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Publications (74)
Spirituality and religion are core areas of diversity and psychological functioning that mental health graduate education programs will ideally address in effective ways. This study examined the acceptability and feasibility of infusing a hybrid version of Spiritual Competency Training in Mental Health (SCT-MH) in required courses in accredited cou...
Training in how to ethically and effectively approach spirituality and religion (R/S) diversity in mental health (MH) care is lacking. Strong evidence exists for the relevance of R/S to MH, and most clinicians agree that such training is needed. This study investigated the barriers and facilitators to including R/S in MH professional training acros...
Despite practice guidelines for multiculturally competent care, including spiritual/religious diversity, most mental health graduate training programs do not formally address spiritual/religious competencies. Thus, we enhanced the Spiritual Competency Training in Mental Health (SCT-MH) course curriculum to train graduate students in foundational at...
This article describes the results of a cross-sectional survey of current mental health clients’ religious/spiritual beliefs and practices, as well as how clients perceive such practices as influencing their mental health. A total of 989 self-identified mental health clients across the United States completed an anonymous online survey in 2018. Thi...
This article describes a national sample of 989 current mental health clients’ views regarding whether and how their mental health care providers integrated the client’s religion/spirituality (RS) into treatment. Within the online Qualtrics survey, two open-ended items asked respondents what (if anything) the client perceived their therapist having...
Spirituality and religion (R/S) are important aspects of diversity and functioning for most people, and training in these areas for mental health professionals is needed. But how much training is enough? This paper proposes R/S training guidelines that can be used to inform coursework, practicum/internship didactic training, and supervision.
An experimental study of Spiritual and Religious Competency Training for Mental Health Professionals
Background: This case study investigated differences in brain electrical activity between two laboratory conditions in an individual who reports a subjective experience of a phenomenon he calls "upsight." The individual describes upsight as the capacity to perceive at will holographic images as though they appear on an inset screen that overlays hi...
Evidence to date indicates that compassion and empathy are health-enhancing qualities. Research points to interventions and practices involving compassion and empathy being beneficial, as well as being salient outcomes of contemplative practices such as mindfulness. Advancing the science of compassion and empathy requires that we select measures be...
Background
A large body of evidence indicates that spiritual and religious backgrounds, beliefs, and practices (SRBBPs) are related to better psychological health. Spirituality and religion (R/S) are also important aspects of multicultural diversity. There is evidence that clients would like to talk about their spirituality, and that including it i...
Spirituality and religion (S/R) are important aspects of diversity and functioning for most people, and a need for improved training in these areas for mental health professionals has been established. But how much training is enough? This paper provides what we suggest are basic S/R competency training guidelines appropriate to prepare professiona...
Objective:
Depression is a public health crisis, and scalable, affordable interventions are needed. Although many psychosocial interventions are effective, there is little research investigating their sustained, long-term influence on well-being. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a prenatal mindfulness intervention with demonstrated...
Advancement of Spiritual and religious competencies aligns with increasing attention to the pivotal role of multiculturalism and intersectionality, as well as shifts in organizational values and strategies, that shape the delivery of psychological services (e.g., evidence-based practice). A growing evidence base also attests to ethical integration...
Objective:
Maternal health and wellness during pregnancy are associated with long-term health outcomes in children. The current study examined whether infants of women who participated in a mindfulness-based intervention during pregnancy that reduced levels of stress and depression, increased physical activity, and improved glucose tolerance diffe...
The global personal development market was valued at $38.28 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow an additional 5% from 2020 to 2027. Many of these workshops promise to be transformational. This secondary analysis study examined transformative, transpersonal, and noetic aspects of personal development workshops. We found that 74% of post-survey r...
Introduction: Personal development workshops are increasingly popular. This study evaluated the relationships between the measures of well-being, interconnectedness, and extended perception in various workshops and explored which kinds of workshops and individual characteristics predicted changes in these outcomes. Materials and Methods: In a prosp...
Religion and spirituality (R/S) are important aspects of human diversity that should be explicitly addressed in the field of psychology. The field has already included R/S in its definitions of multiculturalism, but while multicultural training is routinely included in doctoral level psychology course work and internship programs, it rarely include...
