Carlos A. Zuluaga

Carlos A. Zuluaga
Universidad Nacional de Colombia | UNAL · Departamento de Geociencias (Bogotá)

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81
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August 2006 - present
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Position
  • Professor (Full)

Publications

Publications (81)
Article
Full-text available
The axial Arcabuco-Floresta segment of the Eastern Cordillera basin, Colombia exhibits a complex geological history characterized by both along and across strike variations in deformation and exhumation, as well as magmatic activity, all of which provide valuable insights into the broader tectono-thermal evolution of the Andean region. In this stud...
Article
Full-text available
Deep-seated structures can exhume deep crustal rocks (>20 km), transmitting the signal of geodynamic processes from the subduction zone to the interiors of the continents. The role of deep-seated structures can be analyzed with low-temperature thermochronological dating techniques. However, studies coupling low-temperature thermochronology with str...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
El vulcanismo asociado a los arcos magmáticos en el Fanerozoico del territorio colombiano se encuentra bien expuesto en diferentes localidades a lo largo y ancho del país, que usualmente corresponde a eventos regionales de cambios en la configuración tectónica y por lo tanto desarrolla suites magmáticas y volcánicas que relatan la historia de la ap...
Article
Full-text available
Omphacite found in eclogites from the Arquía Complex (Colombia) was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The sample is chemically homogeneous. Omphacite usually shows symplectitic intergrowths or a relictic character partially and totally included in amphibole. The tran...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
El vulcanismo asociado a los arcos magmáticos en el Fanerozoico del territorio colombiano se encuentra bien expuesto en diferentes localidades a lo largo y ancho del país, que usualmente corresponde a eventos regionales de cambios en la configuración tectónica y por lo tanto desarrolla suites magmáticas y volcánicas que relatan la historia de la ap...
Article
Full-text available
Load demand forecasting is an essential component for planning power systems, and it is an invaluable tool to grid operators or customers. Many methods have been proposed to provide reliable estimates of electric load demand, but few methods can address the problem of predicting energy demand from a probabilistic point of view. One of them is the G...
Article
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The left lateral strike-slip Bucaramanga Fault exhibits a transpressional southern termination located towards the axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, where the Boyacá and Soapaga Faults are also identified as inversion-related structures. To unravel their exhumation history, we obtained apatite and zircon fission-track and (U–Th)/He...
Article
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Archean (4.0–2.5 Ga) tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) terranes represent fragments of Earth’s first continents that formed via high-grade metamorphism and partial melting of hydrated basaltic crust. While a range of geodynamic regimes can explain the production of TTG magmas, the processes by which they separated from their source and acqui...
Chapter
Full-text available
Volcanic and plutonic rocks that compose the Late Triassic to Jurassic magmatic belt in Colombia result from partial melting of lower crustal rocks mixed with mantle melts in a continental margin setting. Lithologies include quartz monzonites, monzogranites, syenogranites (locally leucocratic), granodiorites, tonalites, diorites, gabbros, and volca...
Article
One of the key technical issues in the practical implementation of microgrids is their protection coordination scheme. The protection coordination of a microgrid must be able to meet the basic protection requirements of selectivity, sensitivity and reliability for several operation modes or topologies. This paper presents an optimal coordination ap...
Chapter
Full-text available
Apatite and zircon fission–track data from crystalline rocks collected along an east–to–west elevational profile across the Bucaramanga strike–slip fault in the Cepitá area and thermal history modeling show the four–stage thermal history of the southwestern Santander Massif of the northern Andes in Colombia. A 60 my phase of burial heating from the...
Article
Based on regional geology and stress tensor analysis from fault slickensides, we propose a structural model to explain the present-day configuration of a crystalline core in the northern Andes of Colombia (the Santander Massif - SM). The SM has undergone transpressional tectonics in a domino-style, controlled by longitudinal sinistral strike-slip f...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Está investigación aporta al conocimiento de las características petrográficas, composicionales y de minerales de alteración de las rocas volcánicas félsicas y cuerpos ígneos del área geotérmica de Paipa, mediante análisis de microscopia óptica, geoquímica de roca total, geoquímica mineral y difracción de rayos X (DRX). Las rocas analizadas son cla...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Los magmas TTG pueden ser generados en un rango amplio de condiciones P-T con temperaturas entre ~800 y 1000 °C y presiones entre ~6 y 18 kbar. Las asociaciones minerales presentes en el residuo pueden variar su posición en el espacio P-T dependiendo de la composición del sistema, impartiendo firmas de elementos traza variables. De esta manera, la...
