Carole A Llewellyn

Swansea University | SWAN · Department of Biosciences

The bioremediation of digestate using microalgae presents a solution to the current eutrophication issue in Northwest Europe, where the use of digestate as soil fertiliser is limited, thus resulting in an excess of digestate. Ammonium is the main nutrient of interest in digestate for microalgal cultivation, and improving its availability and conseq...

Ultraviolet A (UV-A) is the major component of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, causing indirect damage to photosynthetic organisms via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In comparison, UV-B causes both direct damage to biomolecules and indirect damage. UV-B is well studied in cyanobacterial research due to their long evolut...

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The “UV sunscreen” compounds, the mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are widely reported in cyanobacteria and are known to be induced under ultra-violet (UV) light. However, the impact of far red (FR) light on MAA biosynthesis has not been studied. We report results from two experiments measuring transcriptional regulation of MAA and aromatic amin...

Microalgae are the foundation of aquatic food webs. Their ability to defend against grazers is paramount to their survival, and modulates their ecological functions. Here, we report a novel anti-grazer strategy in the common green alga Chlorella vulgaris against two grazers, Daphnia magna and Simocephalus sp. The algal cells entered the brood chamb...

Digestate produced from the anaerobic digestion of food and farm waste is primarily returned to land as a biofertiliser for crops, with its potential to generate value through alternative processing methods at present under explored. In this work, valorisation of a digestate resulting from the treatment of kitchen and food waste was investigated, u...

Dinoflagellates exhibit the richest pigment composition among microalgae [...] Here we review the major pigment groups previously reported in dinoflagellates, and also discuss the plastids types found within them...

Carotenoids in cyanobacteria play an important role in protecting against and in repairing damage against low level UV-B radiation. Here we use transcriptomics and metabolomic HPLC pigment analysis to compare carotenoid pathway regulation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii PCC 6912 exposed to white light and to white light...

This chapter focuses on the challenges associated with achieving economic value from metabolites derived from cyanobacteria. Significant advances have been made in cyanobacterial biotechnology in the last few years. However, the field is still immature, and many challenges remain. We start with a critical overview of the main technologies associate...

There is increasing interest in the use of microalgae grown on wastewater to provide useful metabolites. Several bacteria have been shown to affect the growth rate and quality of the algae, but it is not clear if this is specific to a particular group of bacteria or if nutrient conditions can also influence this interaction. The bacterial community...

A two-phase outdoor cultivation bioprocess for Arthrospira maxima LJGR1 combined with phycocyanin induction in concentrated cultures under controlled conditions was evaluated using a modified low-cost Zarrouk medium. Growth was monitored during 4 cycles in 2018 and 4 cycles in 2019. Biomass was harvested and concentrated using membrane technology a...

Planctomycetes, are ubiquitous and environmentally important Gram‐negative aquatic bacteria with key roles in global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Many planctomycetal species have a pink or orange colour and have been suggested to produce carotenoids. Potential applications as food colorants or anti‐oxidants have been proposed. Hitherto, the planctom...

Improving mass cultivation of cyanobacteria is a goal for industrial biotechnology. In this study, the mass cultivation of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii was assessed for biomass production under light-emitting diode white light (LEDWL), far-red light (FRL), and combined white light and far-red light (WLFRL) adaptation. T...

Several factors have the potential to influence microalgae growth. In the present study, nitrogen concentration and light intensity were evaluated in order to obtain high biomass production and high phycoerythrin accumulation from Porphyridium purpureum. The range of nitrogen concentrations evaluated in the culture medium was 0.075-0.450 g L −1 and...

Grazer-induced colony formation as a defense strategy in microalgae such as Scenedesmus species has been widely reported, but the associated costs and reversibility of the colonies are rarely studied. We experimentally showed that Scenedesmus obliquus formed chained colonies in the presence of a predator, including predators separated from the alga...

Cyanobacteria have many defence strategies to overcome harmful ultraviolet (UV) stress including the production of secondary metabolites. Metabolomics can be used to investigate this altered metabolism via targeted and untargeted techniques. In this study we assessed the changes in the intra- and extracellular low molecular weight metabolite levels...

We evaluate the effects of nutrient limitation on cellular composition of polar lipid classes/species in Chlorella sp. using modern polar lipidomic profiling methods (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS). Total polar lipid concentration was highest in nutrient-replete (HN) cultures with a significant reduction in monogalactosyl...