Despite a growing interest in the relationship between religion and spirituality (RS) and mental health across helping professions, less is known about clients’ perceived relevance of these areas. This article describes the development and validation of the Relevance of Religion and Spirituality to Mental Health (RRSMH) scale, and responses to the...
Over the last several years, there has been a growing interest in clients’ views toward integrating their religion and spirituality (RS) into mental health treatment. However, most of these studies have been limited to small samples and specific populations, regions, and/or clinical issues. This article describes the first national survey of curren...
We explored personal development workshops’ transformative effects by evaluating participants’ transformative, noetic, transpersonal, and relational experiences during workshops and their association with interconnectedness, well-being, and extended perception measure changes in a prospective, uncontrolled, within-participant design study. Particip...
Introduction: Personal development workshops are increasingly popular. This study evaluated the relationships between measures of well-being, interconnectedness, and extended perception in a variety of these workshops, and it explored which kinds of workshops and individual characteristics predicted changes in these outcomes.
Materials and Methods:...
Introduction: Personal development workshops are increasingly popular. This study evaluated the relationships between measures of well-being, interconnectedness, and extended perception in various workshops and explored which kinds of workshops and individual characteristics predicted changes in these outcomes.
Materials and Methods: In a prospecti...
Background: Belief in the paranormal is widespread worldwide. Recent surveys suggest that subjective experiences of the paranormal are common. A concise instrument that adequately evaluates beliefs as distinct from experiences does not currently exist. To address this gap, we created the Noetic Experiences and Beliefs Scale (NEBS) which evaluates b...
Background: Belief in the paranormal is widespread worldwide. Recent surveys suggest that subjective experiences of the paranormal are common. A concise instrument that adequately evaluates beliefs as distinct from experiences does not currently exist. To address this gap, we created the Noetic Experiences and Beliefs Scale (NEBS) which evaluates b...
Background:
Having a pregnancy complicated by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and/or having a small or preterm baby put a woman at risk for later cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is uncertain if higher maternal CVD risk factors (reflected by increased peripartum CVD biomarker levels) account for this risk, or if experiencing a complicated...
Background: We designed the online Spiritual Competency Training in Mental Health (SCT-MH) program to train providers across mental health fields in basic religious and spiritual (RS) competencies. The goal was to help address the professional training gap in RS aspects of multicultural diversity and integration. We hypothesized that providers comp...
Religion and spirituality are areas of diversity and multiculturalism that have yet to be comprehensively addressed in most mental health training programs. Without this type of training, many practitioners lack the competence and confidence to engage in spiritually competent care–clinical practice that recognizes the importance of religion and spi...
We designed the online Spiritual Competency Training in Mental Health (SCT-MH) program to train providers across mental health fields in basic religious and spiritual (RS) competencies. The goal was to help address the professional training gap in RS aspects of multicultural diversity and integration. We hypothesized that providers completing the p...
Background: Belief in the paranormal is widespread worldwide. Recent surveys suggest that subjective experiences of the paranormal are common. A concise instrument that adequately evaluates beliefs as distinct from experiences does not currently exist. To address this gap, we created the Noetic Experiences and Beliefs Scale (NEBS) which evaluates b...
Background
Stress can lead to excessive weight gain. Mindfulness-based stress reduction that incorporates mindful eating shows promise for reducing stress, overeating, and improving glucose control. No interventions have tested mindfulness training with a focus on healthy eating and weight gain during pregnancy, a period of common excessive weight...
Religion and spirituality are areas of diversity and multiculturalism that have yet to be comprehensively addressed in most mental health training programs. Without this type of training, many practitioners lack the competence and confidence to engage in spiritually competent care—clinical practice that recognizes the importance of religion and spi...
Objective
This study aimed to assess associations between neighborhood typologies classified across multiple neighborhood domains and cardiometabolic pregnancy outcomes and determine variation in effectiveness of a mindfulness‐based stress‐reduction intervention on outcomes across neighborhood types.