Article
Two metasedimentary migmatite samples from the same outcrop in the northern margin of the Oak Creek pluton in the Wet Mountains, Colorado, have distinct mineralogy, textures and major and trace element geochemistry. Sample W6, a garnet-biotite migmatite, has trace element characteristics consistent with a sedimentary protolith, this sample is also...
Article
The continuous search for mineral resources such as gold, copper and base metals etc. requires a refined understanding of the thermal evolution and exhumation history of potential exploration targets, as only ore deposits can be exploited that have been exhumed to the surface or near to the surface. In order to better understand the exhumation hist...
Code
Graphast is a graphical phase equilibrium calculator. Currently, Graphast can be used for: - Visualizing the H&P thermodynamic database. - Plot thermodynamic properties of end members from the database (V, Gibss, Gord). - Calculate reactions between end members and plot thermodynamic properties of reactants and products and univariate reactions cu...
Article
Azufral is one of the most touristic, but also one of the most explosive active volcanoes of SW-Colombia. Although no historical eruptions have occurred, the potential thread is inferred from the predominance of dacitic pyroclastic units and lava domes since the Holocene. This paper presents new stratigraphical and compositional data of the uppermo...
Chapter
Full-text available
The metamorphic crystalline core of the Santander Massif recorded an early Paleozoic peak metamorphism that reached the granulite facies with temperatures above the wet pelite solidus and an overprinting Jurassic low-pressure metamorphism. The early Paleozoic metamorphism occurred during the Ordovician and produced greenschist to amphibolite facies...
Chapter
Full-text available
The metamorphic crystalline core of the Santander Massif recorded an early Paleozoic peak metamorphism that reached the granulite facies with temperatures above the wet pelite solidus and an overprinting Jurassic low- pressure metamorphism. The early Paleozoic metamorphism occurred during the Ordovician and produced greenschist to amphibolite facie...
Conference Paper
Over the past decade zircon crystals have found expedite and productive ways into the geological discipline in Colombia. The virtually ubiquitous nature of this accessory phase, a characteristic derived from its chemical and physical refractory nature, makes zircon a common mineral in a broad range of lithologies and geological environments; and he...
Code
Grupit is an OSX application to build pseudosections using thermocalc (TC - see numerous publications of Holland, Powell, and coworkers); although the program greatly facilitates the construction of such a phase diagram, you still have to know how to use TC for this task. At this point, Grupit can be used for constructing PT, TX, and PX pseudosecti...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Las rocas metamórficas de alta presión de la Cordillera de la Costa en Venezuela, se presentan como boudines, bloques aislados y cuerpos tabulares en rocas metasedimentarias que se ubican en el Complejo la Costa (Navarro, 1888) o Grupo Caracas (Aguerrevere & Zuloaga, 1937, 1938) y que corresponden a secuencias de esquistos cuarzo moscovíticos, neis...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Con base en análisis de cartografía geológica e indicadores cinemáticos de planos estríados, geoformas identificadas en imágenes de satélite y modelos digitales del terreno, se propone un modelo estructural de deformación frágil que explica la cine- mática de las fallas de borde, así como de las fallas transversales al interior del Macizo de Santan...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Con base en análisis de cartografía geológica e indicadores cinemáticos de planos estríados, geoformas identificadas en imágenes de satélite y modelos digitales del terreno, se propone un modelo estructural de deformación frágil que explica la cinemática de las fallas de borde, así como de las fallas transversales al interior del Macizo de Santande...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Evidencias de mezcla e hibridación de magmas en la Cuarzomonzonita de Santa Bárbara, Macizo de Santander, permiten establecer relaciones entre posibles fuen- tes magmáticas y el marco evolutivo para el momento de la intrusión. La mezcla e hibridación de magmas sugiere interacción de diferentes composiciones durante la génesis y evolución del fundid...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
La Cuarzomonzonita de Santa Bárbara aflora en el Macizo de Santander, tiene cerca de 60 km de longitud y su ancho varía entre 5-12 km. Presenta rocas graníticas con va- riaciones composicionales dadas por feldespato alcalino, plagioclasa, cuarzo, epidota (clinozoisita, allanita y pistachita), titanita, opacos (pirita, magnetita y titanomagnetita),...
