Carolyn Payus

• PhD
• Lecturer at Universiti of Malaysia Sabah

Background: The Babon River is one of the drainage channels in Semarang, Indonesia, that is used for drinking water, irrigated agriculture of paddy fields and gardens, fish farming media, and the disposal of industrial wastewater. This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution of metals in the sediment of the Babon River through the utilizati...

The eastern coastline of Gresik, located in East Java, Indonesia, experienced significant industrialization, leading to the development of numerous diverse sectors. These diverse industrial activities, in addition to other human activities, result in the contamination of sediment across the eastern coast of Gresik with a variety of metals. Metals l...

Previous studies demonstrated that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) could modulate regional climate, thus influencing air quality in tropical latitude regions like South-east Asia. However, such influence has never been analysed in Borneo Island as it is always strongly affected by the El Niño and haze events due to the complications of the...

This book seeks to provide guidance for Environmental Science undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in the Faculty of Science and Natural Resources (FSSA). The book covers undergraduate and postgraduate information, admission requirements, facilities, programme activities, academic staff profiles and career prospects.

Background Aquatic organisms demonstrate a high vulnerability to mortality when exposed to Pb, even at low concentrations. The objective of this investigation is to ascertain the histopathological alterations and cortisol concentrations in diverse tissues of Gambusia affinis, with a specific focus on the eggs and larvae, following exposure to varyi...

This study examined the characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in the gills and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) captured in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. All 120 fish contained MPs, with fragment > fiber > film being the most prevalent types, in that order. The total abundances of fragments, fibers, and films in the gill...

This is the first study to examine the presence and physicochemical properties of microplastics in mullets (Mugil cephalus) from four coastal areas in East Java, Indonesia. Three locations on the north coast are affected by two largest rivers, Bengawan Solo River and Brantas River, whereas one location in the south coast is slightly impacted by riv...

The North Coast of Central Java receives consignments of waste containing heavy metal contamination from several sources, resulting in a decrease in water quality on the coast. Heavy metal contamination in water sources, such as Pb, Cd, and Cr that will be used in shrimp farming. The impact of Pb, Cd, and Cr can have several adverse effects, such a...

The Jakarta Bay is the estuary for thirteen rivers that flow through densely populated and industrialized upstream regions. This condition has the potential to pollute the Jakarta Bay with microplastics that are transported from the upstream river. Meanwhile, people, particularly fishermen, continue to use Jakarta Bay for fishing and aquaculture. T...

Background: Cadmium (Cd) can contaminate aquatic environments as a result of anthropogenic activity. Cd accumulates quickly in the tissues of fish and has the potential to affect their physiology, including osmoregulation and acid-base balance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the sublethal effects of Cd on the osmoregulation an...

An adequate water supply is essential for the continued and sustainable growth of the Balinese economy. In addition to mounting water demand, Bali’s water supply has been constrained by high levels of water pollution. Despite being paid great attention, Bali’s earlier efforts to control water pollution yet to prove effective, mainly owing to their...

Air Pollution Index (API) is used in Malaysia to determine the daily air quality status, which is calculated based on the daily concentrations of particulate matter (PM10), ground-level ozone (O 3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). This study presents short-term air quality trends based on API from the 52...

Soil erosion is one of the major issues in the tropics. The erosion is highly affected by the changes in climate and land cover. Future changes in tropical climate, particularly precipitation are expected to influence the potential risks of soil erosion. In the face of rapid changes in rural land cover for agricultural purposes, the combined forcin...

Southeast Asia is one of the world’s regions most vulnerable to climate change impacts with low-lying land, more severe floods and droughts, larger populations, higher dependency on agriculture for the economic sector, and low resilience of communities. Therefore, a study on how future climate change will affect this region has been conducted, and...

This study presents the coastal vulnerability due to the forecasted climate change impact on the marine environment, including the sea level rise physical trait of risk impact. A combined methodology using Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), which corresponds to the greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, is used in this research; combined wi...

This experiment aimed to determine how Cd exposure impacts CD4 cell activation, macrophage cells, pinocytosis activity, metallothionine expression, and Cd levels in juvenile Gambusia affinis gills. Four treatment groups were used, with one control and treatments A, B, C, and D at dosages of 0.03 mg/L, 0.023 mg/L, 0.015 mg/L, and 0.008 mg/L, respect...

Tilapia exposed to two different Cd concentrations in freshwater had varying levels of Cd in their gills, with fish exposed to 2 mg/L of Cd having a higher Cd level than fish exposed to 1 mg/L of Cd. The higher Cd level exposure caused considerable metabolic acidosis (lower pH and higher pCO 2 ) and inhibited gill carbonic anhydrase. Fish exposed t...