Methods
Neighborhoods of participants in the Ma...
The science of meditation has grown tremendously in the last two decades. Most studies have focused on evaluating the clinical effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions, neural and other physiological correlates of meditation, and individual cognitive and emotional aspects of meditation. Far less research has been conducted on more challengi...
Meditation experiences survey.
(PDF)
Meditation experiences survey codebook.
(PDF)
Context: Throughout history people have reported exceptional experiences that appear to transcend the everyday boundaries of space and time, such as perceiving someone's thoughts from a distance. Because such experiences are associated with superstition, and some violate currently accepted materialist conventions, one might assume that scientists a...
Background:
Pregnancy is a time of high risk for excessive weight gain, leading to health-related consequences for mothers and offspring. Theory-based obesity interventions that target proposed mechanisms of biobehavioral change are needed, in addition to simply providing nutritional and weight gain directives. Mindfulness training is hypothesized...
Background High stress and depression during pregnancy are risk factors for worsened health trajectories for both mother and offspring. This is also true for pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain. Reducing stress and depression may be one path to prevent excessive caloric intake and gestational weight gain. Study Purpose We te...
Objective:
We examined whether prenatal mindfulness training was associated with lower depressive symptoms through 18-months postpartum compared to treatment as usual (TAU).
Method:
A controlled, quasi-experimental trial compared prenatal mindfulness training (MMT) to TAU. We collected depressive symptom data at post-intervention, 6-, and 18-mon...
Children of mothers with depression have elevated rates of healthcare utilization compared to children of non-depressed mothers [1]. Mindfulness-based interventions are associated with lower use of healthcare services among adults [2] and decreased maternal depression during the perinatal period [3]. No research has explored the potential moderatin...
Religion and spirituality are important aspects of human diversity that should receive adequate attention in cultural competence training for psychologists. Furthermore, spiritual and religious beliefs and practices are relevant to psychological and emotional well-being, and clinicians who are trained to sensitively address these domains in their c...
Biofield therapies are noninvasive therapies in which the practitioner explicitly works with a client's biofield (interacting fields of energy and information that surround living systems) to stimulate healing responses in patients. While the practice of biofield therapies has existed in Eastern and Western cultures for thousands of years, empirica...
We live in an age of unparalleled technological and scientific progress, juxtaposed with a cascading series of poor social, health, and environmental choices that could bring our species to the brink of catastrophe. Within the past 100 years alone, we have created significant advances in technologies to better control disease outbreaks, extend our...
This project examined associations between engagement in a community-based integral practice program and measures of health and well-being. In this prospective within-subjects uncontrolled cohort study, 53 participants of Integral Transformative Practice (ITP), a program that incorporates movement, nutritional and exercise recommendations, affirmat...
Prepregnancy body mass index and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Because stress contributes to obesity and eating behaviors, stress reduction interventions during pregnancy may be a novel way to influence GWG, positively affect maternal and infant outcomes, and address the obesity ep...
Research with adults suggests that contemplative practices such as meditation and yoga impart a variety of benefits, from improved attention to reduced stress. Increasingly, these practices are being adapted for use with children and introduced into childhood education in order to foster the development of key self-regulation skills required for ac...
It is clear from polls of the general public that religion and spirituality are important in most people's lives. In addition, the spiritual and religious landscape is becoming increasingly diverse, with nearly a fifth of people unaffiliated with a religion, and increasing numbers of people identifying themselves as spiritual, but not religious. Re...
Objective: Using a control trial of a prenatal intervention to reduce maternal stress and excessive weight gain during gestation, we examine whether the prenatal intervention has positive effects on these offspring emotional/behavioral regulation, compared to offspring from a control group, which may help identify ways to prevent the intergeneratio...
Recruiting participants for research studies can be challenging. Many studies fall short of their target or must prolong recruitment to reach it. We examined recruitment and retention strategies and report lessons learned in a behavioral intervention developmental trial to encourage healthy pregnancy weight gain and stress reduction in low-income o...
