Carol Anderson Darling

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• Ph.D.
• Professor Emerita at Florida State University

Objective: This study aimed to extend the current literature by examining the patterns of indulgent parenting of both mothers and fathers and their associations with adolescents’ basic psychological needs satisfaction, self-control, and self-efficacy. Background: Indulgent parenting could be harmful for the development of psychological needs satis...

In this study, researchers aimed to extend the current literature by examining the patterns of indulgent parenting of both mothers and fathers and their associations with adolescents' basic psychological needs satisfaction, self‐control, and self‐efficacy. Indulgent parenting could be harmful for the development of psychological needs satisfaction...

The broad overview of the field includes a brief history and discussion of family life education as an established profession. New to this edition is the inclusion of several models that provide insight into the discipline and practice. There is expanded information about working with diverse audiences and the skills needed to be a culturally compe...

Parent-child communication and parent-child relationship quality could influence young adult children’s well-being. Further, the associations between parent-child communication and relationship quality and young adult children’s well-being could differ in various cultural environments. In this study, we examined the associations among these constru...

Objectives This study examined the external influences and internal processes in parental beliefs, perceptions, and emotions regarding the parenting of adolescent children and the role of parental indulgence. Methods Interviews of 29 parents of adolescents, who were approximately 15 years old, were conducted regarding the perceptions of parental i...

Helicopter parenting, defined as a form of overinvolved parenting of young adult children, is shown to be associated with young adult children’s well-being. Furthermore, the phenomenon of helicopter parenting is increasingly evident across various cultures. In this study, the association between helicopter parenting and young adult children’s well-...

Implementation of family life education (FLE) can positively influence individual and family well‐being by helping families to help themselves. However, because the nature of FLE is not widely understood, a comprehensive model highlighting and integrating fundamentals of the practice is needed. The foundations of family life education model (FFLE)...

Because emotional and behavioral problems during young adulthood are an evolving public health concern, it is important to identify parenting behavior in the family of origin that prevents or exacerbates such problems. Therefore, we tested the impact of a unique parenting behavior – indulgent parenting – on emotional and behavioral problems through...

There is an increasing trend of overparenting across different cultures and there is a growing interest in its influence on the prevalence of university students’ mental health problems. Overparenting can undermine the development of autonomy and independence among young adult children. In this chapter, focusing on parental influence on university...

Objectives Research on indulgent parenting in childhood and adolescence and its association with helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood and the well-being of parents and emerging adult children is limited. In this study, we examined (1) the association between indulgent parenting in childhood and adolescence and helicopter parenting in emerging...

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Research on indulgent parenting and its relation to college students is both limited and inconsistent. Further, all the studies have used a variable-centered approach. To fill the gap in the current literature, the aims of this study were to explore profiles of parental indulgence and their associations with college students’ emotional and behavior...

Translational family science lies at the intersection of family research and the practice of family life education (FLE). Discussion of the foundational principles of FLE (education, prevention, strengths-based, and research and theory-based) and its key components (culture, context, content, and practice) provide a framework for considering the re...

This study used interviews to question 29 parents of adolescents regarding their perceptions of parental indulgence they had experienced and practice now as parents. The study was based on socialization and symbolic interactionism theories with qualitative analysis techniques being used to identify thematic findings. Four parents had not been indul...

During the course of previous military conflicts, attention has been focused on separations experienced by service members and their loved ones. This study utilized the ABC-X model of Family Stress and Resiliency Theory to provide information about specific family and parental stressors, family coping, appraisal of stress and coping abilities, and...

Because clergy children live within a unique family context, the goal of this study was to examine the individual and family stressors that adult clergy children experience while growing up and how individual and family coping resources, along with the adult clergy children’s perceptions of their experiences or sense of coherence, have affected the...

Little is known about transgender parents and how they have negotiated their gender transition, referred to here as Parental Gender Transition (PGT), and subsequent stressors. This study addressed this gap using an adapted version of the ABC-X model and Family Stress Theory. The family functioning of 73 transgender parents (72.2 % born male, 25.0 %...

This qualitative study was set in the context of two evolving concomitant social issues: concerns with adolescent eating and health behaviors and parental indulgence. The research purpose was to gain a deeper and more insightful understanding of the family food ecosystem, parental modeling, and parental indulgence and their potential relationship t...

