Caterina maria pia sandra De Vito

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at Sapienza University of Rome

This work investigates the composition of the patina and state of preservation of an Etruscan bronze fibula from Tomb 129 of Vulci Archaeological Park (VT, Italy), dating back between the late eighth and early seventh centuries BC. Non‐destructive analytical techniques, such as micro‐Raman spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐X...

The conjoint application of the voltammetry of immobilized particles (VIMP) methodology and the Mott‐Schottky analysis (MS) of impedance data to studying metal corrosion patinas is described. The study is applied to copper and bronze objects exploiting the semiconducting character of cuprite and other copper corrosion products. A simplified theoret...

This research employs the voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP) methodology to analyze a collection of ceramic samples from the temple of Venus Fisica in the archaeological site of Pompeii. The primary objective is to discern their origins and manufacturing processes by the solid-state analysis of the electroactive properties of iron min...

We report here the results of a multi-analytical approach to characterize twelve Roman coins dating from the third century B.C. to fifth century A.D. that were found in the surroundings of Rome and for which the year of minting is determined by numismatic analysis. The coins were studied using SEM-EDS, EMPA, XRD, and FTIR techniques, enabling semi-...

The aim of this investigation is to reconstruct the archeometallurgical processes, manufacturingtechniques, and cycle-life of Motyan (Sicily, Italy) metallic artefacts from metals extraction to corrosion. The research was developed through five case studies, for which metallurgical and corrosion processes are reconstructed.

3D imaging is a powerful tool of high resolution and non-destructive imaging technology for the study of ancient weapons and military technology, which reveals the original microstructures and corrosion patterns that threaten these artefacts. Here we report quantitative analysis of the 3D distribution and the orientation of fractures, and uncorrode...

Multiscale X-ray Microscopy, SEM, HR-FESEM- EDS and EMPA techniques have been used to explore the corrosion behavior of copper-based artefacts from the Phoenician-Punic site of Motya (Sicily, Italy). The stress corrosion, due to forging conditions, and dealloying have been investigated using 3D-imaging. At sub-micro-scale the results highlighted gr...

This work is focused on the characterization of metallic finds that are part of an ancient war biga from the Tomba della Biga, using different approaches for the diagnostics and also the conservation of this important cultural heritage. The materials analyzed were brought to light in the necropolis of Canal Bianco (Adria, Italy). The samples were a...

Despite health literacy (HL) being recognized as a driver of health-promoting behavior, its influence on the vaccination decision-making process remains unclear. This study summarized current evidence on the association between HL and both intention to vaccinate and vaccination status. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, retrieving obse...

Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic put under pressure all the world's health systems, to the point that it was a severe threat to their stability. At the same time, this scenario confirmed the importance of primary health care to guarantee effective care for patients who suffer from complex and chronic diseases. From these considerations and in the...

Background Health literacy (HL) is recognized as a driver of health-promoting behaviors, including preventive actions. However the influence of HL on vaccines uptake remains unclear. This study aimed at summarize the evidence on the role of HL in vaccination behaviors. Methods PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Observational studies...

Background IMMUNI is an app that was created to help fight epidemics, starting with COVID-19. The app has a contact tracing feature but its diffusion in Italy was low. In this pilot study, we investigated university students’ attitudes and experience towards the IMMUNI app. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at Sapienza University of...

Background Vaccination is an effective public health measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic. In Italy, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 was made compulsory by law for some job categories, such as healthcare and education workers. Although students required a valid COVID-19 certificate to access university, they were never subjected to mandatory vac...

Background Within the SARS-CoV-2 screening campaign offered through RT-PCR test by Sapienza University of Rome, we conducted a case-control study to identify the risk factors for the acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 infection among university students. Methods Positive students identified through the SARS-CoV-2 screening campaign (September 2021 - Februa...