This project describes the programming and evaluation of Coming Home Project (CHP) retreats that address the mental, emotional, spiritual, and relationship challenges experienced by those affected by military service and deployments. Three types of retreats held for veterans, service members and their families, as well as professional service provi...
Distant healing intention (DHI) is one of the most common complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) healing modalities, but clinical trials to date have provided ambivalent support for its efficacy. One possible reason is that DHI effects may involve variables that are sensitive to unknown, uncontrolled, or uncontrollable factors.
To examine 2 o...
Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that the rates of antisocial behavior, depression, and impulsive substance use are increased among individuals diagnosed with alcohol dependence relative to those who are not. Thus, the present study conducted genome-wide linkage scans of antisocial behavior, depression, and impulsive substance use in th...
Advanced meditators occasionally report experiences of timelessness, or states of awareness that seem to transcend the usual boundaries of the subjective present. This type of experience was investigated in eight experienced meditators and eight matched controls by measuring 32 channels of EEG before, during, and after exposure to unpredictable lig...
Nicotine dependence has been shown to represent a heritable condition, and several research groups have performed linkage analysis to identify genomic regions influencing this disorder though only a limited number of the findings have been replicated.
In the present study, a genome-wide linkage scan for nicotine dependence was conducted in a commun...
Ample data suggest that alcohol dependence represents a heritable condition, and several research groups have performed linkage analysis to identify genomic regions influencing this disorder. In the present study, a genome-wide linkage scan for alcohol dependence was conducted in a community sample of 565 probands and 1080 first-degree relatives re...
Both psychological and neurobiological findings lend support to the long-standing clinical observation that negative affect is involved in the development and maintenance of alcohol dependence, and difficulty coping with negative affect is a common precipitant of relapse after treatment. Although many current approaches to relapse prevention emphas...
We examined gender differences in age of onset, clinical course, and heritability of alcohol dependence in 2,524 adults participating in the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) family study of alcoholism. Men were significantly more likely than women to have initiated regular drinking during adolescence. Onset of regular drinking was not...
Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, yet the role of genetics in individual symptoms associated with cannabis use disorders has not been evaluated. The purpose of the present set of analyses was to describe the symptomatology and estimate the heritability of DSM-IV criteria/symptoms of cannabis dependence in a large s...
The current study evaluated the heritability of personality traits and psychopathology symptoms assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2nd Edition (MMPI-2) in a family-based sample selected for alcohol dependence. Participants included 950 probands and 1,204 first-degree relatives recruited for the University of California at S...
In this paper, we examine how increasing understanding and explicit awareness of social consciousness can develop through transformations in worldview. Based on a model that emerged from a series of qualitative and quantitative studies on worldview transformation, we identify five developmental levels of social consciousness: embedded, self-reflexi...
Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. There is ample evidence that cannabis use has a heritable component, yet the genes underlying cannabis use disorders are yet to be completely identified. This study's aims were to map susceptibility loci for cannabis use and dependence and two narrower cannabis-related phenotypes o...
Stress and negative mood during pregnancy increase risk for poor childbirth outcomes and postnatal mood problems and may interfere with mother-infant attachment and child development. However, relatively little research has focused on the efficacy of psychosocial interventions to reduce stress and negative mood during pregnancy. In this study, we d...
This article describes recent theoretical developments and empirical findings regarding the role of negative affect (NA) and emotion regulation in nicotine dependence and smoking cessation. It begins with a review of affect-based models of addiction that address conditioning, affect motivational, and neurobiological mechanisms and then describes th...
It is clear that human consciousness can be transformed through spiritual experiences and practices. Little is known, however, about what the predictors, mediators, and outcomes are of such transformations in consciousness. In-depth structured interviews were conducted with forty-seven teachers and scholars from religious and spiritual traditions a...
The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Family Alcoholism Study is a project designed to identify genetic loci that influence susceptibility to alcohol dependence and related phenotypes. Evidence supports a substantial genetic contribution to alcoholism susceptibility. However, the genetic epidemiology of alcoholism is complex, and its c...
