Casper Lindegaard

Lindegaard Veterinary Consulting

Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is a significant health issue in humans as well as horses. Experimental models of equine carpal OA have been used to investigate OA pathogenesis and potential therapeutic candidates. A 5-scale scoring system (OARSI) for macroscopic pathological cartilage changes already exists, but there is a need for a scoring system...

Introduction: Equine osteoarthritis (OA) is a heterogeneous, degenerative disease of the musculoskeletal system with multifactorial causation, characterized by a joint metabolic imbalance. Extracellular vesicles are nanoparticles involved in intracellular communication. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a form of regenerative medicine that uti...

Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained much attention for their potential to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Integrin α10β1-selected equine MSCs (integrin α10-MSCs) have previously been shown to decrease cartilage degradation and bone sclerosis in an experimental equine post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) model, and recently we demonstrated...

Equine osteoarthritis is a heterogeneous, degenerative disease of the musculoskeletal system with multifactorial causation, characterised by a joint metabolic imbalance. Extracellular vesicles are nanoparticles involved in intracellular communication. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a form of regenerative medicine that utilises their propert...

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising results in stimulating cartilage repair and in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the fate of the MSCs after intra-articular injection and their role in cartilage regeneration is not clear. To address these questions, this study investigated 1) homing of labeled human adipos...

Articular cartilage thinning is an important hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA), and ultrasonography (US) is a clinically accessible tool potentially suitable for repeated evaluation. The aim of the present prospective methods comparison study was to validate US as a tool for measuring cartilage thickness in the carpus of the horse. Eight Standardbred...

The importance of adequate pain management in horses has gained increased clinical attention over the last decade or so, and many drugs and administration techniques have been investigated for the purpose of improving equine pain management. Caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia (CEAA) has the potential to be one of the most efficient technique...

Background: Outcome after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL-DDFT) to treat flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint has been reported to be excellent. However, no studies have compared long-term athletic performance of sport horses exposed to desmotomy of the AL-DDFT to that of matched controls...

This is the second of a two‐part review of caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in horses (CEAA). In Part 1, we provided a detailed review of the efficacy and safety of epidurally administered drugs showing that the epidural administration of many different drugs can provide effective regional anaesthesia or analgesia with only minimal side ef...

The recovery phase is a critical period during equine anaesthesia. In an attempt to reduce the risk of recovery, several recovery systems, including head and tail ropes, have been developed over time. However, the clinical safety and efficacy of these systems have not been compared to a nonassisted group in a larger study. The objective of this com...

Haematogenous septic arthritis, physitis and osteomyelitis are manifestations of a potentially debilitating or even life‐threatening disease entity encountered in all types of foals from neonates to approximately 7 months of age. Correct and complete diagnosis and successful treatment requires collaboration across specialties; medicine, anaesthesia...

Nonspecific performance and rideability issues are more likely a manifestation of pain in the ridden horse rather than a true behavioural problem. A systematic and thorough investigation focusing on the potential presence of pain‐related conditions is thus crucial in horses with such complaints. It can, however, be challenging to determine whether...

Haematogenous septic arthritis, physitis and osteomyelitis (SAPO) is a potentially debilitating or even life‐threatening disease entity encountered in foals of all ages between birth and approximately 7 months old. Correct, and complete, diagnosis and successful treatment require collaboration between specialties including medicine, anaesthesia, di...

Caudal epidural analgesia is a well‐established therapeutic modality for pain alleviation in horses. Additionally, epidural analgesia could potentially be a complementary diagnostic tool for confirmation of pain‐related conditions in horses presenting with nonspecific signs of poor performance or rideability issues. To use the epidural as a diagnos...

Joint pain and osteoarthritis (OA) are some of the most common causes of lameness in horses, and most of the available treatments focus on symptomatic relief without a disease-modifying effect. TRPV1 is a potential target for treating joint diseases, including OA, and the present study aims to investigate if the TRPV1 receptor is present in equine...

Objective To develop arthroscopic approaches to the atlanto‐occipital (A‐O) and describe associated arthroscopic anatomy. Study design Experimental ex vivo study and clinical case report. Animals Ten equine cadaver joints and 1 clinical case. Methods CT arthrograms of 8 A‐O joints were performed to determine the placement of an arthroscopic port...

Although horses with abdominal pain have classical signs of discomfort, such as pawing, sweating, and rolling, horses also exhibit subtle behavioral signs, which have more recently been studied in depth. The most recent advance in recognition of subtle behavioral changes associated with pain in horses is the investigation into the facial expression...

Synovial sepsis represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in foals; however, there are no studies focusing on foals particularly at risk during the first 2 months of life. Our objective was to analyse outcome in foals aged <2 months with haematogenous septic arthritis and to identify prognostic factors and compare the effects of two diffe...

The objective was to report healing characteristics and complications after primary closure of equine laryngotomies and analyse factors potentially associated with complications. This retrospective case series of the medical records of horses (n = 180) undergoing laryngoplasty and laryngotomy incision between January 1995 and June 2012 were reviewe...

Pain management is dependent on the quality of the pain evaluation. Ideally, pain evaluation is objective, pain-specific and easily incorporated into a busy equine clinic. This paper reviews the existing knowledge base regarding the identification and quantification of pain in horses. Behavioural indicators of pain in horses in the context of norma...