This work is the first archaeometric investigation on copper and iron wastes from the Phoenician site of Motya (Sicily, Italy), dating back to 8th‐4th centuries BC. The samples were analyzed through micro‐Raman spectroscopy (μ‐RS), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM‐EDS), High‐Resolution Field Emission Scanning Electron Micr...

This study investigated the micro and nanoscale structure in Cu-Zn alloy, as well as its corrosion patterns. To achieve this goal, a set of Roman orichalcum coins were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray maps, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (HR-FESEM-EDS) and electron microprobe analyser (EMPA)...

Il Datore di Lavoro, con il Medico Competente, oltre a recepire quanto previsto dalle norme per il contenimento della diffusione del COVID-19, ha attivato un’indagine sanitaria per individua- re e valutare lo stato di fragilità dei lavoratori somministrando a essi due web survey specificatamente elaborate e strutturate per lo scopo. L’indagine prom...

Il Datore di Lavoro, con il Medico Competente, oltre a recepire quanto previsto dalle norme per il contenimento della diffusione del COVID-19, ha attivato un’indagine sanitaria per individua- re e valutare lo stato di fragilità dei lavoratori somministrando a essi due web survey specificatamente elaborate e strutturate per lo scopo. L’indagine prom...

The best strategy to tackle complexity when analyzing corrosion in iron artefacts is to combine different analytical methods. Traditional techniques provide effective means to identify the chemistry and mineralogy of corrosion products. Nevertheless, a further step is necessary to upgrade the understanding of the corrosion evolution in three dimens...

Micro‐Raman spectroscopy (μ‐RS) has been used to characterize mineralogical phases of corroded iron materials, buried in lagoon‐like and calcarenitic hypogea environments. A set of samples from the Phoenician site of Motya (8 th –6 th centuries BC, Sicily) and from the Punic Necropolis of Lilybaeum (4 th century BC, Sicily) were analyzed combining...

The Iron and sulphur isotope compositions of sedimentary pyrites have been extensively used as a proxy for microbial metabolisms and redox evolution of the oceans. We illustrate the benefit of in-situ and coupled study of Fe and S isotopes on sedimentary pyrites from late mid- Cretaceous sediments from the Central Apennines, Italy. We report extrem...

This study examined a set of Red Slip Ware (RSW) from Cánovas del Castillo and a sector of the Phoenician necropolis of San Severiano/Guardia Civil (Cádiz, Spain), dating back to the 8th – and 6th century B.C. Optical Microscopy (OM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Electron Microscopy coupled with EDS system (SEM-EDS) allowed to characterize t...

This study examines a set of bronze arrowheads involved in the Siege of Motya (Italy) and aims to determine their microstructures, corrosion patterns and production techniques using Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray maps, Electron Microprobe Analysis and X-ray diffraction. The arrowheads characterized by plane and conical shapes are made from Cu-...

Background The formal process to determine the value of a health technology is Health Technology Assessment (HTA). Two key components are required to implement the HTA of genomic applications: the development of a specific methodology and an adequate network. This work aims to review the state of HTA in Italy and to assess its preparedness for geno...

Background Surveillance and containment of the spread of COVID-19 requires the use of advanced geographic information science and technology (GIS&T) to map the spread and eventually to guide interventions. A dynamic space-time diffusion model in a GIS environment was developed and succesfully tested in Rome, Italy. Methods Information on cases of...

Background With the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine hesitancy (VH) poses a great challenge to achieving herd immunity. Since young adults are usually asymptomatic, they may be less inclined to follow social distancing and mask-wearing guidelines. This study aimed at (i) quantifying VH among university students and (ii) investigating its...

Background Several factors can determine the success of a vaccination campaign, regardless of the availability of an effective and safe vaccine. Among these, vaccine hesitancy (VH) has long represented one of the main barriers to achieving vaccination coverage goals in many countries. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the global le...

