Catalina Martínez

Spanish National Research Council | CSIC · Instituto de Políticas y Bienes Públicos

Natural resource endowments can determine a country's specialisation and provide it with an advantaged position in international networks, but they can also lock it into low value-added activities in global value chains. Favourable weather and soil conditions have made olive trees one of the most recognisable characteristics of the Mediterranean la...

España y Portugal van a la zaga de las economías europeas más avanzadas con respecto a los indicadores clave en materia de vínculos ciencia-empresa, tales como la generación de patentes por parte de universidades y organismos públicos de investigación, las copublicaciones público-privadas, la financiación privada de investigación y desarrollo (I+D)...

This article addresses, conceptually and empirically, the classification of public research organizations (PROs) understood as non-university and non-enterprise research-focused organizations that are public by nature or in which the government has an influence. The construction of archetypes of research performing organizations has been a standard...

Intellectual property regimes governing university inventions were quite diverse in Europe at the end of the 1990s. Several European countries maintained the so-called professor’s privilege, an exception to employment law whereby university researchers were allowed to retain the ownership of academic inventions. The 2000s were characterised by conv...

The pressure to extract rents from academic research results has led many universities to file more patents and to rely on a growing range of monetization strategies including selling patents to Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs). We build a database of university patents granted by the USPTO and, for each of them, we collect information about the ch...

The aim of this article is to shed light on the decision-making process at university technology transfer offices and show that the last steps in the process of international patent extension, when costs step up, tend to be only taken conditional on the existence of a licensing agreement. This information has so far been underexploited by policymak...

Drawing on more than half a million granted patents in all technological sectors filed at EPO between 1998 and 2012 we gather information on 300,000 inscriptions affecting changes in their ownership at the EPO and top national registers (France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain). After grouping parallel legal events in different European validation coun...

We explore how microwork platforms manage difficult tasks in paid crowdsourcing environments. We argue that as human computation becomes more prevalent, notably in the context of big data ecosystems, microwork platforms might have to evolve and to take a more managerial stance in order to provide the right incentives to online workers to handle dif...

Using contract-level data, we study the relation between the inclusion of know-how in cross-border patent licensing agreements and the contractual terms used by firms to deal with moral hazard risks. We use official data on international technology contracts with patent licensing terms registered by affiliated and unaffiliated parties before the De...

This article evaluates the effectiveness of a public programme intended to improve innovation capabilities in the private sector by subsidizing the hiring of research and development (R&D) personnel. Using information from the programme management database, we study factors associated with the duration of contracts and their transformation into ope...

In order to attain its objective of becoming a high-income economy by 2020, Malaysia is engaged in efforts to enhance the performance of its innovation system. A range of challenges need to be addressed and different policy tools can help in this respect. For this purpose the national intellectual property (IP) system can play a pivotal role. This...

https://www.koganpage.com/product/the-handbook-of-european-intellectual-property-management-9780749470456#

http://agendapublica.es/patentar-no-es-inventar/

The purpose of this paper is twofold: methodological and empirical. Methodologically, we describe a matching and disambiguation procedure for the identification of author–inventors (researchers who publish and patent) located in the same country. Our methodology aims to maximize precision and recall rates by taking into account national name writin...

El libro presenta el análisis, la evidencia y los resultados del trabajo Evaluación de las actividades del Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico (2009‐2013), institución mexicana creada por Ley, así como presentar las opiniones, las propuestas y las recomendaciones del Panel Independiente de Expertos Internacionales El objetivo principal del In...

http://www.fundacioncyd.org/images/informeCyd/2013/Cap4_ICYD2013.pdf

In this article, we focus on the need for “human computing” in data-rich ecosystems, notably as a consequence of data variety and typically for name disambiguation, and explore ways to manage it via online platforms for paid crowdsourcing. Based on several studies of Amazon Mechanical Turk, a well-established platform for matching data treatment ta...

This paper presents the results of the OEPM/OECD survey on the economic and financial uses of patents carried out in 2008 among Spanish business applicants of OEPM patents. It also summarises evidence from previous surveys. All available information indicates that only a few Spanish firms holding patents license them out. Results from the OEPM/OECD...

We rely on a novel database of Spanish author-inventors to explore the relationship between the past patenting experience of academic authors and the scientific impact (citations received and journal prestige) of scientific articles published during 2003–2008 in journals listed in SCOPUS. We also study how such a relationship is affected by differe...

This paper uses latest advances in economic research for examining recent changes in patent regimes aimed at strengthening patent protection, and beyond that, for rethinking the rationale of the patent system. Considering that economic theory does not regard patents as a natural right that should be systematically granted to inventors, but as a pol...

The aim of this paper is to describe a matching and disambiguation methodology for the identification of author-inventors located in the same country. It aims to maximize precision and recall rates by taking into account national name writing customs in the name matching stage and by including a recursive validation step in the person disambiguatio...

The first five calls of the Torres Quevedo programme, subsidizing private entities with public funds between 2002 and 2008, are analysed in order to determine the extent to which the new subsidised contracts for PhDs and engineers where consolidated in the private entities receiving the grants. Using the administrative database of the programme, we...

Crowdsourcing is a process for outsourcing micro-tasks to a distributed group of anonymous people, as in Amazon Mechanical Turk. The purpose of this paper is to present an exploration of the extant literature on crowdsourcing to identify best practices and describe the results of the implementation of a prototype that uses crowdsourcing to help wit...

