Carsten Schulte

Paderborn University | UPB · Department of Computer Science

KI-Systeme1 spielen in vielen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen eine große Rolle, wie beispielsweise im Verkehrswesen, in Produktion und Vertrieb, in der Bildung und ebenso im Gesundheitswesen und militärischen Bereichen. So wird schnell deutlich, dass die Entwicklung und der Einsatz von KI-Systemen auch gesellschaftliche und ethische Fragen umfassen mu...

Purpose In today’s digital world, data-driven digital artefacts pose challenges for education, as many students lack an understanding of data and feel powerless when interacting with them. This paper aims to address these challenges and introduces the data awareness framework. It focuses on understanding data-driven technologies and reflecting on t...

In K-12 computing education, there is a need to identify and teach concepts that are relevant to understanding machine learning technologies. Studies of teaching approaches often evaluate whether students have learned the concepts. However, scant research has examined whether such concepts support understanding digital artefacts from everyday life...

The disciplinary identity as a computer science student has recently received increasing attention as a well-developed subject identity can help with increasing retention, interest and motivation. Besides, identity theory can serve as an analytical lens for issues around diversity. However, identity is also often perceived as a vague, overused conc...

"Die Bedeutung datengetriebener Technologien aus dem Kontext der künstlichen Intelligenz oder speziell des maschinellen Lernens ist in den letzten Jahren rasant gestiegen. Das Unterrichten von Aspekten künstlicher Intelligenz und maschinellen Lernens ist allerdings nicht mit klassischen Paradigmen sinnvoll möglich. Wir zeigen relevante Unterschiede...

Die Diskussion über Zentren für Digitale Bildung als Einrichtungen der Länder im Rahmen der bundesweiten Digitalisierungsstrategie gibt Anlass dazu, die Aufgaben solcher Zentren zu präzisieren. Eine Arbeitsgruppe aus den Fachdidaktiken der Grundschule, der Medienpädagogik und der Informatikdidaktik hat in mehreren Arbeitstagungen den wichtigen Aspe...

Im Alltag spielen datengetriebene digitale Artefakte eine immer größere Rolle, sie bestimmen und leiten uns in vielen Alltagssituationen. Bei der Interaktion mit diesen werden massenhaft Daten erhoben, generiert und etwa durch die Verwendung von Technologien des maschinellen Lernens für verschiedene Zwecke automatisiert verarbeitet. Lernende haben...

The identity or self-concept of computer scientists has received increasing attention in the computing education research (CER) literature in recent years. Identity is often considered relevant both for initially choosing a path of study and subsequent retention. It is therefore also considered highly relevant for the questions of how to reduce dro...

Within the framework of a design-based research project, computer science educators and statistics educators at Paderborn University designed a pilot course on the subject of data science and big data. It addresses upper secondary students and was realized by weekly sessions (three hours) over seven months. The whole course that is intended to intr...

Data Science has become an emerging field at the intersection of statistics, computer science and application fields and this discipline requires “new skills” to be enabled to explore for example large and messy datasets, so-called Big Data. Because of this emerging relevance we started an interdisciplinary project between statistics and computer s...

The recent surge of interest in explainability in artificial intelligence (XAI) is propelled by not only technological advancements in machine learning, but also by regulatory initiatives to foster transparency in algorithmic decision making. In this article, we revise the current concept of explainability and identify three limitations: passive ex...

In diesem Beitrag diskutieren wir die Rolle digitaler Medien in Bezug auf ihre Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen für den selbstbestimmten Umgang mit den Potenzialen digitaler Lernumgebungen. Zentral ist die Sichtweise, dass digitale Medien als Werkzeuge gesehen werden, um situations- und kontextabhängige Lernumgebungen zu schaffen, in denen sich...

In the setting of design-based research, the second version of an experimental course on data science is implemented accompanied by research. The three modules of the course focus on "data and data detectives", "machine learning" and a combination of both in working on a final project. In this paper, we will focus on the topic "decision trees" whic...

Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) und Maschinelles Lernen (ML) finden nicht nur Eingang in den Alltag, sondern vermehrt auch in die schulische Bildung. Es gab bisher kaum Ansätze, die ein grundlegendes Verständnis von KI vermitteln und auch gesellschaftliche Folgen betrachten. Diese Lücke schließt das Material zu verschiedenen technischen, ethischen und...