Background Health services disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic has forced to postpone or cancel most scheduled health visits. Within this context, disadvantaged people may have been suffered the most from the indirect consequences of the emergency. The aim of the study was to quantify the pandemic impact on health services utilization in the Ro...

The present work illustrates a multi-analytical study of ceramic fragments that represent a distinctive class of pottery dating to the Early Bronze II (3050–2850 BC) from the archaeological site of Tell el-Far'ah North (West Bank). Optical Microscopy, coupled with SEM-EDS and XRD, allowed to identify it as a ‘metallic ware’ industry produced with a...

Construction materials from the internal ducts of Aqua Traiana, a still operative Roman aqueduct built in 109 AD to supply water to Rome, were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Petrographic analysis and XRPD revealed that mortar...

Plaster and mortar samples from Arslantepe (Turkey) hold potential to provide unique information about the lime production and adhibition during the Late Chalcolithic period (4th millennium BCE). A multi-analytical approach including polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with ene...

This study is focused on the Red Slip Ware from the archaeological site of Sulky (Sardinia, Italy), dated back to the end of 9th to the early 8th centuries B.C. Optical Microscopy (OM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with an EDS system (SEM-EDS) were used to characterize both the body and the external Red S...

Ceramic findings from “Grotta dei Cocci” and dating back to the Early Neolithic were studied. The ceramic samples have been characterized by a combined use of Optical Microscopy (OM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) to define the mineralogical assemblage, to estimate firing conditions and to provide inform...

In the present work the advantages of punctual approaches are discussed in the discrimination of black wares from the Sanctuary of Venus Fisica (Pompeii, Italy), dated between the 2nd and 1st century BC. Black-gloss ware and "bucchero" samples are analyzed by a multi-analytical approach including optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (X...

This study is focused on ten Roman leaded coins from the archaeological site of the Magna Mater Temple (Rome, Italy).These coins, buried for centuries in a peculiar environment of the archaeological area (i.e., the latrinae), were investigated to explore the chemical composition and microstructure of the inner alloy. The opportunity to examine the...

Rescue excavations undertaken by Sapienza University of Rome and the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Department of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (MOTA-DACH) revealed a huge necropolis in the site of Khalet al-Jam'a, south-east of Bethlehem. Tombs were used during the Early Bronze IV (2300–2000 BCE) to Middle Bronze I–III (2000–...

The management of large amounts of eggshell waste annually produced in the world is problematic as generally this material is only disposed at landfills with odor production and microbial growth. On the contrary, significant environmental and economic advantages could be obtained transforming this biowaste into new value-added products. Eggshell bi...

Lead isotope analyses, using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), are used to trace the provenance of lead minerals involved in the production of Roman lead-glazed ceramics. The Roman archeological ceramic artifacts analyzed in this study were recovered from five archeological sites in Rome: the Testaccio Market (mid-2nd century AD), the Magna M...

Solid state electrochemistry based on the voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP) methodology is applied to a series of 80 Phoenician Red Slip samples from the archaeological sites of Motya (Sicily, Italy), Mogador (Morocco), Ramat‐Rahel (Israel), Sulky (Sardinia, Italy), Tas Silg (Malta), Pantelleria (Italy), and Cádiz (Spain), dated from...

The voltammetry of immobilized particles (VIMP) is applied to describe the solid state electrochemistry of brass. This methodology, which involves sampling at the nanogram level, is applied to discriminate mints/authorities producing different Roman monetary emissions covering since the Republic (88 BCE) to Domitianus (55–96 CE) Upon attachment to...

A collection of ancient Roman orichalcum coins, i.e., a copper-zinc alloy, minted under the reigns from Caesar to Domitianus, have been characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). We studied, for the first time, coins emitted by Romans after the reforms of Augustus (23 B.C.) and Nero (63–64 A....

This work is focused on the study of ceramic pipes of the Roman aqueduct (1st century CE) from Raiano village (L’Aquila, Italy). Pipes were analysed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction to investigate the technological background and to reconstruct the provenance of the raw materials involved in the pr...

