Carolyn Egri

• Simon Fraser University

As third-party ratings of firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) have proliferated, so have concerns about the lack of convergence (divergence) in CSR ratings of the same firms. This study investigates contributing factors to divergence in the CSR ratings issued by RKS and Hexun, the two dominant third-party CSR rating agencies in China, and...

It is well established that firms achieve competitiveness among peers by building differentiated CSR profiles. By extending the theory of optimal distinctiveness, this study explores the sustainably competitive pathways of CSR engagement separately for firms that selectively stick with regulatory baseline and for firms that build comprehensive CSR...

We integrate insights from cross-cultural research with inquiry in social psychology to develop a theoretically grounded and culturally derived explanation of the cross-national variance in COVID-19 infections. Specifically, we draw on Hofstede's (1984) and Schwartz' (1999) cultural value frameworks to elucidate how dimensions resulting from these...

This study examines changes in values of Chinese professionals across high, moderate, and low development regions between 1993/94 and 2004/05 and as such explores values in China’s recent past. The 1993/94 to 2004/05 period was crucial during China’s evolution from a socialist state to one more open to capitalism. The foundation of our investigatio...

Numerous studies have investigated between-country cultural differences. However, the subnational cultural differences, particularly in emerging markets, have remained an underexplored research topic despite its importance. Likewise, multiperiod studies in the cross-cultural management area have also remained an underexplored topic. This study conc...

This chapter presents a systematic review of the evolution and current status of the University Social Responsibility (USR) concept. USR advances that universities should go beyond the core functions of teaching, research, and service and voluntarily act beyond legal requirements to promote the public good and environmental sustainability. There is...

Following Enron, WorldCom, Lehmann Brothers and other examples of organisational failure, much has been made of what appears to be a failure of leadership in institutional life. Of course the reasons for this failure can be attributed to many factors, but Business Schools have been consistently singled out for contributing to a moral malaise. The a...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which societal culture has a moderating effect on the business benefits of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Design/methodology/approach – A cross-national research design was conducted using survey data collected from 164 firms in Taiwan and 196 firms in Canada. Findings –...

El proyecto de investigación muestra los resultados comparativos con respecto a la orientación emprendedora de 140 empresarios mexicanos y 125 empresarios canadienses de pequeñas empresas. Los resultados demuestran que no hay diferencias significativas entre los parámetros de innovación y pro actividad y que existen diferencias significativas liger...

While it has been widely accepted that corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy focuses on firms' long-term development, the role of temporal consideration in understanding antecedents of firms' CSR strategy remains to be addressed. To examine the effects of temporal orientation on CSR strategy formation, we surveyed managers from 383 small-...

Is the societal-level of analysis sufficient today to understand the values of those in the global workforce? Or are individual-level analyses more appropriate for assessing the influence of values on ethical behaviors across country workforces? Using multi-level analyses for a 48-society sample, we test the utility of both the societal-level and i...

Research on corporate responsibility (CR), a topic that has grown in importance over the past few decades, has focused primarily on developed countries. In this study, we look to the future and direct our attention to the values/attitudes of business professionals in two high-growth economies of the Asia Pacific; namely, China and India. These two...

This paper presents the results of a study on the influence of institutions and national culture on corporate social responsibility (CSR) values and managerial values. in the Finno-Ugrian countries of Estonia, Finland, and Hungary. Finno Ugrian countries provided an institutional window since their beginnings as similar in heritage and subsequent d...

Is the societal-level of analysis sufficient today to understand the values of those in the global workforce? Or are individual-level analyses more appropriate for assessing the influence of values on ethical behaviors across country workforces? Using multi-level analyses for a 48-society sample, we test the utility of both the societal-level and i...

The growing literature on corporate responsibility (CR) has drawn attention to how different CR practices complement each other and interact in the form of configurations. This study investigated CR patterns associated with high financial performance for 466 firms in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. We applied a set-theoretic approach using q...

