Caroline Wagner- PhD University of Amsterdam
- Professor at The Ohio State University
Caroline Wagner
- PhD University of Amsterdam
- Professor at The Ohio State University
Working on China's science and technology policy compared to that of the USA.
About
173
Publications
64,822
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8,235
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Introduction
On faculty of John Glenn College of Public Affairs, Ohio State. Specializing in science of science, technology and innovation, and public policy. Scholarship in international science and technology collaboration. Creating curriculum in S&T policy. Editor-in-chief of new journal: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/research-metrics-and-analytics/sections/research-policy-and-strategic-management
Current institution
Additional affiliations
January 2011 - January 2017
Position
- Wolf Chair in International Affairs; Affiliate, Battelle Center for Science and Technology Policy
July 2010 - July 2011
Education
August 2001 - August 2004
University of Amsterdam
Field of study
- Science and technology dynamics, communications
Publications
Publications (173)
This article examines the evolution and academic status of Public Administration (PA) as a field of study. Using bibliometric analysis of 66 PA journals from 2008–2018, the authors trace PA's development through three phases: 1) an early developmental period drawing from multiple disciplines (late nineteenth century to 1950s), 2) a more inward-focu...
In response to China’s rise, Western governments are acting to limit scientific collaboration—but these measures will not increase economic competitiveness and could inhibit the practice of science itself.
We test the feasibility of incorporating broad social, political, and governance indicators with standard metrics as a way to enrich assessment of national research capacity. We factor analyze two sets of variables for 174 countries from 2012 to 2021, one being traditional measures associated with national science and technology capacity such spend...
China’s rapid rise and spectacular growth in science capacity reopens a discussion about the relationship between science and the nation-state. Literature suggests that science thrives within a democratic system and that scientific activities tend to have a liberalizing effect on governments. Neither of these phenomena appears evident in China’s ca...
Cooperation was critical to the creation of two major scientific resources
Artificial Intelligence (AI), a cornerstone of 21st-century technology, has seen remarkable growth in China. In this paper, we examine China's AI development process, demonstrating that it is characterized by rapid learning and differentiation, surpassing the export-oriented growth propelled by Foreign Direct Investment seen in earlier Asian indust...
China’s government uses a variety of diplomatic tools to pursue its foreign policy aims including negotiating and signing formal bilateral science and technology agreements (STAs). These agreements have been signed with at least fifty-two countries. We identified agreements with an additional sixty-four countries with science and technology (S&T),...
Public managers lack feedback on the effectiveness of public investments, policies, and programs instituted to build and use research capacity. Numerous reports rank countries on global performance on innovation and competitiveness, but the highly globalized data does not distinguish country contributions from global ones. We suggest improving upon...
https://theconversation.com/china-now-publishes-more-high-quality-science-than-any-other-nation-should-the-us-be-worried-192080
The appearance of a novel coronavirus in late 2019 radically changed the community of researchers working on coronaviruses since the 2002 SARS epidemic. In 2020, coronavirus-related publications grew by 20 times over the previous two years, with 130,000 more researchers publishing on related topics. The United States, the United Kingdom and China l...
China's government uses a variety of diplomatic tools to pursue its foreign policy aims. The Chinese have negotiated and signed formal Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreements with 51 countries; these agreements range from formal and highly specific to those covering multiple fields and functions. Agreements with an additional 64 countri...
The top-1% most-highly-cited articles are watched closely as the vanguards of the sciences. Using Web of Sciencee data, one can find that China had overtaken the USA in the relative participation in the top-1% (PP-top1%) in 2019, after outcompeting the EU on this indicator in 2015. However, this finding contrasts with repeated reports of Western ag...
The COVID-19 global pandemic starting in January 2020 disrupted international collaborations in scholarly exchange, reducing mobility and connections across the globe. An examination of Web of Science-indexed publications from China, the European Union (28) and the United States of America shows a drop in publications numbers coming from the EU-28...
The COVID-19 global pandemic starting in January 2020 disrupted international collaborations in scholarly exchange, reducing mobility and connections across the globe. An examination of Web of Science-indexed publications from China, the European Union-28 and the United States of America shows a drop in publications numbers coming from the EU-28 an...
The top 1 percent most highly cited articles are watched closely as the vanguards of the sciences. Using Web of Science data, one can find that China had overtaken the USA in the relative participation in the top 1 percent in 2019, after outcompeting the EU on this indicator in 2015. However, this finding contrasts with repeated reports of Western...