This study is focused on the Phoenician Red Slip Ware, a cultural and chronological marker, unearthed in the archaeological site of Motya. The vessels are dated back from the 8th to early 5th century B.C. The ceramics were investigated using Optical Microscopy (OM), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Mi...

The paper presents an archaeometric investigation of ancient ceramics from the archaeological site of Tell el-Far‘ah North (West Bank), dated to the south-Levantine Early Bronze I-II (EB I-II, 3300–2700 BC). The application of mineralogical and chemical analyses by optical and scanning electron microscopy yielded the identification of petro-fabrics...

This work focuses on the study of ten Grosso Romanino, a silver medieval coin, minted in Rome during the 13th century CE. As the coinage of this denomination occurred during a tumultuous period of the history of Rome, the official documentation from mint was lost. For this reason, archaeometric investigations were necessary to have an overall knowl...

The aim of this research was to characterize ten Provisini, one of the most common silver coins in the Middle Age, dating back to the 13th century A.D. These coins are composed by Ag-Cu alloy and were coined in the Roman mint. A non-destructive, micro-destructive and multi-analytical approach was used, aiming to preserve the surfaces of the coins....

A set of ancient Antoninianus silver coins, dating back between 249 and 274 A.D. and minted in Rome, Galliae, Orient and Ticinum, have been characterized. We use, for the first time, a combination of nano-invasive (focused ion beam-field emission scanning electron microscopy-X-ray microanalysis (FIB-FESEM-EDX), voltammetry of microparticles (VIMP))...

The voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VIMP) methodology is applied to a series of pottery samples from the Roman sites of Nerva's Forum (second half of 9th-early 11th A.D), Caesar's Forum (second half of 9th-early 11th A.D) and Magna Mater Temple (III century). The VIMP sampling applied to voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectro...

A multi-analytical approach has been applied to characterize ancient glazed ceramics from the archaeological sites of Magna Mater temple and Domus Tiberiana on the Palatine Hill (Rome, Italy) dated between the 3rd and the early 5th century AD. The aim of this work is to investigate the production technologies of the ceramic body and the glazed coat...

This study is focused on Medieval Roman heavy lead-glazed ceramics from the archaeological site of the Caesar's Forum (Rome, Italy), dated from the 10th and not beyond the first decades of the 11th century. Optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) have b...

The application of solid state electrochemistry techniques for dating archaeological strata using lead-containing bronze coins is described. The proposed methodology was applied to samples coming from the Roman archaeological site of Magna Mater Temple (Rome, Italy) occurring in different strata dating back between the second half and the end of th...

Until now, the use of trace elements to discriminate among differing provenances of classical white marbles from Mediterranean areas have produced controversial results, and the many drawbacks of this approach have been widely discussed. The behavior of trace elements was tested, aiming to determine their effectiveness for provenance purposes. In t...

This work reports the first employment of a gel polymer-based electrochemical cell to perform electrochemical impedance analysis of archaeological remains. The patinas of three Roman coins are studied through of electrochemical techniques (especially Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS) along with Electron Scanning Microscopy (SEM-EDS) and...

This study is focused on Roman lead-glazed inkwells from the archaeological site of the “Nuovo Mercato di Testaccio” (Rome, Italy) dated in the half 2nd century AD. Optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) have...

Voltammetry of microparticles (VMP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques, complemented by SEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy, were applied to a set of 15 Roman bronze coins and one Tessera from the temple of Magna Mater (Rome, Italy). The archaeological site, dated back between the second half and the end of the 4th century A.D.,...

This work reports the results of a multi-analytical approach, including optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), aiming to define the mineralogical and petrographic composition of 35 ceramic samples dated in the Early Bronze Age IV (EB IV) from the archaeo...

