Carsten-Andreas Schulz

University of Cambridge | Cam · Department of Politics and International Studies

The present study revisits the position accorded to Latin American states in the conventional account of the expansion of international society. Drawing on English School theory and legal history, it develops a critique of the 'standard of civilisation', contending that the boundaries of international society were much more malleable and diffuse th...

The Second Hague Conference of 1907 is widely regarded as a turning point in the evolution of international society. Constructivist and English School accounts, in particular, highlight the active role played by Latin American delegates in advocating the principles of sovereign equality and nonintervention. I argue that this common interpretation e...

There is a growing scholarly consensus that Latin American regionalism has entered a new phase. For some observers, the increasing complexity of regional cooperation initiatives renders collective action ineffective. For others, the creation of new schemes signals a “posthegemonic” moment that has opened a space for collaboration on social issues....

Hierarchy is a persistent feature of international politics. Existing accounts recognize that there are many ways in which actors can stand in relation to one another. Yet they struggle to make sense of this complexity. This study considers Max Weber’s contribution to understanding international hierarchy. It discusses three ideal types of stratifi...

European politics at the turn of the 19th century saw a dramatic reduction in the number and diversity of polities as the territorial nation-state emerged as the dominant form of political organization. The transformation had a profound impact on the periphery. The study examines how embracing the principle of territoriality transformed relations b...

This book explores the ways in which people in Latin America and the Caribbean joined with others in Europe and the United States to re-imagine the ancient term “democracy” so as to give it relevance and power in the modern world. In all these regions, that process largely followed the French revolution; in Latin America it more especially followed...

This book explores the ways in which people in Latin America and the Caribbean joined with others in Europe and the United States to re-imagine the ancient term “democracy” so as to give it relevance and power in the modern world. In all these regions, that process largely followed the French revolution; in Latin America it more especially followed...

In the context of the revitalized scholarly interest in small and middle powers, we employ a relational network approach to study the role of non-major powers as bridges and hubs. Contrary to prominent conceptions that centre on preconceived country groupings or states’ variable attributes, such as the size of their territory, economy, or armed for...

This study explores how the Academy Award for A Fantastic Woman facilitated the adoption of Chile's Gender Identity Law. Approved in 2018 after languishing for over five years in Congress, the law establishes individuals’ right to modify their national identification documents without the need to change their physical appearance or receive prior co...

International organizations come in many shapes and sizes. Within this institutional gamut, the multipurpose multilateral intergovernmental organization (MMIGO) plays a central role. This institutional form is often traced to the creation of the League of Nations, but in fact the first MMIGO emerged in the Western Hemisphere at the close of the nin...

Recent accounts in Historical International Relations (HIR) attempt to move past the Eurocentric narrative of the "rise of the West". Yet they struggle to come into terms with Latin America, the large and heterogeneous region that encompasses the former Iberian colonies in the Americas. Latin America is neither fully Western nor clearly outside the...

Las RRII se dedican al estudio de los vínculos e interconexiones entre comunidades políticas, especialmente entre los Estados soberanos. Sin embargo, su identidad disciplinaria se ha construido, en general, como referencia a un conjunto de tradiciones teóricas. La fijación continua por las grandes teorías —conjuntos de proposiciones abstractas y al...

This chapter provides a conceptual discussion of both autonomy, as a central concept in Latin American theories about international politics, and agency, which lies at the heart of Global International Relations (GIR). It argues that existing debates would benefit from greater conceptual clarity. Whereas autonomy denotes the degree to which actors...

Latin American states have long been active participants in multilateral treaty making. However, the rich history of Latin American legal activism contrasts with debates about the degree to which these states commit to international agreements. We probe the existence of this purported 'commitment gap' by analyzing the signing and ratification of mu...

Although Latin America plays a minimal role in debates on the ‘liberal international order’, scholars recognize the region’s influence on international law, norms, and institutions. We contend that these Latin American contributions to international order spring from a tradition of ‘republican internationalism’, rooted in the region’s domestic poli...

This study focuses on the gendered nature of ambassadorial appointments. Analyzing the diplomatic services of ten Latin American countries between 2000 and 2018, we examine the factors that explain the designation of women to ambassadorships. More especially, we are interested in whether the election of women to the presidency in Argentina, Brazil,...

Chile played a central role in the proliferation of preferential trade agreements that span the Pacific Basin today. The idea of Chile as a 'bridge country' that connects-or should connect-Latin America with the Asia-Pacific region has guided its commercial diplomacy since the early 1990s. We argue that this notion corresponds closely with what net...

What strategies will states pursue in managing their relations with more powerful neighbours? International Relations scholarship identifies a wide range of policy options open to "secondary states," including soft balancing, bandwagoning, and institutional binding. We provide a conceptual framework to distinguish between these similar and often co...