Cervical spine lesions are often suspected in horses with neurological signs, abnormal head/neck position and obscure forelimb lameness. Computed tomography (CT) has the potential to image the cervical spine in 3 dimensions in superior anatomical detail; e.g. lesions that cause compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots, small fragments, and os...

CONCLUSION Facial expressions of pain can be appreciated in horses with clinical pain and may therefore prove useful for future pain scoring regimes. Furthermore learning to recognize facial expressions of pain is feasible and the agreement between raters after a 20 minutes training session was moderate. The results also indicate that a pain face s...

RESULTS Characteristic alterations in facial expressions were observed in all horses. Facial expressions representative for baseline and pain expressions were condensed into explanatory illustrations (see above). CONCLUSION An equine pain face can be recognized in horses during induced moderate pain and may prove useful for identifying pain in hors...

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of an equine pain face and to describe this in detail.Study designSemi-randomized, controlled, crossover trial.AnimalsSix adult horses.Methods Pain was induced with two noxious stimuli, a tourniquet on the antebrachium and topical application of capsaicin. All horses participate...

Reasons for performing study Incisional infections are common in horses after colic surgery. Objective To determine the effect of a stent bandage on the likelihood of incisional infection after ventral midline exploratory coeliotomy. It was hypothesised that the use of a stent bandage would reduce the likelihood of incisional infection. Methods Med...

Identifying and monitoring pain is the foundation of optimal pain management. In addition to previously identified behavioural indicators of pain, facial expressions might be a valid parameter, adding further strength to composite pain scales in horses. The aims of this qualitative study were, to identify visible changes in facial expressions of ho...

Previous studies indicate similar overall survival of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon (NSE), regardless of treatment strategy. Short-term survival of a primarily conservative treatment strategy without rolling under general anaesthesia (GA) and a low proportion of surgical intervention as well as indicators of short-term non...

In the area of parenteral depots, a strong need exists for the development of suitable in vitro drug release models that might enable establishment of in vitro-in vivo relations (IVIVRs). The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of establishing an IVIVR between morphine disappearance from the joint cavity and in vitro release...

Detection and quantification of lameness in horses consists primarily of a subjective assessment, whereby both intra- and inter-observer disagreements exist, especially with low grade lameness. Therefore, clinically applicable methods are needed for reliable, objective assessments. The aim of this study was to describe three symmetry indices derive...

Development of suitable in vitro release models for formulation development as well as quality control purposes has to be initiated in the early design phase of injectable depots. Optimally, construction of an in vitro release model may lead to the establishment of in vitro in vivo correlations. By using a model compound (sodium diatrizoate, DTZ),...

To compare the analgesic effect of intra-articular (IA) and intravenous (IV) morphine in horses with experimentally induced synovitis. Eight adult horses. Randomized, observer blinded, double dummy trial with sequential crossover design. Radiocarpal synovitis was induced by IA injection of lipopolysaccharide on two occasions separated by a 3-week w...

To describe the pharmacokinetics of intra-articularly (IA) administered morphine. Experimental randomized, cross-over study. Eight adult healthy mixed breed horses aged 6.5 +/- 2.3 (mean +/- SD) years and weighing 535 +/- 86 kg. Unilateral radiocarpal synovitis was induced by IA injection of 3 microg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on two occasions (right...

This retrospective study describes ultrasound guided desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in 35 cases, and a modification of this procedure using an adapted surgical instrument. The procedure was successful in 97% of cases. Wound healing was excellent in all except 4 cases. Corrective shoeing prior to surgery contri...

To compare the effects of intra-articular (IA) versus IV administration of morphine on local and systemic inflammatory responses in horses with experimentally induced acute synovitis. 8 horses. Each horse received the following 2 treatments 4 hours after synovitis was induced: IA administration of morphine (0.05 mg/kg) with IV administration of 1 m...

To compare effects of hot iron branding and microchip transponder injection regarding aversive behavioral reactions indicative of pain and inflammation in horses. 7 adult horses. In a randomized controlled clinical crossover study, behavioral reactions to hot iron branding and microchip transponder injection were scored by 4 observers. Local and sy...

Objective—To compare effects of hot iron branding and microchip transponder injection regarding aversive behavioral reactions indicative of pain and inflammation in horses. Animals—7 adult horses. Procedures—In a randomized controlled clinical crossover study, behavioral reactions to hot iron branding and microchip transponder injection were scored...

The joint cavity constitutes a discrete anatomical compartment that allows for local drug action after intra-articular injection. Drug delivery systems providing local prolonged drug action are warranted in the management of postoperative pain and not least arthritic disorders such as osteoarthritis. The present review surveys various themes relate...

Endoscopy of the upper airways of horses is used as a diagnostic tool and at purchase examinations. On some occasions it is necessary to use sedation during the procedure and it is often speculated that the result of the examination might be influenced due to the muscle-relaxing properties of the most commonly used sedatives. To evaluate the effect...

The aim of the study was to determine the intraarticular serum amyloid A (SAA) response pattern in horses with inflammatory arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis was induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the radiocarpal joint of four horses. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected before and at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and...