Scholars have long hypothesized that democratic forms of government are more compatible with scientific advancement. However, empirical analysis testing the democracy-science compatibility hypothesis remains underdeveloped. This article explores the effect of democratic governance on scientific performance using panel data on 124 countries between...
In this paper, we chronicle key U.S. legislative initiatives during the post-World War II history of public policy related to the dissemination of publicly funded research-based knowledge. Our motivation for recording this history is the observation that many scholars, who are appropriately concerned about taxpayer rights, have argued for the need...
In this paper, we chronicle key U.S. legislative initiatives during the post-World War II history of public policy related to the dissemination of publicly funded research-based knowledge. Our motivation for recording this history is the observation that many scholars, who are appropriately concerned about taxpayer rights, have argued for the need...
The appearance of a novel coronavirus in late 2019 radically changed the community of researchers working on coronaviruses since the 2002 SARS epidemic. In 2020, coronavirus-related publications grew by 20 times over the previous two years, with 130,000 more researchers publishing on related topics. The United States, the United Kingdom and China l...
The COVID-19 pandemic presented a challenge to the global research community as scientists rushed to find solutions to the devastating crisis. Drawing expectations from resilience theory, this paper explores how the trajectory of and research community around the coronavirus research was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Characterizing epistemic c...
After the initial shock of the early months of the global COVID-19 pandemic, international collaboration in COVID-19 research continues to show aberrant patterns compared to coronavirus research in pre-COVID times. The most affected nations tend to produce the greatest number of coronavirus articles, with output closely coupled to the rate of infec...
International scientific collaborations have led to groundbreaking scientific discoveries such as the first image of a black hole, lifesaving vaccines and therapies, and new crops that help prevent famine. In the face of current global challenges - including COVID-19 and the climate crisis - international collaboration that involves established and...
In this report, the authors examine the propensity within China's innovation system to realize its potential as an innovating nation: What is the balance of systemic forces that incline toward seeing that the innovation assets China possesses lead to innovation outcomes? They lay out an innovation conceptual framework for capturing the major activi...
After the initial shock of the early months of the global COVID-19 pandemic, international collaboration in COVID-19 research continues to show aberrant patterns compared to coronavirus research in pre-COVID times. The most affected nations tend to produce the greatest number of coronavirus articles, with output closely coupled to the rate of infec...
The COVID-19 pandemic presented a challenge to the global research community as they rushed to find solutions to the devastating crisis. Drawing expectations from resilience theory, this paper explores how the trajectory of coronavirus research was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using terms featured in articles in early COVID-19 research, and p...
This paper seeks to understand whether a catastrophic and urgent event, such as the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, accelerates or reverses trends in international collaboration, especially in and between China and the United States. A review of research articles produced in the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic shows that COVID-19 resea...
Scholars have long hypothesized that democratic forms of government are more compatible with scientific advancement. However, empirical analysis testing the democracy-science compatibility hypothesis remains underdeveloped. This article explores the effect of democratic governance on scientific performance using panel data on 124 countries between...
China has greatly increased the number of published works indexed in the Web of Science since 1980. This corpus of scholarship allows analysis of the creativity or innovation of that contribution, where creativity is indicated by deep conventionality and high novelty. A test is applied to analyze reference pairs in articles to search for unexpected...
The COVID-19 global pandemic led scientists to turn their research agendas towards coronavirus related research. This paper seeks to understand whether a catastrophic and urgent event, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, accelerates or reverses trends in international collaboration, especially in and between China and the United States. This early revie...
China’s approach to developing a world-class science system includes a vigorous set of programmes to attract back Chinese researchers who have overseas training and work experience. No analysis is available to show the performance of these mobile researchers. This article attempts to close part of this gap. Using a novel bibliometric approach, we e...
The COVID-19 global pandemic led scientists to turn their research agendas towards coronavirus related research. This paper seeks to understand whether a catastrophic and urgent event, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, accelerates or reverses trends in international collaboration, especially in and between China and the United States. This early revie...
This research analyzes the effects of US science and technology policy on the technological performance of organizations in a global strategic alliance network. During the mid-1980s, the US semiconductor industry appeared to be collapsing. Industry leaders and policymakers moved to support and protect US firms by creating a program called Sematech....