Conference Paper
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Diques porfiríticos con texturas esferulítica y felsítica clasificados como riolitas y cuarzo-latitas, además de diques tonalíticos, monzodioríticos y graníticos, con textu- ra aplítica, gráfica y granofírica, intruyen a la Cuarzomonzonita de Santa Bárbara en diferentes localidades. Geoquímica de roca total sugiere que todos los diques son de afini...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Mediante el análisis estructural y termocronológico de muestras del Macizo de San- tander, a lo largo de un transecto entre las localidades de Curos y el municipio de Guaca (Departamento de Santander, Colombia), se establece la presencia de eventos de exhumación recientes que expresan la acción marcada de la Falla de Bucaraman- ga como estructura p...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Al sur del municipio de Cáchira, Macizo de Santander, Colombia, donde afloran rocas graníticas cartografiadas como Batolito de Rionegro, y que hacen parte del denomina- do Grupo Plutónico de Santander, y que incluye otros plutones Triásico-Jurásicos del Macizo de Santander. Este plutón es considerado de edad Jurásico Temprano a Medio, basándose en...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Análisis realizados a la Tonalita-Granodiorita de Manizales (Stock de Manizales) evi- dencian la presencia de variaciones composicionales (entre Tonalita Biotitica con Hor- nblenda, Tonalita Biotitica y granodiorita). En este trabajo se abordan las variaciones composicionales que se presentan en el cuerpo intrusivo y la caracterización petrográ- fi...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Un conjunto de rocas metamórficas de alto grado, del Gneis de Bucaramanga, en el bloque norte del Macizo de Santander, está constituido por anfibolitas, gneises anfibólicos, migmatitas, granulitas máficas y félsicas (localmente con estructura gnéisica), y granofelsas con olivino. Estas rocas se caracterizan por las paragéne- sis Di+Hbl+Pl+Or±Grt (g...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Este estudio de termocronología de baja temperatura, mediante trazas de fisión y (U-Th)/He en apatitos y circones, se realiza con la fin de discriminar la temporalidad de eventos tecto-térmicos relacionados con la evolución geológica entre los macizos de Santander y Floresta, por efecto de la Falla de Bucaramanga.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Esta contribución trata sobre la utilización de modelos geoquímicos en el tratamiento cuantitativo de problemas geológicos que involucran cambios químicos. La meta de muchos modelos geoquímicos es encontrar, a través de la termodinámica, las condiciones del estado mas estable de un sistema. En esta contribución se presentan varias aplicaciones part...
Conference Paper
Las serpentinitas son rocas metamórficas formadas por metamorfismo hidrotermal que están compuestas mayoritariamente por minerales del grupo de las serpentinas y que vienen de protolitos ultramáficos, son además comunes en secuencias ofiolíticas lo cual tiene gran rele- vancia al evaluar la evolución tectónica de una zona. Adicionalmente, en las úl...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Con base en datos petrográficos, de química de roca total, y química mineral, se sugiere que los neises de las Migmatitas de Florencia fueron sometidos a fusión parcial por deshidratación de la biotita en condiciones de facies granulita (temperaturas >800°C). La fusión parcial generó un residuo sólido, las granulitas máficas, y un líquido silicátic...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Este trabajo presenta la caracterización macroscópica y microscópica, geoquímica de roca total para elementos mayores y menores, y microsonda EPMA para química mineral y mapas composicionales de las rocas de alta presión de la Isla Margarita. La Isla Margarita, ubicada en la esquina suroriental de la placa Caribe, se compone de un núcleo metamórfic...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
El Complejo Tectónico de Villa de Cura, se encuentra representado por unidades litológicas que han sido diferenciadas en función de su litología y contenido mineral: (1) metatobas con presencia de lawsonita y glaucofana (Formación Caño y Formación Chino), (2) metalavas con presencia de glaucofana y epidota (Formación El Carmen), y (3) granofelsas c...
Article
The Late Cretaceous to late Neogene exhumation history of the central Santander Massif in the Northern Andes of Colombia is controlled by the geodynamic interactions between the Caribbean, South American and Nazca plates, as well as the Neogene collision and accretion of the Panama arc. Slab-breakoff of the Caribbean plate, with the tip of the slab...