We present a theoretically derived and empirically tested competence model related to the concepts of "object state" and "references" that both form an important part of object-oriented programming. Our model characterizes different levels of programming capability with a focus on possible learning stages of beginning learners. It is based on the n...

Issues on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are topics which are commonly discussed in public, science and politics. However, these important topics are hardly relevant in school up to now -- moreover, also teachers for computer science often have only little reliable knowledge about AI and its social impact on our future. For...

This working group asserts that Program Comprehension (PC) plays a critical part in the writing process. For example, this abstract is written from a basic draft that we have edited and revised until it clearly presents our idea. Similarly, a program is written in an incremental manner, with each step being tested, debugged and extended until the p...

Data science as the art of generating information and knowledge from data is increasingly becoming an important part of most operational processes. But up to now, data science is hardly an issue in German computer science education at secondary schools. For this reason, we are developing a data science curriculum for German secondary schools, which...

This theory and philosophy paper deals with the question how computing education can be framed. Against the background of the explosion in the field of computer science, the question arises as to what should be taught - and this answer is ultimately related to the normative questions as to why should be taught. The framework presented in the paper...

Eye-movement modeling examples (EMME) have previously been shown to impact attention of learners in various domains. Potentials of such training methods, however, have remained unexplored in computer programming education. In the current study, participants attended to a classroom experiment in which their comprehension strategies were cued by an e...

How does learning about informatics in primary education unfold in the eyes of teachers and their students? We report on the evaluation results from a distributed project in Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia) and some implications of these findings for future improvements. Three modules for informatics in primary education and a corresponding concept...

Repair cafés are quite common. They are usually focusing on repairing technical gadgets, e.g. bicycles, electronic devices and so on. In this article we describe a transfer of the idea to computing education. In doing so, we developed two innovations to the original concept: a) reflection as integrated part, and b) software repairing as focus (inst...

The relevance of digital artifacts we encounter in our daily lives is increasing. As a result, children also encounter these systems early, so that the demand for computer science education for all children is growing. One open research question is how educational approaches can or should cope with these early experiences and resulting conceptions...

We present some initial guidelines and ideas for an interdisciplinary data science curriculum in German secondary schools, based on a brief discussion of educational philosophy, as well as thematically relevant approaches and traditions in teaching and learning mathematics and computer science. INTRODUCTION Data science and its associated buzzwords...

Data science is increasingly relevant in more and more areas of everyday life - but the general education at school so far has hardly responded to these specific changes in digitalization. Completely new challenges for the teaching of mathematics and computer science have emerged, as well as for the subjects of the social and cultural sciences fiel...

Several authors have argued for the role of reading code in programming education. The literature suggests e.g. cognitive overload as a significant problem and discusses the need to divide learning programming in sub-tasks, and to explicitly acknowledge and train different aspects of reading skills, e.g. reading for general understanding, tracing,...

Dieser Artikel stellt die Grundlagen und wesentlichen Ergebnisse einer Expertise für die Stiftung Haus der kleinen Forscher e. V. zum Thema informatische Bildung in Kita und Grund- schule vor. Hierzu wurde zunächst eine bildungstheoretisch orientierte Analyse hinsichtlich des Kerns der Fachwissenschaft Informatik durchgeführt. Basierend hierauf wie...

Kinder wachsen heute in einer Welt auf, in der sie immer früher und häufiger digitalen Artefakten begegnen. Daher wird auch die Forderung nach informatischer Bildung für Kinder in der Primarstufe immer größer. Informatische Bildung sollte Kindern ermöglichen, Informatiksysteme, deren Funktionsweise sowie unterschiedliche Rollen im Alltag wahrnehmen...

Der Entwicklungsverbund „Schülerlabore als Lehr-Lern-Labore“ ist ein Projekt zur inhaltlichen und strukturellen Weiterentwicklung der MINT-Lehrerbildung an den im Verbund beteiligten Hochschulen. Die gemeinsame Zielsetzung des Verbundes ist es, die Ausbildung von MINT-Lehrerinnen und -Lehrern als Profilbereich an den Standorten weiter zu verbessern...

The methodology of eye tracking has been gradually making its way into various fields of science, assisted by the diminishing cost of the associated technology. In an international collaboration to open up the prospect of eye movement research for programming educators, we present a case study on program comprehension and preliminary analyses toget...

While knowledge about reading behavior in natural-language text is abundant, little is known about the visual attention distribution when reading source code of computer programs. Yet, this knowledge is important for teaching programming skills as well as designing IDEs and programming languages. We conducted a study in which 15 programmers with va...