This comparative study examines the entrepreneurial orientation of 140 Mexican and 125 Canadian small business entrepreneurs. Mexican and Canadian small business managers were similar in terms of the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions of innovation and proactivity, whereas Mexican managers had a higher risk-taking entrepeneurial orientation. Al...

Our study tested the predictive power of socioeconomic development theory and age differences theory to explain work values across cultures and across age groups. We compared the values orientations of future managers, business students under the age of 25, with those of current managers and professionals, who we split into three decade groups (30...

Our study of the cultural values of managers in the Greater Middle East uses a unique sample of 989 respondents across seven countries (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey, and the UAE). The primary focus of our paper is the assessment of the differences and similarities in collectivism, individualism, and universalism values within t...

We explore macro-level factors that shape perceptions of the ethicality of favors in Asian workplaces using the subordinate influence ethics (SIE) measure. We also expand and use the crossvergence model to examine the cross-level relationship between socio-cultural (i.e., traditional/secular; survival/self-expression; in-group favoritism) and busin...

To what extent does the Anglo Cluster remains a cultural cluster in today's managerial and professional workforce? Across six Anglo countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, U.K., and U.S.), we found significant differences in values orientations (openness to change, conservation, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence values) that...

This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey (SVS) data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual- and societal-level analyses. At the individual-level, we report on the ten circumplex v...

The purpose of this paper is to develop a causal model that explains the antecedents and mediating factors predicting the organizational commitment of healthcare employees in different work roles. This study tests an integrative causal model that consists of a number of direct and indirect relationships for antecedents of organizational commitment....

This study tested the predictive power of cultural differences theory and life stage theory to explain work values across age groups and cultures. We compared the values orientations of future managers (N = 768) with those of current mid-career managers and professionals (N = 726) across six diverse societies: Brazil, Germany, Indonesia, Russia, th...

This study investigated the attitudes toward social, economic, and environmental corporate responsibilities of 3064 current managers and business students in 8 european countries. Participants in Western European countries had significantly different perspectives on the importance of these corporate responsibilities (CR) than those in central and e...

This study of 122 executives in Canadian small businesses examined the extent to which managerial cultural intelligence was a contributing factor to the organizational effectiveness of small businesses. We found that the cultural intelligence of small business managers engaged in international business was higher than that of small business manager...

In this paper, we investigate the effects of societal values and life stage on subordinate influence ethics. Based on the evolving crossvergence theory of macro-level predictors of values evolution, we demonstrate the applicability of crossvergence theory in the micro-level context. Furthermore, our study provides the first empirical multi-level an...

Este trabajo aborda la relación de las pequeñas empresas canadienses con empresarios mexicanos, con especial interés en las competencias organizacionales y la experiencia personal de los emprendedores canadienses que tienen negocios en México. Para llevar a cabo lo anterior, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a 14 empresarios canadienses en el...

The article focuses on the influence and prevalence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a Confucian culture and an individualistic culture. It states that CSR is considered a norm for businesses in Western societies, while Confucian societies have lower societal and normative expectations of businesses. It comments on the role of social ide...

With a 41-society sample of 9990 managers and professionals, we used hierarchical linear modeling to investigate the impact of both macro-level and micro-level predictors on subordinate influence ethics. While we found that both macro-level and micro-level predictors contributed to the model definition, we also found global agreement for a subordin...

This research study examines the relationships between small Canadian firms and Mexican companies with a particular interest in the competencies and personal experience of entrepreneurs doing business with Mexico. In-depth interviews were conducted with fourteen Canadian businessmen in British Columbia, a Western province of Canada. Qualitative ana...

Our review of corporate responsibility (CR) research in International Management journals during the past decade identified 321 articles of interest. We categorized and bibliographically referenced these articles to provide a foundation for future research in this arena. Our categorization scheme consisted of categorizing articles into one of the f...