Tilapia exposed to two different Cd concentrations in freshwater had varying levels of Cd in their gills, with fish exposed to 2 mg/L of Cd having a higher Cd level than fish exposed to 1 mg/L of Cd. The higher Cd level exposure caused considerable metabolic acidosis (lower pH and higher pCO 2 ) and inhibited gill carbonic anhydrase. Fish exposed t...

Blue swimming crab (BSC) Portunus pelagicus from the Bali Strait had the lowest Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd and Hg concentrations compared to those from the Java Sea and the Madura Strait. The order of metal concentrations in BSC was Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cd > Hg. The levels of six metals in BSC from all stations were less than the maximum allowable limits. H...

The main purpose of this research is to detect the air quality changes with a shorter period of timescale over space that can improve and optimize the risk characterization and conjunctive air quality assessment. Air quality assessment could be based on a very large number of various indicators, including the physical parameter, chemical and biolog...

The presence of Hg, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Zn in clam (Meretrix lyrata) from the East Java Coast (EJC), Indonesia, is reported in this study. Metal levels in clam whole tissues were Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd > Hg. Cr, Cd, and Pb levels in clam tissue surpassed the tolerated limit for eating and the provisional acceptable weekly intake (PTWI) at numerous...

The occurrence of Hg, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Zn in green mussels (Perna viridis Linnaeus, 1758) collected along the East Java Coast (EJC), Indonesia, is reported in this study. Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr>Cd>Hg was the sequence of metal concentrations in green mussel whole tissues. Green mussel tissues at several locations along the EJC accumulated Cd and Pb levels t...

This 2nd edition book seeks to provide guidance and instructions for undergraduate students of Environmental Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources (FSSA). Our aim in writing this guideline is to assist the Environmental Science students in understanding the structure and procedures related to scientific project so that they ca...

PM10 is one of air pollutants that are hazardous to human health and negative impacts on other aspects such as environment and economy. Future PM10 concentration forecasting is important for early prevention and urban development, which is crucial for developing cities. This research paper presents the development of forecast model for PM10 concent...

An adequate water supply is essential for the continued and sustainable growth of the Balinese economy. In addition to mounting water demand, Bali’s water supply has been compromised by high levels of water pollution. Despite being paid great attention, Bali’s earlier efforts to control water pollution yet to prove effective, mainly owing to their...

This paper aims to assess the influence of land use and land cover (LULC) indicators and population density on water quality parameters during dry and rainy seasons in a tourism area in Indonesia. This study applies least squares regression (OLS) and Pearson correlation analysis to see the relationship among factors, and all LULC and population den...

Hydrological routes exist through active burrowing of soil fauna, and in numbers improve soil drainage systems. Earthworms are of particular interest because their presence is known widely to increase infiltration and reduce erosion rates by creating macropores and stable casts. Ideally during non-extreme rainfall events on flatlands, earthworm mac...

Durian peel can be the main contributor to agricultural wastes and becomes an environmental problem when it is discarded into the landfill site or even burning it. The average of entire durian fruit weight is about 255,353 MT for all over the country. The loading rate of landfills is increasing, especially with the massive amount and size of the du...

The purposes of this research were to study the characteristics chemistry of pH, anions and cations in rainwater, and to identify the possible sources that contributing to the acid precipitation during southwest monsoon season with occurrence of extreme drought event. During the southwest monsoon season, it normally occurs along with haze phenomeno...

Bali has been open to tourism since the beginning of the 20th century and is known as the first tourist destination in Indonesia. The Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, and Tabanan (Sarbagita) areas experience the most rapid growth of tourism activity in Bali. This rapid tourism growth has caused land use and land cover (LULC) to change drastically. This s...

This paper aims to determine the relationship between carbon monoxide levels with vehicles, including types and motions of vehicles in a school traffic environment. Children are more vulnerable as they spend most of their time in school and their still-developing respiratory system makes them more susceptible to air pollution compared to adults. Th...

For countries in Southeast Asia that mainly rely on surface water as their water resource, changes in weather patterns and hydrological systems due to climate change will cause severely decreased water resource availability. Warm weather triggers more water use and exacerbates the extraction of water resources, which will change the operation patte...

Ecosystem services have rarely been discussed in the same framework with modern environmentalism. Therefore, understanding the interactions and relationship between ecosystem services and modern environmentalism was little to be known. We conducted a review of studies that aims to understand the relationship and interaction between ecosystem servic...

The application of optical based instrument in particulate matter monitoring has gained interest among researchers in recent years due to their high degree automation in providing real time reading of particulate matter concentrations. Such instrument usually comes in compact form making it compatible for in-situ monitoring especially for dense mon...