A cross-sectional design based on social cognitive theory was used to examine the association between mother and daughter perceptions of parental indulgence and family health discussions as they influenced eating motivations, health outcomes, and life satisfaction of college females. Results indicated that daughters perceived greater overall indulg...

A cross-sectional design based on the family ecosystem framework was used to examine how students' time spent engaging in social interactions and personal behaviours was related to dating, stress and satisfaction with life. The data were extracted from the Parental Indulgence of Emerging Adults study and consisted of 534 students at a southeastern...

Family life education methodology

The present study seeks to model the effects of parenting stress on contentment experienced by spouses of soldiers deployed to Iraq for long periods of time (n= 200). Using the ABC‐X model from family stress and resiliency theory, a path analysis determined that, in addition to parenting stress, the length of deployment and the ethnic background of...

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences between adolescents and parents in their perceptions of parental indulgence, stress (economic and life), and life satisfaction. In addition, using the conceptual frameworks of family ecosystems and developmental theory, the relationships between the three types of parental indulge...

As the role of fathers within families continues to evolve, understanding how these changes impact life satisfaction is needed. This is especially relevant for fathers who have children with disabilities; therefore, this study sought to understand the group differences between fathers of children with and without disabilities. A survey design was u...

Despite the heterogeneity of posttreatment outcomes, the likelihood of relapse is often dependent on several factors, including participation in continuing care services such as self-help groups. However, few studies have examined the use of self-help groups among adolescent outpatients. Therefore, in this study, investigators examined self-help gr...

A survey of adolescents aged 15 to 16 years was used to examine the relationship between their perceptions of indulgent parenting and adolescent weight status to overall satisfaction with life, as associated with adolescent perceptions of body image, health and stress. In addition, perceptions of parental indulgence were examined in terms of their...

Midlife is filled with challenges and unique stressors for women, which necessitate a greater understanding of the factors that influence their life satisfaction. This study examined the relationship of family strains/changes and weight to life satisfaction, as mediated by family coping, physical activity, sleep and health stress. The findings indi...

Many scholars have defined family life education (FLE), and some have differentiated it from other family-related fields. For example, Doherty (1995) provided a definition of the boundaries between FLE and family therapy; however, we believe those criteria can be improved. We explore the professions of family life education, family therapy, and fam...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of historical family functioning, family stress, coping, perceived impact of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and health stress upon the life satisfaction of persons with AIDS (PWAs) and their support persons. Utilizing Family Stress Theory, a survey research design was employed invol...

An online professional practice analysis of family life educators was conducted resulting in responses from 522 Certified Family Life Educators (CFLEs) and a comparison group of 369 noncertified family practitioners. This survey included questions about the characteristics of CFLEs, their work environments, and practice-related tasks within 10 CFLE...

We surveyed colleagues from 4 international professional organizations involved with families in order to examine global family concerns and the role of family life education from an ecosystemic perspective. Our sample represented 6 continents and 50 countries. Survey results indicated that family education and related coursework were available in...

Using family stress theory, we examined the influence of family and health stress, level of coping, and internal health locus of control upon the life contentment of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BPD) who were either adherent or nonadherent to their medication regimens. A survey-interview design was used with a sample of 100 individu...

The purpose of this study was to investigate college student stress, how students cope with stress, and how the stress of renegotiating self and relationships influences one's sense of coherence (SOC). A survey research design was utilized incorporating 596 college students. Using family stress theory, this study examined how stress associated with...

As individuals begin to engage in sexual activities, they must contend with the interaction of their current behaviors with any prior learning related to sexual guilt. While guilt feelings associated with participation in masturbation, petting, and sexual intercourse have decreased in recent years, especially among females, few studies have conside...

The purpose of this research is to understand the effect of the presence of children in the home on the quality of life of clergy and clergy spouses. A survey research design is used involving a random sample of 232 clergy and 169 clergy spouses. Data are collected pertaining to selected variables in the ABC-X model of family stress. Discriminant a...

Providing an overview of American families today is a difficult task because of diversity, not only in race and ethnicity, but also in social, geographical, and cultural backgrounds. These varied family dimensions can influence perceptions and reactions to age, family composition, family characteristics, gender roles, family interests, health issue...

To better understand the stress and quality of life of clergy and clergy spouses, a survey research design was utilized involving a random sample of clergy. Of the 436 respondents involved in this study there were 259 clergy who were employed full-time and 177 clergy spouses. Various scales related to Family Stress Theory and the ABC-X model were u...