Previous conceptualizations of safety climate present snapshots of the state of workplace safety. In reality, the factors of workplace safety climate are complex and need to be analyzed using a systemic approach. In this article, we expand on the customary concept of safety climate, and propose a systemic research framework that integrates four stu...

This cross-national study investigates antecedents and outcomes of corporate responsibility (CR) practices to stakeholders and the natural environment in the contrasting contexts of China and the US. In general, we found partial support for the proposition that the divergence of CR stakeholder practices across nations is dependent on the institutio...

Malgré la diffusion du concept de développement durable dans les instances internationales, la sensibilité écologique ou sociale varie beaucoup d’un pays à un autre : alors qu’elle culmine dans certains pays elle est quasi absente dans d’autres. Si différentes raisons sont évoquées pour expliquer ces différences internationales, la littérature se f...

Différents groupes de parties prenantes attendent des entreprises qu'elles jouent un rôle plus important dans la résolution des problèmes sociaux et environnementaux actuels. Gérer leurs responsabilités et leurs relations avec les groupes de parties prenantes est de plus en plus important pour les entreprises. Cependant, les études existantes ne do...

Various groups of stakeholders expect that firms play a more important role in solving social and environmental issues. Therefore, managing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming critical for business firms. However, existing literature only provides limited answers about how to manage CSR-practices. An unanswered question is: 1) which C...

Advocates for a social Europe are worried that the accession of ex-Eastern Bloc countries into the European Community would lead European corporations to emphasize a financial orientation rather than a societal orientation. We examined this question in a study of the values orientations of 3,836 managers in 16 countries representing established EU,...

This study examines the influence of economic and political factors that contribute to the convergence and/or divergence in value priorities of five East Asian societies—China, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. We find that political and social-economic factors influence the values orientations of managers within this region. However,...

This paper raises the question and provides empirical evidence regarding the status of the evolution of the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China today. In this study, we compare the SOEs to domestic private-owned enterprises (POEs) and foreign-controlled businesses (FCBs) in the context of their organizational cultures. While a new ownership for...

We found that regardless of individual differences in individualistic values orientation, societal individualism moderates gender differences on views regarding self-indulgent upward influence. In more individualistic societies, where relationships are viewed in relation to self and expectations are negotiated, female managers are more accepting of...

This study investigated cross-national gender differences in attitudes toward strategies of upward influence across 16 diverse countries. We used hierarchical linear modeling to test for significant economic and socio-cultural moderators on these relationships, while controlling for demographic and organizational characteristics. Overall, compared...

This study presents a 12-year (1989¥V2001) longitudinal comparison of managerial values systems in China, Hong Kong, and the U.S. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we test the validity of the three competing perspectives ¥V convergence, divergence, and crossvergence ¥V on values system evolution in these three societies. We use the sociocultural...

This study investigated influences on employee satisfaction with HRM systems and affective organizational commitment in a Sino-German joint venture and a state-owned enterprise in China. Employees in the joint venture were found to be significantly more satisfied with their organization’s HRM practices than were employees in the state-owned enterpr...

A comparison of the influence style ethics in Thailand and the U.S. for managers in two life stage (age) groups, early adulthood and middle adulthood is presented. Our findings confirm that Eastern and Western cultures emphasize different influence styles. Our findings also indicate that life stage is as important as culture, and possibly more impo...

This study investigated perspectives on corporate environmental and social responsibilities of 5539 managers and professionals in 22 countries. In particular, we studied the influence of personal values (individualism, collectivism, universalism), personal characteristics (age, gender, education and organizational position level), organizational ch...

This study investigated the generation cohort value orientations of 774 Chinese and 784 U.S. managers and professionals. The three Chinese generations (Consolidation, Cultural Revolution, Social Reform) since the establishment of Communist China were significantly more open to change and self-enhancement but less conservative and self-transcendent...

This study investigated perceptions of corporate environmental and social responsibilities of 5,539 managers and professionals in 22 countries. . In particular, we studied the influence of personal values (individualism, collectivism, universalism), personal characteristics (age, gender, education and organizational position level), organizational...