China's approach to developing a world-class science system includes a vigorous set of programmes to attract back Chinese researchers who have overseas training and work experience. No analysis is available to show the performance of these mobile researchers nor do we know the exact impact of these policies on China's system or on the international...
Blog about the introduction of an inequality measure/indicator for 963 universities
In his reaction to our recent article about diversity measurement in Journal of Informetrics (Leydesdorff et al., 2019), Rousseau (2019) considers DIV as an acceptable diversity measure that needs further refinement. DIV improves on Rao-Stirling diversity Δ (Rao, 1982; Stirling, 2007) or its modified version 2D3 (Zhang et al., 2016) because DIV mee...
This research analyzes the effects of U.S. science and technology policy on a global strategic alliance network for research and development. During the mid-1980s the U.S. high-technology sector appeared to be collapsing. Industry leaders and policymakers moved to support and protect U.S. firms by creating a program called Sematech. While many scho...
Research articles produced through international collaboration are more highly cited than other work, but are they also more novel? Using measures developed by Uzzi et al. (2013), and replicated by Boyack and Klavans (2014), this article tests for novelty and conventionality in international research collaboration. Scholars have found that coauthor...
This is a comment for Nature Index on the findings of our recent article published in Research Policy. https://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/novel-findings-rare-from-international-collaborations
Questions of definition and measurement continue to constrain a consensus on the measurement of interdisciplinarity. Using Rao-Stirling (RS) Diversity sometimes produces anomalous results. We argue that these unexpected outcomes can be related to the use of "dual-concept diversity" which combines "variety" and "balance" in the definitions (ex ante)...
China’s approach to developing a world-class science system includes a vigorous set of programmes to attract back Chinese researchers who have overseas training and work experience. No analysis is available to show the performance of these mobile researchers nor do we know the exact impact of these policies on China’s system or on the international...
In recent years a global network of science has emerged as a result of thousands of individual scientists seeking to collaborate with colleagues around the world, creating a network which rises above national systems. The globalization of science is part of the underlying shift in knowledge creation generally: the collaborative era in science. Over...
Research articles produced through international collaboration are more highly cited than other work, but are they also more novel? Using measures developed by Uzzi et al. (2013), and replicated by Boyack and Klavans (2014), this article tests for novelty and conventionality in international research collaboration. Scholars have found that coauthor...
The rapid rise of international collaboration over the past three decades, demonstrated in coauthorship of scientific articles, raises the question of whether countries benefit from cooperative science and how this might be measured. We develop and compare measures to ask this question. For all source publications in 2013, we obtained from Elsevier...
In the decades since science and technology measures were crafted and adopted by governments, R&D has increasingly taken place across national boundaries. This leaves a gap for policy makers in how to account for the benefits to national governments of supporting international collaboration in science. This article seeks to address this gap by sugg...
Research produced through international collaboration is often more highly cited than other work, but is it also more novel? Using measures of conventionality and novelty developed by Uzzi et al. (2013) and replicated by Boyack and Klavans (2013), we test for novelty and conventionality in international research collaboration. Many studies have sho...
Using three-year moving averages of the complete Journal Citation Reports 1994-2016 of the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index (combined), we analyze links between citing and cited journals in terms of (1) whether discontinuities among the networks of consecutive years have occurred; (2) are these discontinuities relativel...
The rapid rise of international collaboration over the past three decades, demonstrated in coauthorship of scientific articles, raises the question of whether countries benefit from cooperative science and how this might be measured. We develop and compare measures to ask this question. For all source publications in 2013, we obtained from Elsevier...
Using three-year moving averages of the complete Journal Citation Reports 1994-2016 of the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index (combined), we analyze links between citing and cited journals in terms of (1) whether discontinuities among the networks of consecutive years have occurred; (2) are these discontinuities relativel...
The rapid rise of international collaboration over the past three decades, demonstrated in coauthorship of scientific articles, raises the question of whether countries benefit from cooperative science and how this might be measured. We develop and compare measures to ask this question. For all source publications in 2013, we obtained from Elsevier...
Once complexity theory provides a foundation to a fuller understanding of mechanisms of change, this chapter applies network structures and principles to science. Networks are the actualization of complex systems, and we can use network analysis to begin a process of understanding the structure of the global network, exploring how networking change...
The human condition is not improved by single facts of science. In their collection into a body of knowledge, joined to its careful application and validation, that we can stretch the boundaries of justice still larger. This chapter discusses the policy implications, governance rules, and measures applicable to the emerging global system of science...