Recruiting a large number of participants meeting strict inclusion criteria can be challenging, particularly when selecting for a condition associated with a social stigma such as alcoholism, when participation involves collection of medical specimens and sensitive information, and when the participation of family members or other collaterals is re...
Questions
Questions (2)
I'm trying to recode states into regions and SPSS keeps telling me it cannot recognize the string variable - I've tried single and double quotation marks, etc. Here are my unsuccessful attempts:
Unsuccessful Syntax
Recode State
(“California”=1)(“Oregon”=1)(“Washington”=1)(“Arizona”=1)(“Colorado”=1)(“Idaho”=1)(“New Mexico”=1)(“Nevada”=1)(“Texas”=1)(“Utah”=1)(“Alaska”=1) (“Hawaii”=1) (“Idaho”=1) (“Montana”=1)(“Wyoming”=1)
(“Illinois”=2)(“Kansas”=2)(“Indiana”=2)(“Iowa”=2)(“Missouri”=2)(“Minnesota”=2)(“Nebraska”=2)(“North Dakota”=2)(“Ohio”=2)(“South Dakota”=2)(“Wisconsin”=2)(“Alabama”=3)(“Arkansas”=3)
(“Delaware”=3)(“Florida”=3)(“Georgia”=3)(“Kentucky”=3)(“Louisiana”=3)(“Maryland”=3)(“Mississippi”=3)
(“Oklahoma”=3)(“North Carolina”=3)(“South Carolina”=3)(“Tennessee”=3)(“Texas”=3)(“Virginia”=3)(“West Virginia”=3)(“Connecticut”=4)(“Maine”=4)(“New Hampshire”=4)(“Massachusetts”=4)
(“New Jersey”=4)(“New York”=4)(“Pennsylvania”=4)(“Rhode Island”=4)(“Vermont”=4)
into Region.
Recode State
(‘California’=1)(‘ Oregon’=1)(‘Washington’=1)
(‘Arizona’=1)(‘Colorado’=1)(‘Idaho’=1)(‘New Mexico’=1)(‘Nevada’=1)(‘Texas’=1)(‘Utah’=1)
(‘Alaska’=1) (‘Hawaii’=1) (‘Idaho’=1) (‘Montana’=1)(‘Wyoming’=1)(‘Illinois’=2)(‘Kansas’=2)(‘Indiana’=2)(‘Iowa’=2)(‘Missouri’=2)(‘Minnesota’=2)(‘Nebraska’=2)(‘North Dakota’=2)(‘Ohio’=2)
(‘South Dakota’=2)(‘Wisconsin’=2)(‘Alabama’=3)(‘Arkansas’=3)
(‘Delaware’=3)(‘Florida’=3)(‘Georgia’=3)(‘Kentucky’=3)(‘Louisiana’=3)(‘Maryland’=3)(‘Mississippi’=3)
(‘Oklahoma’=3)(‘North Carolina’=3)(‘South Carolina’=3)(‘Tennessee’=3)(‘Texas’=3)(‘Virginia’=3)(‘West Virginia’=3)(‘Connecticut’=4)(‘Maine’=4)(‘New Hampshire’=4)(‘Massachusetts’=4)
(‘New Jersey’=4)(‘New York’=4)(‘Pennsylvania’=4)(‘Rhode Island’=4)(‘Vermont’=4)
into Region.