This paper focuses on the Content Representation (CoRe) format as an instrument to elicit teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) in the area of computing education. We discuss several methodological variations in the use of the instrument, originating from previous studies by the authors in which CoRe was applied. As a new example, we report...

Programming is an intertwined process of reading and writing. So far, computing education research has often focused on the writing part. This paper takes a further look into the role of reading source code in learning to program. In order to complement the findings from literature, we conducted interviews with programming instructors using the mir...

In this paper, we aim to discuss the role of programming as substantial part of the What and the How of teaching computing at school. In contrast to other approaches, we aim to do so from an outside perspective, which is based on a discussion of general goals of education at school. In doing so, we present a model of six different possible educatio...

PCK (Pedagogical Content Knowledge) is that special mixture of deep content knowledge and deep pedagogical knowledge which results in specialized knowledge around a subject that grows with the years of teaching experience. We present our approach to foster development of PCK during university based teacher education; namely by including our teacher...

Teaching and learning object oriented programming has to take into account the specific object oriented characteristics of program execution, namely the interaction of objects during runtime. Prior to the research reported in this article, we have developed a competence model for object interaction and a test instrument for that model. This article...

In the last two years, CS as a school subject has gained a lot of attention worldwide, although different countries have differing approaches to and experiences of introducing CS in schools. This paper reports on a study comparing current trends in CS at school, with a major focus on two countries, Germany and UK. A survey was carried out of a numb...

In an international study, experts reflected on their national state of computer science education in school, and the associated situation and education of computer science teachers. While these situations are shaped by local circumstances, they are also shaped by changes in the discipline. The results of the study showed a number of recurrent them...

In an international study, experts reflected on their national state of computer science education in school, and the associated situation and education of computer science teachers. While these situations are shaped by local circumstances, they are also shaped by changes in the discipline. The results of the study showed a number of recurrent them...

There are lots of reports about activities that aim at fostering and maintaining interest in computing. These activities rely on different ideas that should help to involve novices and young learners. In this article examples are given and explained from a discipline-specific perspective based on the notion of a dual nature of digital artifacts, wh...

Computing Education relies on knowledge about good teaching as well as teacher education. While educational research and teacher education are often seen as two separate facets of the work of computing education groups, we suggest combining these two aspects into a coherent whole more intensively. To foster this integration we conceptualize a schoo...

Code reading, although an integral part of program comprehension, is rarely reflected. In this paper, we want to argue for a research approach and direction exploiting the potential that lies in the analysis of reading processes. Based on the vast experience compiled in psychology and some studies in computing, eye tracking and think aloud were ela...

Viele informatischeL erngegenstände sinda bstrakt,d.h.nicht direkt be-obachtbar,u nd werden daher im Unterricht formal bzw. symbolhaft dargestellt. Das gilt für Algorithmen,Funktionsprinzipien von Hardware usw. Daher sindVer-anschaulichungshilfenr elevant. Ausgehendv on Bruner lassens icha uf demW eg zur Symbolebeneenaktiveund ikonische Veranschaul...

Am 30. April 1994 wurde das World Wide Web zur allgemeinen Benutzung freigegeben – nachzulesen beispielsweise in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia1. Im Prinzip konnte nun jeder das Web durch eigene Seiten bereichern oder den bereits bestehenden Verwebungen Link für Link nachfolgen. Während das Websurfen sehr rasch populär wurde, ist das eigene Beitra...

The area of program comprehension comprises a vast body of literature, with numerous conflicting models having been proposed. Models are typically grounded in experimental studies mostly involving experienced programmers. The question of how to relate this material to the teaching and learning of programming for novices has proven challenging for m...

This paper is the second part of an empirical comparison of objects-first vs. objects-later. Here we focus on the role of the emotional climate, connected to the different approaches. The study was carefully designed to align the two approaches so that the comparison is focused on the main difference; that is the different sequence in which topics...

This article reports on an experiment undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of a program visualization tool for helping students to better understand the dynamics of object-oriented programs. The concrete tool used was BlueJ’s debugger and object inspector. The study was done as a control-group experiment in an introductory programming course....

Fulltext: https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/23434/browse?type=title&sort_by=4

Research shows that examples play an important role for cognitive skill acquisition. Students as well as teachers rank examples as important resources for learning to program. Therefore examples must be consistent with the principles and rules of the topics we are teaching. However, educators often struggle to find or develop objectoriented example...