This chapter discusses the collaborative patterns at different geographical aggregations (local, national, regional, and global) over the most recent decade and explains why these patterns are the essence of the collaborative system and the clearest sign of a new era. Drawing upon data on global networks of collaboration, this chapter points to cha...
This chapter describes the communications dynamics within the global network by detailing the tenets of complexity theory to provide insights in the mechanisms driving the global system. Complex systems theory provides the framework within which to discuss the phase shift of scientific knowledge from an era of scarcity to one of abundance—a theme t...
It is now widely accepted that science and technology underlie much of the economic growth that has been a highlight of human social development for over 300 years. Science has grown along with social welfare, economy, and the application of human imagination. This chapter describes the scale and scope of the current global system at this writing.
This book suggests that understanding science communication as a network is perhaps the best way to develop and interject governing principles; it builds an argument for viewing the global network as a new form of organization of science on top of national or institutional forms. This chapter details the many changes to science that have occurred w...
In recent years a global network of science has emerged as a result of thousands of individual scientists seeking to collaborate with colleagues around the world, creating a network which rises above national systems. The globalization of science is part of the underlying shift in knowledge creation generally: the collaborative era in science. Over...
This chapter presents the dynamics at the team level associated with collaboration and networked structures. Investment in science and technology is shifting. As it does, the structure of collaborative teaming is changing, too. This chapter describes the emerging landscape of collaboration for the individual and the team.
The locations of knowledge centers—those geographic and institutional places where innovation is most likely to occur—are not evenly spread across the globe. There is no reason to think they should be, but as UNESCO (2011) reports, there is striking evidence of the persistence—expansion even—in the uneven distribution of research and innovation at...
This chapter presents the structure of the global network itself as well as the rules, norms, and practices associated with openness and abundance in the global knowledge-creating process. The creation of scientific knowledge includes not just tangible or codified output but also new practices and even new belief systems. The rules, norms, and prac...
In a recent publication in Nature, Wagner & Jonkers (2017) report that public R&D funding is only weakly correlated with the citation impact of a nation's papers as measured by the field-weighted citation index (FWCI; defined by Scopus). On the basis of the supplementary data, we upscaled the design using Web-of-Science data for the decade 2003-201...
In a recent publication in Nature, Wagner & Jonkers (2017) report that public R&D funding is only weakly correlated with the citation impact of a nation's papers as measured by the field-weighted citation index (FWCI; defined by Scopus). On the basis of the supplementary data, we upscaled the design using Web-of-Science data for the decade 2003-201...
Synergies among technological opportunities, market perspectives, and geographical endowments can be considered as indicators of systemness. Using information theory, we propose a measure of synergy among size-classes, zip-codes, and NACE-codes for 8.5 million American firms. The synergy at the national level is decomposed at the level of states an...
Using information theory, we measure innovation systemness as synergy among size-classes, zip-codes, and technological classes (NACE-codes) for 8.5 million American companies. The synergy at the national level is decomposed at the level of states, Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSA), and Combined Statistical Areas (CSA). We zoom in to the state of...
Caroline S. Wagner and Koen Jonkers find a clear correlation between a nation's scientific influence and the links it fosters with foreign researchers.
Academic rigor, journalistic flair The Nobel Foundation statutes decree that " in no case " can a Nobel Prize be divided between more than three people. So it may not raise many eyebrows that the 2017 award in physics went to just three scientists on the LIGO team for their " decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravit...
This study is intended to find an answer for the question on which national "shoulders" the worldwide top-level research stands. Traditionally, national scientific standings are evaluated in terms of the number of citations to their papers. We raise a different question: instead of analyzing the citations to the countries' articles (the forward vie...
Geography and location still matter, even in the global network of science. This chapter discusses the tension between the global and the local in scientific collaboration, and how to plan for one or the other.
Scientific nationalism is being overtaken by the global nature of 21st century science. It is critical that governments learn to manage networks in order to benefit from the global network of science.
Like the physical landscape around us, the social landscape of scientific inquiry changes in response to shifts in its underlying structure.
Science operates at the global level as a network. It is important to understand network dynamics in order to govern it properly.
The forces driving the emergence of the new invisible college can be discerned and put to work to improve the productivity and distribution of scientific activity. This is described in the chapter on networked science.
Journals were central to Eugene Garfield's research interests. Among other things, journals are considered as units of analysis for bibliographic databases such as the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. In addition to disciplinary classifications of journals, journal citation patterns span networks across boundaries to variable extents. Using between...
