disparities in elementary or middle schools. We conducted integrative data analysis (IDA) of the combined data from eight Institute of Education Sciences...
Article
High quality teacher-student interactions are critical for the healthy social-emotional, behavioral, and academic development of middle school students. However, few studies have explored patterns of teacher-student interactions in middle school classrooms or the relation between teacher-, classroom-, and school-level factors and patterns of intera...
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School mental health practitioners and researchers are increasingly concerned about educator job-related stress and its implications for teacher burnout, teaching efficacy, turnover, and student outcomes. Educators’ collegial networks in their schools are natural resources for stress support, yet little is known about the extent to which educators...
Article
Motivational interviewing (MI) is applied in a variety of clinical and coaching models to promote behavior change, with increasing interest in its potential to optimize school-based implementation fidelity. Yet there has been less consideration of fidelity indicators for MI-embedded coaching and their associations with outcomes. We leveraged exisit...
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A growing body of research documents the positive impacts of teacher coaching, but research contrasting the effectiveness of different coaching approaches is limited. This study contrasted paired coaching – delivered to two teachers simultaneously – with traditional coaching for individual in-service teachers. We examined the effects of these two a...
Article
Bullying bystanders’ reactions are important for either stopping or perpetuating bullying behaviors. Given school-based bullying programs’ focus on bystanders, understanding the associations between school-level factors and individual bystander responses can improve intervention efficacy. Data from 64,670 adolescents were used to examine bullying b...
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The overarching objective is to assess the value of promoting team science practices across a diverse clinical translational science community through the development of learning modules. We aim to share lessons learned to help inform best practices for CTSA hubs interested in promoting team science. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We r...
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The field of prevention science aims to understand societal problems, identify effective interventions, and translate scientific evidence into policy and practice. There is growing interest among prevention scientists in the potential for transparency, openness, and reproducibility to facilitate this mission by providing opportunities to align scie...
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This study aimed to identify potential gaps related to crisis preparedness at 98 public secondary schools. We focused on crises that may occur following a substantiated eminent threat of school violence. Crisis preparedness data collected by trained external assessors captured knowledge of the procedure for responding in a safety-related crisis and...
Article
As an example of how historical events may influence the findings and interpretations of a randomized trial, we use a school-based evaluation of a classroom management program that was conducted in a nearby district before and after the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri (N = 102 teachers and 1,450 students). The findings suggest that...
Article
As suicide rates have risen in the last decade, there has been greater emphasis on targeting early risk conditions for suicidality among youth and adolescents as a form of suicide “inoculation”. Two particular needs that have been raised in this nascent literature are a) the dearth of examination of early intervention effects on distal suicide risk...
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There is a growing awareness that novice teachers in particular are in need of support and additional professional learning and development (PLD), especially in the area of classroom management. Yet there is limited information regarding effective approaches for building novice teachers' skills related to classroom management. To address this gap,...
Article
This article describes efforts to adapt an adolescent version of the Coping Power program, called Coping Power in the City, for use with high school students attending an urban school district with high concentrations of students exposed to community violence and challenges related to elevated tensions between youth and police. The goal of this gro...
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Despite research highlighting the importance of academic performance in reducing youth’s bullying involvement, little attention has focused on its role in moderating the association between peer victimization and youth maladjustment, further, there have been even fewer studies examining potential racial-ethnic differences in the association. This c...
Article
Background: School equity refers to the extent to which students are treated fairly, ensuring that each student receives what they need to be successful. School staff can play a vital role in creating an equitable school climate for adolescents, but little is known about how staff perceive equity in their school and how this in turn may relate to...
Article
School climate has received considerable attention in the literature and educational policy as a potential target for school improvement and school safety efforts. This paper provides a critical review and synthesis of the literature on school climate, with a particular focus on topics related to measurement, data collection, analysis, as well as p...
Article
Preventive interventions in early childhood have a range of behavioral and health effects. However, there is an emerging literature extending this work to include acts of civic engagement, such as voting. Given that America has one of the lowest and most disparate rates of voter turnout in the world-and most of the current efforts aimed at boosting...
Article
This study examined the impact of a state policy requiring that any school with a habitual truancy rate of 8% or higher to be trained in Tier 1 school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SW-PBIS). A regression discontinuity (RD) design was used to examine how the schools’ mandate status related to SW-PBIS training as well as studen...