Recode STATE
(‘California’=‘1’)
(‘Oregon’=‘1’)
(‘Washington’=‘1’)
(‘Arizona’=‘1’)
(‘Colorado’=‘1’)
(‘Idaho’=‘1’)
(‘New Mexico’=‘1’)
(‘Nevada’=‘1’)
(‘Texas’=‘1’)
(‘Utah’=‘1’)
(‘Alaska’=‘1’)
(‘Hawaii’=‘1’)
(‘Idaho’=‘1’)
(‘Montana’=‘1’)
(‘Wyoming’=‘1’)
(‘Illinois’=‘2’)
(‘Kansas’=‘2’)
(‘Indiana’=‘2’)
(‘Iowa’=‘2’)
(‘Missouri’=‘2’)
(‘Minnesota’=‘2’)
(‘Nebraska’=‘2’)
(‘North Dakota’=‘2’)
(‘Ohio’=‘2’)
(‘South Dakota’=‘2’)
(‘Wisconsin’=‘2’)
(‘Alabama’=‘3’)
(‘Arkansas’=‘3’)
(‘Delaware’=‘3’)
(‘Florida’=‘3’)
(‘Georgia’=‘3’)
(‘Kentucky’=‘3’)
(‘Louisiana’=‘3’)
(‘Maryland’=‘3’)
(‘Mississippi’=‘3’)
(‘Oklahoma’=‘3’)
(‘North Carolina’=‘3’)
(‘South Carolina’=‘3’)
(‘Tennessee’=‘3’)
(‘Texas’=‘3’)
(‘Virginia’=‘3’)
(‘West Virginia’=‘3’)
(‘Connecticut’=‘4’)
(‘Maine’=‘4’)
(‘New Hampshire’=‘4’)
(‘Massachusetts’=‘4’)
(‘New Jersey’=‘4’)
(‘New York’=‘4’)
(‘Pennsylvania’=‘4’)
(‘Rhode Island’=‘4’)
(‘Vermont’=‘4’)
INTO Region.
Hi all,
I am trying to change US states into 4 different regions, and can't seem to get my code to work. I've tried the following - what am I missing??
Thanks!!
Cassi
Recode State (“California”=1)(“ Oregon”=1)(“Washington”=1) (“Arizona”=1)(“Colorado”=1)(“Idaho”=1)(“New Mexico”=1)(“Nevada”=1)(“Texas”=1)(“Utah”=1) (“Alaska”=1) (“Hawaii”=1) (“Idaho”=1) (“Montana”=1)(“Wyoming”=1)(“Illinois”=2)(“Kansas”=2)(“Indiana”=2)(“Iowa”=2)(“Missouri”=2)(“Minnesota”=2)(“Nebraska”=2)(“North Dakota”=2)(“Ohio”=2) (“South Dakota”=2)(“Wisconsin”=2)(“Alabama”=3)(“Arkansas”=3) (“Delaware”=3)(“Florida”=3)(“Georgia”=3)(“Kentucky”=3)(“Louisiana”=3)(“Maryland”=3)(“Mississippi”=3) (“Oklahoma”=3)(“North Carolina”=3)(“South Carolina”=3)(“Tennessee”=3)(“Texas”=3)(“Virginia”=3)(“West Virginia”=3)(“Connecticut”=4)(“Maine”=4)(“New Hampshire”=4)(“Massachusetts”=4) (“New Jersey”=4)(“New York”=4)(“Pennsylvania”=4)(“Rhode Island”=4)(“Vermont”=4) into Region.
Error # 4652 in column 2. Text: “California” Unrecognized text appears on the RECODE command within the value specifications. Execution of this command stops.
Recode State (‘California’=1)(‘ Oregon’=1)(‘Washington’=1) (‘Arizona’=1)(‘Colorado’=1)(‘Idaho’=1)(‘New Mexico’=1)(‘Nevada’=1)(‘Texas’=1)(‘Utah’=1) (‘Alaska’=1) (‘Hawaii’=1) (‘Idaho’=1) (‘Montana’=1)(‘Wyoming’=1)(‘Illinois’=2)(‘Kansas’=2)(‘Indiana’=2)(‘Iowa’=2)(‘Missouri’=2)(‘Minnesota’=2)(‘Nebraska’=2)(‘North Dakota’=2)(‘Ohio’=2) (‘South Dakota’=2)(‘Wisconsin’=2)(‘Alabama’=3)(‘Arkansas’=3) (‘Delaware’=3)(‘Florida’=3)(‘Georgia’=3)(‘Kentucky’=3)(‘Louisiana’=3)(‘Maryland’=3)(‘Mississippi’=3) (‘Oklahoma’=3)(‘North Carolina’=3)(‘South Carolina’=3)(‘Tennessee’=3)(‘Texas’=3)(‘Virginia’=3)(‘West Virginia’=3)(‘Connecticut’=4)(‘Maine’=4)(‘New Hampshire’=4)(‘Massachusetts’=4) (‘New Jersey’=4)(‘New York’=4)(‘Pennsylvania’=4)(‘Rhode Island’=4)(‘Vermont’=4) into Region.