This study investigated perceptions of corporate enviromnental and social responsibilities of 5,539 managers and professionals in 22 countries. In particular, we studied the influence of personal values (individualism, collectivism, universalism), personal characteristics (age, gender, education and organizational position level), organizational ch...

Interview and questionnaire data obtained from 73 leaders of nonprofit environmentalist and for-profit environmental product and service organizations showed that these leaders' personal values were more ecocentric, open to change, and self-transcendent than those of managers in other types of organizations. These leaders also acted as "master mana...

This paper presents a cross-cultural comparison of U.S., Canadian-Anglophone, Canadian-Francophone, and Mexican managers' attitudes toward upward influence strategies. Generally, it was found that all four groups have similar perspectives in terms of the relative acceptability of various influence strategies. However, examination of absolute rating...

This paper presents a cross-cultural comparison of U.S., Canadian-Anglophone, Canadian-Francophone, and Mexican managers' attitudes toward upward influence strategies. Generally, it was found that all four groups have similar perspectives in terms of the relative acceptability of various influence strategies. However, examination of absolute rating...

This study examines the sociodemographic, farm-related, attitudinal and communication behavior differences between organic and conventional farmers in Canada. While organic farmers have fewer years of farming experience, operate smaller farms and are less dependent on hired farm labor, the most significant differences concern farmers' attitudes tow...

The Environmental Round Table role-play simulation demonstrates the challenges of collaboration, consensus decision making, and group conflict in multistakeholder initiatives designed to resolve complex metaproblems in society.

Our goal is to develop a profile of Chinese managers, and in particular a profile of the New Generation of Chinese managers. The purpose for developing this profile is primarily to provide relevant information for non-Chinese business people, especially Westerners, who plan to engage in business in China. This profile is based on measures of indivi...

Nature-centred spiritual traditions, Asian religions and philosophies, and monotheist religions have many lessons concerning relationships between humankind and nature. How these lessons have been translated into environmental action as well as informed contemporary eco-philosophies and have been adopted by environmentalist organizations is address...

Alternative technologies such as organic farming often serve as focal points for socio-political contests between groups which hold different sets of interests, values and beliefs. The symbolic construction of meanings plays an important part in influencing and controlling organizational and individual frames of perspectives and actions to either e...

Much time is spent in courses building connections, interpersonal trust, and community within the classroom context. The term's end shatters that sense of community, often leaving students and faculty alike with a felt void as the change to new activities begins. This article offers perspectives on managing separation transitions as well as providi...

Proposes that there are parallels between the roles of shamans in their communities and the roles which organizational change and development consultants can play in guiding organizational transformations. Presents fundamental assumptions underlying the shamanic perspective on transformational change and utilizes them to understand the problems res...

Academic conferences are cultural ceremonials that serve as occasions for professional learning as well as organizational and professional socialization. A cultural analysis of the different structures and processes of the annual conferences held by two academic organizations (the Academy of Management and the Organizational Behavior Teaching Socie...

Having a good idea, product or system is often not enough to ensure the adoption and diffusion of an innovation. Using an organisational power and politics perspective, several published accounts of product and administrative innovation are analysed. The interplay of political tactics or games are found to be present at both the observable surface...

Having a good idea, product or system is often not enough to ensure the adoption and diffusion of an innovation. Using an organisational power and politics perspective, several published accounts of product and administrative innovation are analysed. The interplay of political tactics or games are found to be present at both the observable surface...

Why is it that the initial man-machine interface in the modern world of computer technology relies on a keyboard designed over 100 years ago? An arrangement of symbols purposefully “anti-engineered” in order to slow down typists on a machine which relied solely on the forces of gravity to return the typewriter keys to their initial resting places....

• This study investigated the attitudes toward social, economic, and environmental corporate responsibilities of 3064 current managers and business students in 8 European countries. • Participants in Western European countries had significantly different perspectives on the importance of these corporate responsibilities (CR) than those in Central a...