Article
Multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) allows researchers to model latent factor structures at multiple levels simultaneously by decomposing within- and between-group variation. Yet the extent to which the sampling ratio (i.e., proportion of cases sampled from each group) influences the results of MSEM models remains unknown. This article e...
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Though emerging research supports the effectiveness of school-based coaching models utilizing motivational interviewing (MI), an examination of the specific drivers behind these effects is notably lacking in the prevention field. This study leveraged sequential analysis to examine how teachers’ verbalization of change talk (i.e., language in suppor...
Article
Objective: Research has identified the United States (U.S.) as a global outlier in its firearm ownership rates, with a correspondingly higher risk of youth firearm violence compared to other countries. The relative extent of disparities in youth firearm violence within the U.S. has been less clear. Little is known about factors in the social ecolo...
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Background: In rural communities, understanding and improving school climate may benefit youth facing unique contextual challenges to well-being. As education research rarely focuses on rural schools, we aimed to examine school climate and student well-being with a particular focus on rural schools, compared to suburban schools. Methods: Cross-s...
Chapter
Research over the past decade has revealed several major improvements in the effectiveness of bullying prevention programs. Meta-analyses just 10 years ago suggested that the majority of effects of bullying prevention programs were not large enough to be meaningful (Merrell et al., 2008). Moreover, the extant research suggested that bullying preven...
Article
This study examined school staff reported behavioural responses to bullying, general likelihood of intervening and perceived self-efficacy for intervening with student bullying. We explored if the existence of school bullying-related policies and/or policy trainings was associated with the ways in which school staff responded to bullying. Data came...
Article
In two-level designs, the total sample is a function of both the number of Level 2 clusters and the average number of Level 1 units per cluster. Traditional multilevel power calculations rely on either the arithmetic average or the harmonic mean when estimating the average number of Level 1 units across clusters of unbalanced size. The current stud...
Article
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a preventable public health problem typically addressed with either after-the-fact interventions or prevention programs focused on teaching children to protect themselves and report abuse. Such responses do little to prevent CSA victimization, leading to calls for prevention efforts targeting individuals most at risk of...
Article
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is a widely used multitiered prevention framework that embeds a systems approach for establishing behavioral supports for all students, across all levels of need, to achieve social, behavioral, and academic success. A growing body of research has documented the effectiveness of PBIS in schools w...
Article
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) has been shown to be a promising approach for improving a range of behavioral health and academic outcomes for youth. This study leveraged data from the scale-up of PBIS and a randomized controlled trial, both conducted in Maryland, to estimate the dollars saved per 100 students as a result of t...
Article
Social–emotional factors associated with youth aggression have largely been studied in the context of social information‐processing models. The ability to accurately encode and appropriately interpret others' emotions has yet to be fully examined in the context of aggressive behavior, particularly during adolescence. Using cross‐sectional data from...
Preprint
The field of prevention science aims to understand societal problems, identify effective interventions, and translate scientific evidence into policy and practice. There is growing interest among prevention scientists in transparency, openness, and reproducibility. Open science provides opportunities to align scientific practice with scientific ide...
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Full-text available
This study presents findings from a 58 high-school group-randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of training in a multitiered system of supports for behavior (MTSS-B) framework, which was leveraged to reduce students’ risk for emotional and behavior disorders. The trial tested the impact of MTSS-B, which included (a) training in the b...
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This cluster randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of the CHAMPS classroom management program on the social behavioral and academic outcomes of a large diverse sample of middle school students within an urban context. Participants included 102 teachers and 1,450 students in sixth to eighth grade. Two-level hierarchical linear models (H...
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A growing body of research has documented a link between variation in implementation dosage and outcomes associated with preventive interventions. Complier Average Causal Effect (CACE; Jo in J Educ Behav Stat 27:385–409, 2002) analysis allows for estimating program impacts in light of variation in implementation. This study reports intent-to-treat...
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Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) confers elevated risk for automobile crashes, both as a clinical syndrome and continuously when examining risk as a function of symptom severity. However, the neurocognitive mechanisms and processes underlying this risk remain poorly understood. The current longitudinal study examined wheth...