Selected ceramic samples from the archaeological site of Khirbet al-Batrawy (north-central Jordan), unearthed in the “Palace of the Copper Axes” (Early Bronze Age III, 2500–2300 BC), were analyzed with the aim to address their technology. These ceramics were characterized by means of a combined use of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffracti...

tThis study is focused on the clay figurines from the archaeological site of Tell Mardikh, ancient Ebla (Syria),dating back between 2400 and 2000 BC. Optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning elec-tron microscopy analysis have been used. Petrographic observations indicated the occurrence of threedifferent fabrics. Quantitative phase...

The aim of this work is to explore the potential of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometric analysis as a tool to differentiate ceramics having different provenance. We propose a new spectral FTIR data pretreatment method for Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as the selection of a proper algorithm and its application could p...

Ancient ceramics from the archaeological site of Ebla (Syria), dating back between 2250 and 1800 B.C., have been characterized by a combined use of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (micro-RS). Petrographic observations indicate that different fabrics are present, in terms of microstructure, groun...

Micro-Raman spectroscopy is applied for the study of two classes of ancient ceramic artefacts showing different features and technological background, i.e. the fine-grain Black Gloss Ware from Motya (Sicily, Italy) and the coarse-grain pottery from Khirbet al-Batrawy (Jordan). The characterization of the mineralogical composition of these ceramics...

As Richard H. Jahns used to say, granitic pegmatites are prone to stew in their own juice. The early juice acts as a catalyst in transforming the early-formed disordered K-feldspar to microcline below 450°C. As it becomes progressively enriched in fluorine during the system's evolution, the exsolved fluid becomes increasingly aggressive, and can cr...

In this work micro-Raman (μ-Raman) spectroscopy has been used, as a preliminary and non-destructive technique, in order to investigate the mineralogical composition and to define the maximum firing temperature and fO2 redox state of the firing atmosphere with respect to the hematite-magnetite buffer of ancient ceramic materials. The studied ceramic...

“La Sapienza” expedition to Palestine and Jordan started systematic excavations at the unexplored site of Khirbet al-Batrawy, growing in Early Bronze Age from 3000 to 2000 B.C., in north-central Jordan and raising as a major Early Bronze Age center controlling the area of the Upper Wadi az-Zarqa. A multi-analytical approach has been used to charac...

The archaeological site of Khirbet al-Batrawy is located in north-central Jordan and it was discovered in 2005 by “La Sapienza” Expedition to Palestine and Jordan. Excavations and stratigraphy show that this centre developed from 3000 to 2000 B.C., when it was completely abandoned. The main purpose of this work is the definition of temporal changes...

A multi-analytical approach has been applied to characterize Khirbet Kerak Ware from the archaeological site of Khirbet al-Batrawy (Jordan), a highly distinctive pottery production of Early Bronze III Levant. Sherds of Khirbet Kerak Ware vessels, dating back to 2750-2500 B.C., show peculiar shapes and a highly polished red/black coating, alien to o...

Since 2005 “La Sapienza” Expedition to Palestine and Jordan started systematic archeological excavations at the unexplored site of Khirbet al-Batrawy, in north-central Jordan, growing from Early Bronze II to Early Bronze IIIB (3000-2300 B.C.) and raising as a major Early Bronze Age center controlling the area of the Upper Wadi az-Zarqa. The present...

The application of hydrated Mg-carbonates as CO2 sequestering media is a pressing environmental challenge, which requires a deep knowledge of the phase transitions occurring in the Mg-CO2-H2O system as well as the thermal and structural stability of these phases. In this paper we investigate the phase transition of nesquehonite (MgCO3·3H2O) to dypi...

In the first half of this year the experts of the Italian Society of Hygiene (SItI), along with those of other National Scientific Societies, agreed with the recommendations made by the USA CDC in 2009, and developed a proposal for a vaccination schedule (Vaccine Schedule for Life), in which influenza vaccination is recommended for all adults aged...