Typescript. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2002. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 392-406).

In this cross-sectional study done in the United States, 19 female and 17 male children ( N =36) ranging in age from 30- to 36-months ( M =33 months, 8 days) were presented with two different search and retrieval type problems to solve. Examination of the data revealed clear age-related differences between children who fluidly and efficiently probl...

In-depth interviews with four family and consumer sciences teachers indicated that none had been prepared for inclusive classrooms and they had positive attitudes about special education students. Classroom observations revealed some instances where students were not included and highlighted the effect of teacher knowledge and behavior. (SK)

Clergy play an important role in our society by working with individuals, families, churches, and communities. Many clergy members and their families report experiencing high levels of stress due to their demanding responsibilities and hectic schedules. The present study aimed to gain a more in-depth understanding of boundary-related stress and cop...

Argues that with individual, family, and world issues becoming increasingly complicated, those involved in pastoral care can benefit from using a comprehensive ecological approach to understanding and helping those in need. Suggests that the "family ecosystem model" that emphasizes interactions among individuals/families and their multifaceted envi...

It has been suggested that women who have had more than one sex partner differ from those who have had only one, both in their background and in their current functioning (in the forms of attitudes, partner interaction, sexual satisfaction, desired changes in their sex life, and other behaviors). To explore these issues, we distributed a questionna...

Responding administrators (204 of 507) in college family and consumer sciences units indicated that more than 50% had multicultural goals and objectives; in the upper division, 80% had multicultural courses. Perceived deterrents were lack of financial resources, preparation time, and time in current courses. (SK)

This study examined the past sexual experiences, as well as the prevalence of sexual thoughts and fantasies concerning the sexual contacts of 35 adult men who were sexually abused during their childhoods. More specifically, their past sexual contacts, thoughts and fantasies of desired sexual contacts, and perceptions of sexual contacts were investi...

The understanding of the representational nature of symbols and the ability to actively internalize and use these symbols is a crucial developmental step in the emergence of reading and writing literacy. Information was obtained from a study briefly summarized in this report which confirmed that children become able to understand and exploit extern...

With the professional name change in the United States of ‘home economics' to ‘family and consumer sciences’, the purpose of this paper is to facilitate communicating an understanding of our profession to our students. This paper focuses on an historical perspective depicting a progression of conceptualizations about the profession. Four developmen...

Although our societal attitudes about sexuality continue to be dominated by the religious view that sexual desires are to be restrained and sexual pleasures to be avoided, the degree to which religiosity actually influences the sexuality of women remains a matter of conjecture. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the relationship, if...

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of number of lifetime sex partners on sexual behaviors, sexual attitudes, and sexual satisfaction for never‐married college women and men. An anonymous questionnaire was administered in select classes at a midwestern state university. One‐partner group (one sex partner) women, in comparis...

Because a hysterectomy is one of the more frequently performed surgical procedures in the U.S., we used a causal model to study those women who had and had not experienced a hysterectomy. Using family stress theory, we examined the quality of life of these two groups of women as it was related to physiological and psychological health stressors, fa...

The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.

Although masturbation has come to be viewed as an appropriate sexual outlet for women, it is the one form of sexual behavior that has been most harshly treated throughout the centuries by society, religion, and the field of medicine. Thus, despite the increased incidence of masturbation among adult women during the 1970s and 1980s, substantial evid...

A survey research design was utilized to examine the influence of mother-daughter and father-daughter attachments during adolescence on the intimate relationships, sexual activities, and sexual satisfaction of adult women who were health-care related professionals. The findings indicated that there were significant differences regarding mother figu...

The purpose of this study was to examine first sexual intercourse as it relates to gender differences regarding involvement in various sexual behaviors, the role of the partner, contraceptive practices, sexual guilt, and sexual satisfaction. An anonymous 155-item questionnaire was distributed to 304 never-married female and male undergraduate stude...

Although it has been almost 20 years since recorded evidence of multiple orgasms among women emerged, there have been few recent investigations of this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to understand further the female multiorgasmic experience in relationship to the method of stimulatory activity, namely, masturbation, petting, and sexual i...