The nutrient removal efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in domestic wastewater was investigated, along with the potential to use membrane filtration as a pre-treatment tool during the wastewater treatment process. Chlorella vulgaris was batch cultivated for 12 days in a bubble column system with two different wastewater treatments. Maximum...

The recognition that ultraviolet radiation has harmful effects on the skin has led to the commercial development of inorganic and synthetic organic UV filters that can reduce the negative effects of exposure to sunlight. In addition, moisturizing chemicals are extensively used in personal care products to improve the ability of skin to retain water...

Metabolomics provides an unbiased assessment of a wide range of metabolites and is an emerging ‘omics technique in the marine sciences. We use ‘non-targeted’ community metabolomics to determine patterns in metabolite profiles associated with particulate organic matter (POM) at four locations from two long-term monitoring stations (L4 and E1) in the...

We report production of chlorophyll f and chlorophyll d in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii cultured under near-infrared and natural light conditions. C. fritschii produced chlorophyll f and chlorophyll d when cultured under natural light to a high culture density in a 20 L bubble column photobioreactor. In the laboratory, the ratio of...

The phytoplankton community structure and abundance in the south-eastern Black Sea was measured from February to December 2009 using and comparing high performance liquid chromatography pigment and microscopy analyses. The phyto-plankton community was characterized by diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores, as revealed by both techniques. Fu...

A persistent left sided vena cava (LSVC) can trigger atrial fibrillation. A 41 year old man with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) and LSVC had all four pulmonary veins and his LSVC electrically isolated from the left atrium with the Pulmonary Vein Ablation Catheter (PVAC). At follow up patient described no further episodes of AF. Single-shot ab...

Although viruses can significantly reduce primary production-mediated carbon cycling, the effect of viral infection on the principal photosynthetic pigment that enables autotrophic production, chlorophyll a (chl a), remains unresolved. We compared the production of chl a transformation compounds in Emiliania huxleyi cultures undergoing viral infect...

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modelling of aquatic toxicity for cationic surfactants has received limited attention despite the fact that surfactants of this type are generally more toxic than predicted by general narcosis or polar narcosis equations. Here we report measurement of log P for three types of aromatic quaternary a...

A global pigment database consisting of 35634 pigment suites measured by high performance liquid chro- matography was assembled in support of the MARine Ecosytem DATa (MAREDAT) initiative. These data origi- nate from 136 field surveys within the global ocean, were solicited from investigators and databases, compiled, and then quality controlled. Ne...

Efficient and economical large scale bioprocessing of microalgae to produce a range of bio-products, working towards a biorefinery approach, is critical for the success of algal industrial biotechnology. The key process variables that affect the recovery of products from different sub-cellular locations were investigated using a high throughput cel...

A global pigment database consisting of 37 103 pigment suites measured by high performance liquid chromatography was assembled in support of the MAR ine E cosytem DAT a (MAREDAT) initiative. These data originate from 136 field surveys within the global ocean, were solicited from investigators and databases, compiled, and then quality controlled. Ne...

Two major considerations of the emerging algae biofuel industry are the energy intensive dewatering of the algae slurry and nutrient management. The proposed closed loop process which involves nutrient recycling of the aqueous phase from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae offers a solution to both aspects. Hydrothermal liquefaction has bee...

The composition and abundance of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were investigated in the surface waters along a 13,000-km meridional transect (52° N to 45° S) in the Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic Meridional Transect programme: Cruise AMT 18: 4/10/2008-10/11/2008). MAAs were ubiquitous along the transect, although the composition of the MAAs was var...

This chapter presents a diverse collection of perspectives covering recent discoveries and ‘crystal ball gazing’ on future directions. Detection and characterisation from a molecular level is covered through to monitoring phytoplankton dynamics and climate change at a regional and global Earth observation level. At a molecular level, perspectives a...

Pigments act as tracers to elucidate the fate of phytoplankton in the world's oceans and are often associated with important biogeochemical cycles related to carbon dynamics in the oceans. They are increasingly used in in situ and remote-sensing applications, detecting algal biomass and major taxa through changes in water colour. This book is a fol...

The photoprotective response in the dinoflagellate Glenodinium foliaceum F. Stein exposed to ultraviolet‐A (UVA) radiation (320–400 nm; 1.7 W · m2) and the effect of nitrate and phosphate availability on that response have been studied. Parameters measured over a 14 d growth period in control (PAR) and experimental (PAR + UVA) cultures included cel...

