Carmen Díaz

• University of Huelva

Introduction: Patients with cocaine use disorders have very high readmission rates. Our aim was to model the relationships between attributes of patients with cocaine use disorder at the beginning of treatment, therapeutic process indicators of time in treatment or proportion of appointments attended, and treatment outcomes, including outcomes at...

Objectives To explore the relationship between sexual orientation and specific sexual and risk behaviors, compare the number of sexual behaviors and attitudes among people of different sexual orientations, and test the mediating effect of attitudes toward sexual behaviors in the relationship between sexual orientation and the number of sexual behav...

Since probability is a new topic at the primary school level in many countries, many primary school teachers may consider themselves not well prepared, or may not value the formative role of probability as a topic for their students to learn. Consequently, the assessment of teachers’ attitudes using valid and reliable instruments is a preliminary s...

Aunque la inferencia estadística es una herramienta esencial en muchas ramas de la actividad humana, y su enseñanza es generalizada, una extensa bibliografía crítica su uso inadecuado. Ello ha originado una línea de investigación y desarrollo denominada inferencia informal que está cobrando gran importancia. En este trabajo se resumen tres de las a...

In this paper we describe the development of a questionnaire designed to assess the probability content knowledge of prospective primary school teachers. Three components of mathematical knowledge for teaching and three different meanings of probability (classical, frequentist and subjective) are considered. The questionnaire content is based on cu...

In this paper we describe the first steps in building a scale directed to measure the attitudes towards probability and its teaching of primary school teachers. The components considered in building the instrument and the process of selecting the items, as well as a first version of the instrument will be presented. Validity and reliability of the...

In this paper we present a study directed to assess the students' difficulties in understanding elementary variance analysis. Responses from 224 undergraduate psychology students who had previously studied this topic to a questionnaire are analysed. Contents of the questionnaire include the selection of a variance analysis model, understanding of a...

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar el contenido matemático de los problemas de inferencia propuestos desde 2003 a 2014 en las Pruebas de Acceso a la Universidad del Distrito Andaluz en la especialidad de Bachillerato de Ciencias Sociales. Mediante un análisis de contenido se ha identificado el campo de problema que corresponde a cada ejer...

This study was aimed to evaluate the accuracy and strategies used in the estimation of association between potential factors and associated risks when data are presented in 2x2 tables. A sample of 414 undergraduate Psychology students from three different Spanish universities was given three different tasks (direct and inverse association and perfe...

La inferencia estadística es una herramienta esencial en muchas ramas de la actividad humana, por lo que su enseñanza es generalizada en la universidad y formación profesional, en incluso en alguna modalidad de Bachillerato. A la vez encontramos una extensa bibliografía que critica su uso inadecuado. Ello ha originado una línea de investigación y d...

Promoting algebraic thinking in elementary school pupils requires implementing specific training activities for teachers, which in turn involves developing tools to assess their didactic-mathematical knowledge about this subject. In this paper we present results of a study aimed to build a questionnaire for assessing the didactic-mathematic knowled...

In this paper we reflect on the need for a better preparation of teachers to teach conditional probability, a topic in which a wide variety of misconceptions have been described. We also suggest a way to organize didactical situations that serves to improve the teachers’ mathematical and pedagogical knowledge related to this topic. As an example, w...

Las tablas de contingencia son un recurso frecuente para presentar información estadística en prensa e Internet, así como en documentos técnicos usados en el trabajo profesional, aunque la enseñanza actual no presta mucha importancia a este tema, suponiendo que su interpretación es sencilla. En este trabajo analizamos la percepción de la asociación...

La finalidad del estudio es evaluar la competencia de futuros profesores españoles de Enseñanza Secundaria y Bachillerato para definir de forma adecuada la probabilidad simple y condicional. Las definiciones proporcionadas por una muestra de 196 futuros profesores se analizan, clasificándolas en función de su corrección y precisión. Se comparan los...

In this paper we present a study aimed at assessing biases in conditional probability reasoning in prospective secondary school and high school mathematics teachers. We analyze responses to 7 items taken from the CPR (conditional probability reasoning) in a sample of 196 last year mathematics students and Máster students, finding a high incidence i...

Resumen En este trabajo analizamos el contenido necesario para la preparación didáctica de profesores para la enseñanza de la probabilidad y sugerimos las posibilidades que las paradojas clásicas de probabilidad ofrecen para organizar actividades didácticas que puedan contribuir a esta formación. Se presenta también un ejemplo usado en nuestros pro...

The aim of this research was to assess the common and specialized knowledge of elementary probability in a sample of 183 prospective primary school teachers in Spain, using an open-ended task. Common knowledge of probability was assessed in the first part of the task, where teachers had to compute simple, compound and conditional probability from d...

Understanding independence and conditional probability is essential for a correct application of many probabilistic and statistical concepts and methods. Although an intuitive definition of these two concepts is possible, psychological research shows that its application in some specific circumstances becomes difficult and produces biases and wrong...

In this paper we describe a workshop which was aimed to develop the knowledge needed to teach correlation and regression in high school teachers. The workshop was based on a formative cycle model used in our previous research and directed to simultaneously increase the teachers’ statistical and pedagogical knowledge. To develop the teachers’ knowle...