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This study leveraged data from a 40-school randomized controlled trial to understand the cost of coaching to support implementation of evidence-based programs (EBPs) through a multi-tiered system of supports for behavior (MTSS-B) model. Coach activity log data were utilized to generate the annual average, per school, costs of coaching of $8198. The...
Article
This mixed-methods study describes a framework for conducting cost analyses of school-based programs leveraging fidelity data and applying the ingredients method. We illustrate this approach by applying it to Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), drawing on multiple sources of data from a sample of 77 schools that were trained in P...
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This introductory article describes the genesis of the Festschrift for Leonard Bickman and of this Festschrift special issue entitled, The Future of Children’s Mental Health Services. The special issue includes a collection of 11 original children’s mental health services research articles, broadly organized in accordance with three themes (i.e., I...
Article
Reviews of the motivational interviewing (MI) training literature demonstrate MI is a nuanced skill set that takes carefully planned didactic training, application of skills in context-specific practice settings, and ongoing support to promote reflective practice and sustained proficiency. Despite the robust knowledge base related to training and h...
Article
Student engagement is a multidimensional construct influenced by complex student, classroom, and school factors. Although prior research has examined various dimensions of student engagement, few studies have adopted a multilevel approach to simultaneously incorporate observational measures of classroom practices with student and school factors. Th...
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Developmental psychopathology (DP) is a conceptual approach to the study of the origins and course of individual patterns in the development of psychopathology across the lifespan. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework aims to study dimensions of neurobiology and behavior to construct a new classification of psychopathology that will advanc...
Article
The extant literature suggests that a shared set of deficits (e.g., emotion dysregulation) underlies both internalizing and externalizing emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs) among youth. As such, many Tier 2 interventions contain a similar set of core components, which in turn are associated with global symptom reductions. This conceptual and...
Chapter
The Good Behavior Game is a group contingency classroom behavior management and instructional support approach that rewards positive group, as opposed to individual, behavior. The Game is a commonly used practice that enables teachers to utilize social learning principles within a team-based, game-like context to reduce aggressive/disruptive and of...
Article
Home-school dissonance (HSD), or differing values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations between home and school may contribute to variation in parental involvement (Arunkumar, Midgley, & Urdan, 1999 Arunkumar, R., Midgley, C., & Urdan, T. (1999). Perceiving high or low home–school dissonance: Longitudinal effects on adolescent emotional and academi...
Article
A growing body of research documents the effectiveness of classroom management programs on a range of student outcomes, yet few early-career teachers receive training on these practices prior to entering the classroom. Moreover, few studies have attended to how variations in teacher distress or level of classroom misbehavior affects training benefi...
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The extent to which youth attend Tier 2 evidence-based intervention is an important dimension of implementation. This study examined attendance patterns of 369 middle schoolers involved in a randomized trial testing the impact of Coping Power, an evidence-based Tier 2 preventive intervention. We conducted latent profile analysis to examine student...
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A number of studies have used variable-centered approaches to examine informant discrepancies on children’s behavior problems; however, few such studies have used person-centered approaches to explore patterns of informant discrepancies or correlates of discrepancies in informant symptom ratings. The present study addressed these gaps by examining...
Article
Research on school climate has largely been conducted in high-income countries, with less focus on school climate in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). As such, there is limited understanding of how school climate may be associated with students’ socio-emotional, behavioral, and academic outcomes in these contexts. Five reviewers completed a...
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There is a growing need for valid measures that can be administered efficiently in school settings to assess the impact of school-based preventive interventions. The current article aimed to establish a balance among assessment efficiency, reliability, and the measurement properties of an instrument widely used to assess the impact of school-based...
Article
Positive school climate has been consistently associated with many desirable student outcomes in both middle and high schools. However, there has been little work comparing the perceptions across these two school settings. The U.S. Department of Education conceptualized a three-factor model for school climate consisting of safety, engagement, and e...
Article
Highlights Observed classroom and school environmental factors relate to how students perceive school climate. Observations account for large proportions of the shared variation in school climate perceptions. Findings suggest the utility of outside observations to explain variation in school climate.
Article
Stress and burnout are pervasive among public school teachers and amplified in urban schools, where job demands are often high and resources low. Relatively little is known about factors contributing to stress and burnout among urban school teachers specifically, or how these aspects of teacher occupational wellbeing relate to their use of effectiv...