Marine chemical ecology comprises the study of the production and interaction of bioactive molecules affecting organism behavior and function. Here we focus on bioactive compounds and interactions associated with phytoplankton, particularly bloom-forming diatoms, prymnesiophytes and dinoflagellates. Planktonic bioactive metabolites are structurally...

a b s t r a c t Microalgal culture experiments to track chlorophyll-a (chl-a) transformation during senescence were characterised by the production of demetallated Type I chl-a transformation products in Pavlova gyrans and by the production of oxidative Type I transformation products in Isochrysis galbana. Dark-induced senescence in I. galbana prod...

Marine chemical ecology comprises the study of the production and interaction of bioactive molecules affecting organism behavior and function. Here we focus on bioactive compounds and interactions associated with phytoplankton, particularly bloom-forming diatoms, prymnesiophytes and dinoflagellates. Planktonic bioactive metabolites are structurally...

Pigments act as tracers to elucidate the fate of phytoplankton in the world's oceans and are often associated with important biogeochemical cycles related to carbon dynamics in the oceans. They are increasingly used in in situ and remote-sensing applications, detecting algal biomass and major taxa through changes in water colour. This book is a fol...

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), phytoplankton pigments, and inherent optical properties were analyzed in sea surface microlayer (SSM), near-surface (0-2 m), and subsurface (0-110 m) samples from stations off the Iberian Peninsula in June-July 2005. During a visible surface slick, MAA concentrations reached 290 mu g L(-1) in the SSM, which corr...

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry (APCI LC/MSn) is an ideal tool for the analysis of complex mixtures of natural compounds produced in the aquatic environment. In contrast to extensive reports of open chain (type II) chlorophyll (chl) transformation products (also known as chl catabolites) i...

We provide a direct comparison of the distribution and abundance of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in a diverse range of microalgal cultures (33 species across 13 classes) grown without supplementary ultraviolet radiation (UV). We compare the MAAs in cultures with those present in characterised natural phytoplankton populations from the Englis...

A 9 week study was conducted to assess the effect of incorporating dietary Chlorogloeopsis on the growth performance, feed utilisation, body composition, haematology and gut microbiota of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chlorogloeopsis cells were supplemented to the diet at 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00%. Compared to the control group, no significant...

The influences of physico-chemical and biological variables on the concentrations of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and its precursor beta-dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) were investigated through an annual cycle in the temperate shelf seas of the western English Channel. Total DMSP to chlorophyll a ratios (DMSPt/chl a) varied seasonally by 40-fold, an...

Abstract— Hydrophilic products of chlorophyll a photodegradation are structurally identified using UV/visible and fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major peak detected during reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography of the colourless photodegradation products is identified as glyc...

Abstract— The photodegradative fate of 14C-radiolabelled phaeophytin a adsorbed on hydrophobic particles in an aqueous suspension is followed. An approximate mass balance is made for the hydrophilic, hydrophobic and CO, fractions. In addition, components of the colourless hydrophilic fraction produced from photodegrading chlorophyll a, phaeophytin...

The microbial dynamics during a spring diatom bloom decline was monitored in the Northeast Atlantic during a 5-day Lagrangian study (8-12 April 2002). Phytoplankton abundance, composition and health status were related to viral and bacterial abundance, zooplankton abundance and grazing rates, as well as bacterial production. Phytoplankton reached m...

We report the response of carotenoids and chlorophylls during 120 h time series virus infection experiments of the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay et Mohler culture. The response of individual carotenoids to infection varied: Diatoxanthin (Dtx) increased rapidly relative to chlorophyll-a, whereas diadinoxanthin (Ddx) and β-car...

1. The sedimentary distribution of chlorophylls, carotenoids and their breakdown products following the winter-spring bloom of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense in Lake Kinneret was determined both spatially and vertically within the sediments, using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 2. All four stations (epilimnic, oxic St. J (dept...

A new tool combining the use of HPLC pigment markers with ecological similarity indices, to provide a fast and effective environmental tool for monitoring water quality, was investigated. HPLC pigment concentrations from a 4-year time series data set (2000-2003) from the western English Channel were used to calculate six similarity indices to asses...

A new atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-LC/MS) method improved detection and aided characterization of fucoxanthin related carotenoids, revealing the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay et Mohler (strain MBA 92, Plymouth) to contain a wider range of acyloxyfucoxanthins than reported previously. The diversit...

Eight international laboratories specializing in the determination of marine pigment concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were intercompared using in situ samples and a variety of laboratory standards. The field samples were collected primarily from eutrophic waters, although mesotrophic waters were also sampled to cre...