The research question in this study was assessing possible relationships between formal knowledge of conditional probability as well as biases related to conditional probability reasoning: fallacy of the transposed conditional; fallacy of the time axis; base rate fallacy; synchronic and diachronic situations; conjunction fallacy; and confusing inde...

In this paper, we present results from a study aimed to assess potential relationships between biases in conditional probability reasoning (fallacy of the transposed conditional, fallacy of the time axis, conjunction fallacy, base rate fallacy and confusing independence and mutually exclusiveness) and formal knowledge of the concepts. Factor analys...

En este trabajo analizamos las respuestas a un problema de comparación de datos ordinales en 643 estudiantes mexicanos de Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato. Utilizando las ideas del Enfoque Onto-Semiótico propuesto por Godino y sus colaboradores, realizamos un análisis de las respuestas abiertas, clasificándolas según la medida de tendencia centr...

We present the results from a research directed to assess students' understanding of confidence intervals in engineering undergraduate students. A questionnaire composed by 12 multiple choice items and two open problems was given to a sample of 252 engineering students after they studied the topic. Results suggest that students do not understand th...

In this research implicative analysis served to study some previous hypotheses about the interrelationships in students' understanding of different concepts and procedures after 12 hours of teaching elementary Bayesian inference. A questionnaire made up of 20 multiple choice items was used to assess learning of 78 psychology students. Results sugge...

Resumen En las investigaciones educativas basadas en una metodología cuantitativa, el análisis de datos se lleva a cabo, generalmente, dentro del marco de la inferencia clásica frecuencial, principalmente a partir del contraste estadístico de hipótesis. En los últimos años se ha señalado el uso e interpretación incorrecta de los contrastes estadíst...

The incorrect interpretations and researchers' excessive confidence in statistical inference have lead to intensive criticism by different professional organisations that have had scarce impact on the didactical practices at University level. In this paper we analyse this situation and conclude with some reflections about the teaching of statistica...

We summarize a model with which to analyze the meaning of mathematical concepts, distinguishing five interrelated components. We also distinguish between the personal and the institutional meaning to differentiate between the meaning that has been proposed for a given concept in a specific institution, and the meaning given to the concept by a part...

Numerous authors have analysed the debate on statistical tests as well as the recommendations from different professional associations about its use. In the same way many revisions and exhaustive analyses of other frequentist methods such as power analysis, or confidence intervals determination have been published. In this work we complement these...

In this paper we present the results from assessing biases in conditional reasoning, which was carried out on a sample of 159 future teachers, Mathematics and Psychology students�. The results suggest the need to improve the statistical training of these students, in particular the future teachers. Presentamos un estudio de evaluación de los sesgos...

The incorrect interpretations and researchers' excessive confidence in statistical inference have lead to intensive criticism by different professional organisations that have had scarce impact on the didactical practices at University level. In this paper we analyse this situation and conclude with some reflections about the teaching of statistica...

Although statistics is taught extensively at university level and is today part of the mathematics curricula for primary and secondary school level in many countries, the specific training to teach statistics is far from being an universal component of pre-service or professional development courses for statistics teachers. In this paper we reflect...

We explore the possibility of introducing basic ideas of Bayesian inference to undergraduate psychology students and report on the outcomes of our training. We present empirical results on how 78 psychology students learned the basics of Bayesian inference after a 12 hour teaching experience, which included Bayes' theorem, inference on proportions...

We analyse the main components of 367 future teachers' attitudes towards statistics through their responses to the Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS) scale. Analysis of component correlations and factor analysis serve to describe the relationships among main components of teachers' attitudes and compare with previous research. Our results...

This paper describes a study of the competence to carry out the Chi-squared test, which is frequently used in psychology and education, in a sample of psychology students after studying the subject. Using an open-ended problem that is solved with the help of an Excel program, we analyse the setting of hypotheses, identification of the statistics an...

RESUMEN En este trabajo presentamos algunos resultados obtenidos del análisis de un cuestionario pasado a una muestra de estudiantes de secundaria, con el que pretendíamos estudiar el significado personal que éstos asignan a los promedios. El cuestionario está compuesto por 9 preguntas abiertas (con 26 apartados en total) que los estudiantes debían...

In this paper we analyse the responses given by 643 Mexican students from Secondary Education and High School to a problem involving the comparison of ordinal data. Using some ideas from the Onto-semiotic approach proposed by Godino and colleagues, we carry out an analysis of the open responses, taking into account the central tendency measure used...

Resumen Describimos brevemente el proceso de elaboración de un cuestionario de evaluación, y lo analizamos desde el enfoque onto-semiótico de la educación matemática. La finalidad es reflexionar sobre las instituciones y procesos de muestreo implicados, así como sobre las posibilidades de generalización y criterios de idoneidad de las tareas e inst...

La utilidad del razonamiento probabilístico condicional en psicología y educación se deriva de su aplicación al diagnóstico, evaluación, toma de decisiones e inferencia. En este trabajo describimos la validación de un cuestionario destinado a evaluar este razonamiento. A partir de las respuestas de una muestra de 591 sujetos se analizan la consiste...