We study the location of the inventive activity of 59 major European food and beverage multinationals and their 8,432 subsidiaries worldwide, by analysing the geographical distribution of the inventors listed in the EPO applications, USPTO patents and triadic, international and PCT patent families the companies filed between 1978 and the early 2000...

We investigate statistically the characteristics, functioning and incidence of pre-emptive patenting, defined as patent filings whose main effect is to hamper the grant of other patents. Patent applications can be used defensively to prevent the grant of exclusive rights over markets and technologies, in order to ensure freedom of operation or keep...

The term public research organisation (PRO) is used to refer to a heterogeneous group of research performing centres and institutes with varying degrees of “publicness”. Different PROs, depending on their particular profile, perform a variety of roles. These include: basic and applied research; policy support; training; knowledge and technology tra...

Data on patent families is used in economic and statistical studies for many purposes, including the analysis of patenting strategies of applicants, the monitoring of the globalization of inventions and the comparison of the inventive performance and stock of technological knowledge of different countries. Most of these studies take family data as...

Governments are traditionally the major funders of public sector research. Distinction can be drawn between block grant based funding arrangements, where the majority of research funds are allocated directly to institutions according to particular formulae, performance indicators or budget negotiations among actors; and project-based funding arrang...

Using a sample of 59 major European food and beverage multinationals and their 8,432 subsidiaries worldwide, we study the characteristics and evolution over time of their inventions. In doing so, we analyse: i) 8,626 EPO applications filed by these companies between 1978 and 2005; ii) 3,650 US patents they applied for between 1978 and 2001; iii) mo...

Governments continue to play a central role in the way research is conducted and organized by defining new models for research centers. How do existing research centers adapt to changes in their environment? Institutional theory suggests that organizations pursue efficiency and legitimacy by conforming to isomorphic pressures in their organizationa...

The objective of this study is to show three different aspects of the scientific and technological reality of Iberoamerican countries: their scientific production, in terms of scientific publications; their technological production, in terms of international patent applications; and the presence of their universities and public research centres on...

La teoría económica, al considerar que las patentes son instrumentos de política pública para fomentar la innovación y la difusión de la tecnología, conduce principalmente a tres conclusiones. En primer lugar, las patentes no tienen por qué ser siempre el medio de protección más eficaz para que los inventores recuperen sus inversiones en I+D, sobre...

What are patent families? What is the impact of adopting one definition or another? Are some definitions of patent families better suited than others for certain uses in statistical and economic analysis? The aim of this paper is to provide some answers to these questions, compare the methodologies and outcomes of the most commonly used patent fami...

This article describes the evolution of the patenting of chemical inventions in Spain over the past twenty years and examines the roles played by Spanish and foreign firms. Spanish chemical companies contribute significantly to overall business R&D investment in Spain and are responsible for a large share of all Spanish patent applications filed at...

We investigate statistically the characteristics, functioning and incidence of pre-emptive patenting, defined as patent filings whose main effect is to hamper the grant of other patents. Patent applications can be used to prevent the grant of exclusive rights on markets and technologies to others in order to ensure freedom of operation to their hol...

Open innovation has received a lot of attention in the business management literature and recently also in policy discussions. Until now, most of the empirical evidence has been based on case study work offering detailed insights into some best practices of open innovation in companies’ innovation strategies. While existing large-scale data may off...

Economic theory views patents as policy instruments aimed at fostering innovation and diffusion. Three major implications are drawn regarding current policy debates. First, patents may not be the most effective means of protection for inventors to recover R&D investments when imitation is costly and first mover advantages are important. Second, pat...

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar algunos procesos y tendencias que han caracterizado el desarrollo español en materia de ciencia, tecnología e innovación y realizar un balance sobre las fuerzas y dinámicas que han guiado estos cambios.

As firms shift to more open models of innovation based on collaboration and external sourcing of knowledge, they are exploiting their intellectual property, notably patents, not only by incorporating protected inventions into new products, processes and services, but also by licensing them to other firms or public research organisations (PROs), usi...

Improving innovative capabilities in the service sector is important to boosting overall economic performance. Service-sector firms in general are less likely to innovate than manufacturing firms, but they are becoming more innovative and knowledge-intensive, especially in business and financial intermediation services. Enhancing innovation in the...

To provide additional insight into the factors that have contributed to the growth in patenting, the OECD collaborated with the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD (BIAC) in 2003 to conduct a survey of businesses regarding their patenting and licensing practices. The purpose of the survey was to gather qualitative information that...

Patent regimes have gone through important changes in the past two decades, most of them in the direction of ‘strengthening patent rights’, in the sense of reinforcing the exclusive rights conferred to patent holders and expanding their coverage. OECD countries have experienced an upward harmoni-sation of their patent regimes based on the view that...

The stagnation in the growth of traditional mission-oriented government research centers in Europe, together with privatization trends and the decreasing weight of government sector expenditures in R&D statistics, might lead to the view that public sector research is shrinking in many European countries. In this paper, we claim that, on the contrar...

We study the location of the inventive activity of 59 major European food and beverage multinationals and their 8,432 subsidiaries worldwide, by analysing the geographical distribution of the inventors listed in the EPO applications, USPTO patents and triadic, international and PCT patent families the companies filed between 1978 and the early 2000...

El trabajo aborda el estudio de los procesos de adaptación de los centros de investigación a los cambios en su entorno, que resultan de las nuevas políticas de I+D de los gobiernos, así como de la emergencia de nuevos tipos de centros de investigación que se reconocen como legítimos. Partiendo de datos cuantitativos sobre fuentes de financiación e...