In this article we report the progress made in CO2 sequestration research via formation of synthetic carbonates and explore the engineering aspects of the proposed methodology. The approach to synthesize carbonates involves the reaction of a flux of CO2 with Mg-chloride solution at room temperature. The kinetics of the carbonation reactions demonst...

In this study we investigate the provenance of the limestone and marble used to made carved slabs today placed in three churches located in Raiano and Vittorito (Peligna Valley, Abruzzo, Italy) and in Spoleto (Umbria, Italy). The slabs, representative examples of the Langobard art (Middle Ages), are dated approximately from 8th to 9th centuries A.D...

Crystals of beryl from miarolitic pockets, hosted in pegmatitic dikes on the Island of Elba, in Italy, were analyzed for the major and minor elements, including the light elements, by EMPA and SIMS techniques. Back-scattered electron (BSE) images and X-ray maps were used to define the complex textures of these crystals and to highlight the pattern...

“La Sapienza” expedition to Palestine and Jordan started systematic excavations at the unexplored site of Khirbet al-Batrawy, growing in Early Bronze Age from 3000 to 2000 B.C., in north-central Jordan, which proved to be a caravans centre with an imposing defensive system. Excavations and stratigraphy allowed to divide the Batrawy history in four...

A novel method to synthesize nesquehonite, MgCO3· 3H2O, via reaction of a flux of gaseous CO2 with Mg chloride solution at ambient conditions, performed using a reactor, is here described. The reaction rate of the process is rapid, with deposition of abundant carbonate in few minutes. The results of a multi-disciplinary methodology, including SEM-E...

In 2005 “La Sapienza” Expedition to Palestine and Jordan started systematic excavations at thepreviously unexplored site of Khirbet al-Batrawy, in north-central Jordan, which proved to be a strongly fortified city and a caravans centre of the Early Bronze Age, with an imposing defensive system, growing from Early Bronze II to Early Bronze IIIB (300...

Salinity generally strongly affects the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution. This would seem to involve a reduction of the efficiency of the carbonate mineralization process with the objective to sequester this greenhouse gas. On the contrary, we demonstrate here that with a more concentrated solution of magnesium chloride, the residen...

The study was performed to evaluate the safety of whole and RTE vegetables and to investigate the effectiveness of different preventive strategies for the quality assurance of RTE vegetables collected from three Italian production systems. Producer 1, applied a strict system in compliance with GAP- GMP - HACCP, Producer 2 used chlorine disinfection...

Isotopically light sulphur in sedimentary pyrite was generally predominant during the Cretaceous as a consequence of volcanic and hydrothermal activity and bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR). However, we report super-high sulphur isotopic compositions of sedimentary pyrite (�34S +89.3‰) from late mid- Cretaceous sediments from the Central Apennines...

In order to gauge the appropriateness of CO(2) reaction with Mg chloride solutions as a process for storing carbon dioxide, the thermal behaviour and structural stability of its solid product, nesquehonite (MgCO(3).3H(2)O), were investigated in situ using real-time laboratory parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction. The results suggest that the nesq...

In all Italian regions influenza vaccine is routinely administered to the elderly population. However, vaccination impact has been rarely evaluated because of the high costs of conventional cohort investigations. A promising low-cost alternative approach uses administrative discharge data to derive vaccine effectiveness indicators (hospitalizations...

In this paper is reported a novel method to synthesize nesquehonite, MgCO(3) x 3H(2)O, via reaction of a flux of CO(2) with Mg chloride solution at 20+/-2 degrees C. The reaction rate is rapid, with carbonate deposition almost complete in about 10 min. The full characterization of the product of synthesis has been performed to investigate its poten...

Interhospital transfers are one of the critical points of the emergency system, which often cause overcrowding of the emergency department (ED) and limit its effectiveness. A retrospective study was carried out, analyzing the clinical case files concerning the ED of the Policlinico "Umberto I" in Rome (Latium region, Italy) with the aim of establis...