Although orgasm can be experienced in many ways with or without a partner, partner involvement continues to be a noted preference for many women. In order to examine the timing of partner orgasm in relationship to female sexual response, women who usually experience orgasm before, simultaneously, or after their male partner's first orgasm were exam...

A program to provide guidance to graduate assistants as they begin to teach an undergraduate course in family relationships is described. This explanation focuses on the organization of this multisection course, as well as the management of the program to train graduate assistants that includes the use of an information and policy manual; the imple...

Despite earlier contrary claims, some researchers have recently reported a possible homologous female prostate gland that is potentially involved in a sudden spurt of fluid being released at the moment of orgasm. A number of medical authorities have speculated that this fluid is urine. To alleviate concerns about the possible release of urine durin...

This investigation was concerned with perceived differences between orgasms experienced via masturbation, petting, and sexual intercourse and the relationship of such differences, if any, to sexual satisfaction. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to registered nurses in fifteen states concerning sexual attitudes, sexual behavior and the fem...

Despite earlier contrary claims, researchers have found evidence that a sensitive area (Grafenberg Spot) exists in the vaginal barrel. This area is a potential source of orgasm independent of clitoral stimulation. Other researchers have reported that some women experience a sudden spurt of fluid at the moment of orgasm. In the interest of contribut...

This study was designed to investigate how children affect the sexual lives of their single parents. More specifically, this study investigated how being a single mother or father affects parenting roles, partner relationships, sexual guilt, and sexual satisfaction. Data were collected from a sample of 155 parents who were members of a single-paren...

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for analyzing ethical issues in the sexual domain, one that can be used in the instruction of sex educators and therapists. The structure of ethical theories will be briefly described in conjunction with the relationship and relevance of ethical and moral issues. In order to clarify the applicatio...

Single college‐educated females have received very little attention from researchers who are concerned with chronicling the apparent changes in sexual behavior occurring in American society. A widely held impression suggests that the so‐called sexual revolution has led to a new sexual morality characterized by an increased emphasis on sexual enjoym...

Through time sex has come to have increasing societal importance, but very few investigators have sought to determine if the participants have gained any degree of pleasure from their sexual involvements. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the perceived psychological and physiological sexual satisfaction of coitally active and coit...

Interest in the family and in family life education has become widespread and multifaceted during the past few decades. This interest, however, is not a new phenomenon; it evolved during the latter part of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth centuries. Its beginning had many characteristics of a reform movement arising during the social-...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceived life, marital, and sexual satisfaction of married couples undergoing treatment for infertility. A survey research design was utilized involving the responses of 43 husband-wife pairs. The findings indicated that wives had a significantly lower level of satisfaction with life than their husb...

As individuals become increasingly aware of their sexuality and orgasmic responsiveness, concomitantly, the phenomenon of pretending orgasm is becoming a greater part of the sexual relationship for many couples. However, few studies exist concerning this phenomenon despite the fact that nearly two-thirds of all females have reported pretending orga...

The past fifteen years, in particular, have seen a major increase in the extent to which both adolescents and young adults are engaging in sexual intercourse. While several studies call attention to the increasing incidence among college/university students, the concomitant shifts in the sociopsychological realms of sexuality are also important dim...

In recent years, many persons have opposed sex education believing that such courses will lead to increased participation in sexual intercourse by young people, but their fears are not supported by most previous research. The influence of sex education material integrated into functional marriage and family courses, however, has not been the subjec...

A statewide study of adolescents' attitudes toward division of labor in the home was conducted to determine if adolescents are becoming more egalitarian in their approach to sex roles. This investigation attempted to examine adolescents' attitudes toward household tasks based on gender and maternal employment. A survey-research design was employed...

Changes in the proportion of college-aged males and females participating in coital relationships are analyzed through a review of 35 studies conducted between 1903 and 1980. Two major trends are apparent: there has been a major increase in the proportion of young people reporting intercourse, and the proportion of females reporting coital involvem...

The purpose of this study was to explore parent-child sexual communication by investigating the impact of direct and indirect parental messages on the sexual attitudes and sexual satisfaction of young adults. A survey research design was used to obtain data from undergraduate students attending a large Southern university. The findings indicate tha...

PIP While parents may not be recognized as disseminators of sexual information, positive and negative sexual messages are communicated by parents to their children, both verbally and nonverbally. The results of this study indicate that the impact of parental messages upon the sexuality of youth appears relatively straightforward for males, but quit...