Recently, the importance of computer science education in secondary schools has been coming more and more into focus. Students' interests and motivation to pursue a career in CS related fields are highly influenced by school. Also beliefs in the nature of CS are influenced, and necessary foundations in knowledge and skills are built. However, a maj...

In this paper, results of an empirical comparison of objects-first vs. objects-later are presented and discussed. The study was carefully designed to align the two approaches so that the comparison is focused on the main difference between the two approaches; that is the different sequence in which topics are taught: object oriented topics from the...

This phenomenographic study opens the classroom door to investigate teachers’ experiences of students learning difficult computing topics. Three distinct themes are identified and analysed. Why do students succeed or fail to learn these concepts? What actions do teachers perceive will ameliorate the difficulties facing students? Who is responsible,...

Recently, the importance of computer science education in secondary schools has been coming more and more into focus. Students' interests and motivation to pursue a career in CS related fields are highly influenced by school. Also beliefs in the nature of CS are influenced, and necessary foundations in knowledge and skills are built. However, a maj...

Biographisches Lernen betont insbesondere die Rolle individueller biographischer Erfahrungen und deren Auswirkungen auf Selbstbild, Weltbild und Verhaltensmuster. Schlagwortartig kann diese Perspektive als Unterschied zwischen ‚Informatik lernen‘ und ‚Informatiker/in werden‘ beschrieben werden. Im Artikel wird die Perspektive des Biographischen Ler...

Bislang gibt es kein informatikdidaktisches Verfahren für die didakti- sche Rekonstruktion von digitalen Artefakten wie z.B. Standardsoftware, um sie für die Unterrichtsplanung aufzubereiten. Im Artikel wird in Form der Dualitätsre- konstruktion ein solches (einfach zu handhabendes) Verfahren vorgeschlagen, dass insbesondere auf drei Aspekte zielt:...

In this paper, the Block Model, an educational model of program comprehension, is introduced. Its use for planning and analyzing lessons on algorithms is evaluated in a qualitative study with prospective computer science teachers. In addition, the background of the model, its use in computer science education research and for developing competence...

What kind of IT key qualifications do we have to teach in order to lessen the digital divide between educated and uneducated IT users, and to enable students who live in an IT-rich world to gain insights into the underlying science? In this paper we argue that key qualifications, IT skills, and IT or media literacy can not be reduced to the teachin...

What kind of IT key qualifications do we have to teach in order to lessen the digital divide between educated and uneducated IT users, and to enable students who live in an IT-rich world to gain insights into the underlying science? In this paper we argue that key qualifications, IT skills, and IT or media literacy can not be reduced to the teachin...

This paper presents a duality perspective for teaching everyday software products. The concept includes didactical lenses as a means to teach students conceptual models of such digital artifacts. The duality of structure and function is proposed as a didactic category to educationally reconstruct digital artifacts from different perspectives (lense...

In order to increase participation in Computer Science (CS), contextual approaches are often suggested for teaching. Although these approaches are quite promising, we do not know what exactly context means and how CS teaching should implement these approaches. In the broadest sense CS in context means that CS is linked to subject areas out-side CS,...

In this article we study how teachers of objects-first versions of CS1 courses all over the world understand the term 'objects-first'. By analysing the descriptions of the term objects-first from more than 200 teachers worldwide, we have found and described three categories: using objects, creating classes, and concepts. A second study of more than...

In which way do computing experiences shape attitudes towards computer science? Why do they foster some students' commit-ment to the subject while they deter others? By using a qualitative research approach we observed that computing experiences have impacts on several dimensions: They affect the self-image with regard to computing, the world-image...

Trotz zahlreicher Gegenmaßnahmen hat die Informatik nach wie vor mit hohen Abbruchquoten und einem steigenden Desinteresse zu kämpfen. Wir vermu- ten, dass Wahlmotive sich in einem biographischen Lern-Prozess entwickeln, ver- ändern und in Bezug auf informatische Weltbilder stabilisieren. Beim Analysieren individueller Computernutzungserfahrungen h...

This paper opens the classroom door to provide insight into factors that shape tertiary computer science teachers' experience of (and engagement with) student learning success and failure. This topic is explored through phenomenographic analysis of teacher narratives dealing with frustration and success in facilitating learning for their students....

In March 2004, SIGCSE members contributed to a mailing list discussion on the question of whether programming should be taught objects first or imperative first. We analyse that discussion, exploring how the CS community debates the issue a