Eight international laboratories specializing in the determination of marine pigment concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were intercompared using in situ samples and a variety of laboratory standards. The field samples were collected primarily from eutrophic waters, although mesotrophic waters were also sampled to cre...

The phytoplankton community assemblage in surface water of the English Channel (Station L4) was measured and compared from March 1999 to October 2002 using two different methods. Pigment-CHEMTAX was used to derive class apportioned chlorophyll a (Chl a) and cell counts obtained using microscopy were used to derive phytoplankton carbon (phyto-C) est...

Characterisation of natural phytoplanktonic communities is currently being advanced through flow cytometry and high resolution pigment analyses. To date, toxicological methods to assess impacts of herbicides on natural phytoplankton populations are lacking. Here, we report the novel use of these techniques in combination to study changes in phytopl...

A seasonal survey was undertaken, over a year, of phytoplankton from surface water in the western English Channel (Station L4) measuring mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), photosynthetic pigments and microscopic counts. Ground level solar radiation (ultraviolet-B, ultraviolet-A and photosynthetically active radiation; UV-B, UV-A and PAR) was m...

Phytoplankton and microzooplankton community structure and the impact of microzooplankton grazing were investigated during a one-day study of an Emiliania huxleyi bloom off the coast of Devon during July 1999. Vertical profiles were undertaken at four stations, along a transect which crossed from a low reflectance to a high reflectance area as seen...

Optical profiles taken aboard the Belgica 98/15 cruise during the Iberian upwelling season were applied to five empirical and two semi-analytical models from the literature and the results compared to in situ HPLC chlorophyll- a (chla) concentrations. When applied to the limited Belgica data set the Carder et al . (1999) model gave the most accurat...

An earlier study of metals in the polychaete Owenia fusiformis showed that individuals within intertidal populations were remarkably variable in terms of whole-body concentrations of zinc and copper. Four populations have now been studied, two in south Cornwall (Fal Estuary and Par Sands) and one each in east Devon (Torre Abbey Sands) and north Bri...

Chlorophyll (chl) and carotenoid pigment data has significantly advanced our understanding of the distribution and class composition of phytoplankton biomass. However, the conversion of this data into quantitative and reliable estimates of biomass necessitates empirical carbon and pigment measurements on individual species. We have studied the carb...

The gut contents of mackerel larvae (2.1-9.2 mm in length) were examined from samples taken in the spring and early summer over the shelf-edge to the south-west of the British Isles. Larvae < 5.9 mm in length fed mainly on unidentified phytoplankton material, copepod eggs and copepod nauplii. In the diet of larvae > 6 mm in length, the proportion o...

As part of the UK-based Land-Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) community programme, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediments have been collected from the Humber estuary, which is a large and complex estuarine system on the east coast of England fed by several rivers including the Trent and Ouse. The samples from four surveys were extra...

A UV absorbing compound was observed in surface waters of the Iceland Basin during the decline of a phytoplankton bloom in June 1989. The compound elutes early during reverse-phase HPLC analyses of phytoplankton chlorophylls and carotenoids and has a broad absorption band from 300 to 470 nm with an absorption maximum at 380 nm. The compound (subseq...

In situ pumps (SAPs) were used to collect particulates from the upper and interior of the ocean at 47, 56 and 60°N along the 20°W meridian in the northeast Atlantic during 1989. The particulates were analysed for carbon, chlorophylls, chlorophyll degradation products and carotenoids covering a four order of magnitude change in concentration. There...

The vertical distribution and fine scale structure of nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), nitrous Oxide (N2O), phosphate (PO4), oxygen (O2) and chlorophyll α (chl α) were determined in the North Western Indian Ocean (NWIO) along a meridional section (67°E) from the Equator to the Gulf of Oman using an Autoanalyser for micromolar levels of nutrients, and...

The physical and chemical structure of the upper 100 m of the water column and biological parameters were measured during spring bloom development along a 20°W transect rom 60 to 47°N in June 1989. At 60°N, the situation was that of a late bloom: weak and intermittent stratification, high nutrient concentrations, and high and variable phytoplankton...

Rates of phytoplankton production and nitrogen assimilation were measured at various stations along a transect in the northwestern Indian Ocean, from near the equator, northwards into the upwelling system off the Arabian peninsula, during September–October 1986. The measurements were made using in situ incubation techniques with the simultaneous us...