Error # 4652 in column 2. Text: ‘California’ Unrecognized text appears on the RECODE command within the value specifications. Execution of this command stops.
Recode STATE (‘California’=1) (‘Oregon’=1) (‘Washington’=1) (‘Arizona’=1) (‘Colorado’=1) (‘Idaho’=1) (‘New Mexico’=1) (‘Nevada’=1) (‘Texas’=1) (‘Utah’=1) (‘Alaska’=1) (‘Hawaii’=1) (‘Idaho’=1) (‘Montana’=1) (‘Wyoming’=1) (‘Illinois’=2) (‘Kansas’=2) (‘Indiana’=2) (‘Iowa’=2) (‘Missouri’=2) (‘Minnesota’=2) (‘Nebraska’=2) (‘North Dakota’=2) (‘Ohio’=2) (‘South Dakota’=2) (‘Wisconsin’=2) (‘Alabama’=3) (‘Arkansas’=3) (‘Delaware’=3) (‘Florida’=3) (‘Georgia’=3) (‘Kentucky’=3) (‘Louisiana’=3) (‘Maryland’=3) (‘Mississippi’=3) (‘Oklahoma’=3) (‘North Carolina’=3) (‘South Carolina’=3) (‘Tennessee’=3) (‘Texas’=3) (‘Virginia’=3) (‘West Virginia’=3) (‘Connecticut’=4) (‘Maine’=4) (‘New Hampshire’=4) (‘Massachusetts’=4) (‘New Jersey’=4) (‘New York’=4) (‘Pennsylvania’=4) (‘Rhode Island’=4) (‘Vermont’=4) (ELSE = 0) INTO Region.
Error # 4652 in column 2. Text: ‘California’ Unrecognized text appears on the RECODE command within the value specifications. Execution of this command stops.
Recode STATE (‘California’=‘1’) (‘Oregon’=‘1’) (‘Washington’=‘1’) (‘Arizona’=‘1’) (‘Colorado’=‘1’) (‘Idaho’=‘1’) (‘New Mexico’=‘1’) (‘Nevada’=‘1’) (‘Texas’=‘1’) (‘Utah’=‘1’) (‘Alaska’=‘1’) (‘Hawaii’=‘1’) (‘Idaho’=‘1’) (‘Montana’=‘1’) (‘Wyoming’=‘1’) (‘Illinois’=‘2’) (‘Kansas’=‘2’) (‘Indiana’=‘2’) (‘Iowa’=‘2’) (‘Missouri’=‘2’) (‘Minnesota’=‘2’) (‘Nebraska’=‘2’) (‘North Dakota’=‘2’) (‘Ohio’=‘2’) (‘South Dakota’=‘2’) (‘Wisconsin’=‘2’) (‘Alabama’=‘3’) (‘Arkansas’=‘3’) (‘Delaware’=‘3’) (‘Florida’=‘3’) (‘Georgia’=‘3’) (‘Kentucky’=‘3’) (‘Louisiana’=‘3’) (‘Maryland’=‘3’) (‘Mississippi’=‘3’) (‘Oklahoma’=‘3’) (‘North Carolina’=‘3’) (‘South Carolina’=‘3’) (‘Tennessee’=‘3’) (‘Texas’=‘3’) (‘Virginia’=‘3’) (‘West Virginia’=‘3’) (‘Connecticut’=‘4’) (‘Maine’=‘4’) (‘New Hampshire’=‘4’) (‘Massachusetts’=‘4’) (‘New Jersey’=‘4’) (‘New York’=‘4’) (‘Pennsylvania’=‘4’) (‘Rhode Island’=‘4’) (‘Vermont’=‘4’) INTO Region.
Error # 4652 in column 2. Text: ‘California’ Unrecognized text appears on the RECODE command within the value specifications. Execution of this command stops.