Background and Objective: Sufficient amount of chlorine is needed to be maintained in the pool as not only the adult go for swimming but also children with more sensitive skin. This study was conducted to determine the presence of coliform group of bacteria which involved faecal coliform and Escherichia coli as microbial indicators for water qualit...

Water for consumption purpose needs to be treated to meet the quality guidelines of 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) according to World Health Organization. The main objective of this study is to compare Moringa Oleifera Lam. to that of aluminum sulphate in terms of treatment efficiency. The method is carried out using Jar Tests and raw data ar...

Background and Objective: Drinking water needs to be treated in order to remove impurities and bacteria to meet the quality guidelines which satisfy 5 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) for drinking water requirement according to World Health Organization. This project is aimed to compare the treatment efficiency of Moringa oleifera Lam. to that of...

Background: Indoor air quality (IAQ) in shopping malls is an interesting case of study since a shopping mall is a public place where people favor to spend their time. This study was conducted to investigate the IAQ of shopping malls in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, whereby three shopping malls were selected as investigation sites. Methods: The parameters b...

The issue of more elementary children is seen to have respiratory sickness such as asthma especially the younger ones age 5-13 years old is highlighted in this research. By fact 20 - 38% of acute pediatric admissions in the country and the third most common death in children between the age of 1 and 13 are caused by respiratory illness. Children ar...

Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were analyzed in seawater and surface sediment samples in coastal area of Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia. Metal concentrations of these samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The mean concentration of heavy metals Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd in surface...

Background and Objective: This studied about the occurrence of Endocrine Disrupting Compound (EDC) in interest of steroid sex hormone progesterone excretion in the environment, that focusing on water resource in terms of effluent and influent of the waste water treatment into the outlet river and environment. Materials and Methods: A method called...

Objective: Heavy metal contamination on water, soil, crops and including to the other living organisms, including their effects on DNA mutation in abandoned mine is highlighted in this study Methodology: In this study, 6 toxic metals, Zn, Pb, Fe, Cd, Cr and Mn in Nepenthes plants at an abandoned copper mine site were investigated. A total of 20 Nep...

Due to arising needs and demands, aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food production sector. In order to increase yield and yet to remain sustainable, the challenges would be to minimise impact on the environment and ecosystem services. Aquaculture activity contributes significantly to Malaysia and also the state of Sabah’s economy and fo...

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated in surface sediments along coastal area of Papar to Tuaran, Sabah. Surface sediment samples were collected in 24 different stations in each area by using Ponar grab sampler. Samples were extracted for TPH using standard method sediment/sludge APHA 5520E and analyzed...

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated in surface sediments along coastal area of Papar to Tuaran, Sabah. Surface sediment samples were collected in 24 different stations in each area by using Ponar grab sampler. Samples were extracted for TPH using standard method sediment/sludge APHA 5520E and analyzed...

Rainwater harvesting is seen as part of solution to avoid water shortage in the future as it offers a sufficient supply and more economical if compare to the conventional way. The scarcity of water supply is becoming a concern due to the growing population of human along with environment pollutions. Rainwater harvesting is considered the most acces...

Heavy metals contamination in paddy field was conducted using Oryza sativa. Paddy plants and their soil were sampled along seven transverse lines of the paddy field before the harvesting time. The paddy plants were separated into roots, stems, leaves and grains. Metal concentrations of the samples were carried out using ICP-OES Spectrometer machine...

Marine debris is a well-known issue faced by the public today and the problem is becoming serious day by day. In this study, quantification and classification of marine debris for plastic, fabric, paper, metal, glass and rubber was conducted to evaluate the marine littering of contamination level at Likas Bay. This study also aims to identify the s...

The typical methods of treatment for acidic and metal contaminated water effluent such as the Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) will always focus on either civil engineering methods, such as disposal, excavation, drainage and encapsulation or process based technologies such as effluent washing and treatment. These techniques are not environmental friendly,...

The research was conducted to determine the hygiene quality of private beach resort seawater in Sabah. Total coliform and fecal coliform were analyzed at five selected sampling locations at the resort located in Kota Kinabalu. Identification was done through the Membrane Filtration Method from APHA standard. The results showed that the highest conc...

Human activities surrounding natural rivers may cause its profile area to change in terms of depth and size. The objective of this study was to investigate the land use and land cover (LULC) changes and its impacts towards the soil stability on the sediment loading. Two satellite images Landsat 5 for year 1991 and Spot 5 for year 2010 were classifi...

Haze has become a major concern as it has highly significant impacts over Malaysia by several occurrences of haze episodes throughout the country. During the haze periods, suspended particulate matter was found as the major pollutant while the other air quality parameters remained within the permissible healthy standards. Haze arise by fires from l...