International collaboration in science continues to grow at a remarkable rate, but little agreement exists about dynamics of growth and organization at the discipline level. Some suggest that disciplines differ in their collaborative tendencies, reflecting their epistemic culture. This study examines collaborative patterns in six previously studied...
International collaboration in science continues to grow at a remarkable rate, but little agreement exists about dynamics of growth and organization at the discipline level. Some suggest that disciplines differ in their collaborative tendencies, reflecting their epistemic culture. This study examines collaborative patterns in six previously studied...
Anyone familiar with the history of genomic science will know the contribution of, and controversy about, Rosalind E. Franklin. No one disputes that her work in X-ray diffraction imaging, resulting in Photo 51, was foundational to the discovery of the double helix. The controversy arises in how well or poorly Franklin worked as a team member with W...
See full publication at https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.03779
Journal maps and classifications for 11,359 journals listed in the combined Journal Citation Reports 2015 of the Science and Social Sciences Citation Indexes are provided at http://www.leydesdorff.net/jcr15. A routine using VOSviewer for integrating the journal mapping and their hierarchical clustering is also made available. In this short communic...
The study of science policy has matured over 50 years to have dedicated journals, academic training, conferences, and professional societies, which suggest that it may be considered a field or discipline onto itself. How does it relate to antecedent fields of policy studies, science studies (social sciences), and public administration? Insights can...
Extended bibliography supporting the PLoS Primer on women and collaboration.
Extended bibliography supporting the PLoS Biology primer on women and collaboration.
Extended bibliography supporting the PLoS Biology primer on women and collaboration.
As a result of increasing concern expressed by industry and the scientific community, in fiscal year (FY) 2009, the United States government increased funds for research in environmental, health, and safety of nanotechnology (nano EHS). Funding totaled more than $100 million for research and development (R&D), or more than 4.7% of nanotechnology R&...
In a recent letter, Carlos Vilchez-Roman criticizes Bornmann et al. (2015)
for using data which cannot be reproduced without access to an in-house version
of the Web-of-Science (WoS) at the Max Planck Digital Libraries (MPDL, Munich).
We agree with the norm of replicability and therefore returned to our data. Is
the problem only a practical one of...
Questions
Questions (3)
What is “Open” in Global Science?
The adjective ‘open’ is often mentioned in connection with global science, technology, and innovation. A guide to understanding the terms is discussed here, but be aware that the definitions and contexts change with some frequency. Please provide comments or citations that might help to improve these definitions. Thank you.
· Open science is the practice of conducting research in such a way that others can collaborate and contribute, and where research data, lab notes, and other research processes are shared under terms that enable reuse, redistribution and reproduction of procedures with underlying data and methods.
· Open innovation is the concept that inflows and outflows of knowledge, beyond the walls of the laboratory or firm or the confines of a team, can accelerate innovation and enhance consumer and user satisfaction with final products.
· Open data is publicly available and accessible data that can be universally and readily found, used, and redistributed free of charge in ways that enhance veracity and research efficiency. Open data sharing is the process of sharing research data in real time as research progresses, as opposed to the practice of holding onto data until after a paper is published.
· Open access is a mechanism by which research papers, books, datasets, and other educational or research materials are made available to users without charge. A number of different models exist, and the landscape is changing quickly; providers of open access material differ depending on who pays for publishing costs, how long materials are embargoed, and what kind of re-use permissions exist.
· Open repositories are online stores of scholarly research results that anyone can inspect and comment upon, usually in specific scientific disciplines and moderated by experts. They may contain data, preprints, or ‘grey literature.’ They are created with the goal of persistent access for anyone with an Internet connection.
· Open source software is computer source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. The term “open source” has expanded to express a willingness to share, collaborate, and enhance knowledge creation in transparent ways. [opensource.com]
· Open access policy is institutional support, often by government, university, or nonprofit entities, for unrestricted access to research and underlying data as part of the mission to enhance public benefit and translation to application.
The UN Sustainable Development Goals need to have good science done to help achieve the ends. What are the fields of science that are most important to the SDGs? What are good practices within scientific research and development that contribute to sustainability? What are the cross-over topics?
Thanks for this article. In citation networks, it is often difficult to account for negative citations. This article may help us come up with a way to deal with this problem. Any thoughts on this challenge (from anyone in scientometrics) are welcome!