Article
Full-text available
The core of the Santander Massif in the northern Andes of Colombia is dominated by migmatitic gneisses with a < 1.71 Ga protolith and were affected by continuous interactions of oceanic plates to the west and the northwestern corner of the South American continental plate. The exposed metamorphic core of the massif offers a unique opportunity to un...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Análisis cinemático macro y micro serán realizado para reconstruir la cinemática de este evento, y probar el carácter no co-axial de la colisión asociado a la convergencia oblicua entre la margen continental y las rocas oceánicas Cretácicas. Por: Sergio Andrés Hernández Gelves-Universidad Industrial de Santander RESUMEN: A partir de la interpretaci...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
En las regiones de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y la Alta Guajira afloran rocas plutónicas y volcánicas las cuales presentan afinidad calcoalcalina, metaluminosas y peraluminosas, relacionadas con arco volcánicos en ambientes sincolisionales de margen continental activa, con rango de edad absoluta variante entre 210 y 111 Ma, definido usando mét...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Evidencias de mezcla e hibridación de magmas en la Tonalita-Granodiorita de Manizales (Stock de Manizales) permiten establecer relaciones entre posibles fuentes magmáticas, asociaciones metalogénicas y marco evolutivo para el momento de la intrusión magmática. La mezcla e hibridación de magmas indica la interacción diferentes composiciones durante...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
La Milonita Granítica del Guacaica ha sido catalogada como un plutón de forma alargada deformado en un régimen dúctil en un segmento transpresivo generado durante el Permo- Triásico que aflora en el flanco occidental de la Cordillera Central. Macroscópicamente se caracteriza por el desarrollo de fábricas S-C, donde las primeras son definidas por or...
Article
Full-text available
El presente estudio muestra los resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis estadístico multi- variado de elementos mayores,usando las técnicas propuestas por Aitchison, de muestras re- presentativas del volcanismo Cenozoico de Colombia. El análisis estadístico revela que la tota- lidad de los datos puede ser agrupada en tres subgrupos composicional...
Article
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The present study shows the results from major element multivariate statistical analysis of representative samples from Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Colombia using Aitchison methods. Statistical analysis of geochemical data of major oxides of Colombia Cenozoic volcanics reveals that all data can be grouped in three compositional subgroups not necessa...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
La tonalita-granodiorita de Manizales (Stock de Manizales), es un cuerpo intrusivo, de edad Paleoceno, ubicado en el flanco Occidental de la Cordillera Central, al este de la ciudad de Manizales (Caldas), y al norte del Volcán Nevado del Ruiz. Presenta un área aproximada de 65 Km2, de los cuales afloran 32 Km2, debido a que se encuentra cubierto po...
Article
Full-text available
El estudio de inclusiones fluidas asociadas al sistema hidrotermal-magmático del Volcán Nevado del Ruiz permitió conocer en detalle aspectos característicos de los fluidos involucrados en la evolución del sistema geotérmico. Para ello se seleccionaron muestras de la parte más profunda de tres pozos de gradiente térmico que fueron perforados en la z...
Article
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El Neis de Macuira es una unidad metamórfica Paleozoica que aflora en las serranías de Simarua, Jarara y Macuira, Alta Guajira. Se trata de un conjunto litológico que sufrió metamorfismo bajo condiciones de P-T en la facies anfibolita y consta de neises anfibólicos y cuarzo-feldespáticos, anfibolitas, esquistos, pegmatitas, rocas calco-silicáticas...
Article
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The Macuira Gneiss is a Paleozoic metamorphic unit that outcrops in the Simarua, Jarara and Macuira ranges, Alta Guajira. It is composed by a lithologies metamorphosed under amphibolite facies P-T conditions and consist of amphibolitic and quartz feldspathic gneisses, amphibolites, schists, pegmatites, calc-silicated rocks and marbles, with migmati...
Article
A fluid inclusions study in the Nevado del Ruiz volcano hydrothermal system allowed to characterize fluids involved in the evolution of the geothermal system. Fluid inclusions hosted in quartz, plagioclase and carbonate from samples of the deepest parts of three thermal gradient wells were analyzed to understand fluid-rock interaction. Fluid inclus...
Article
Full-text available
The structural geology studies around the Nevado del Ruiz Volcano (NRV), based on aerial photographs and digital terrene models interpretation, in conjunction with analysis of morphological, tectonic features, striated fault planes data and stress field calculation allow to propose a structural scheme that explains the pattern of location of hot sp...
Article
A Late Cretaceous-Paleocene metamorphic event in the Santa Marta massif (northern Colombia) is characterized by a P-T path with a pressure increase after an initial temperature increase or temperature increasing simultaneously with pressure. In either case, this path indicates loading of pre-heated crust in agreement with the proposed models for th...
Article
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Los estudios de geología estructural en los alrededores del Volcán Nevado del Ruíz (VNR) mediante la interpretación de fotografías aéreas y modelos digitales del terreno, en conjunción con el análisis de rasgos morfológicos – tectónicos, datos de estrías de falla y cálculo del campo de esfuerzos en el sector norestedel VNR, permitieron inferir un e...
Article
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Combination of several extensive and compressive fault/fracture systems with different lithologic units compartmentalized the hydrothermal system(s) in the vicinity of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano. Three main fault/fracture systems are observed in the Ruiz volcano area, a N10°-20°E system (San Jerónimo and Palestina faults), a N40°-60°W system (Vill...
Article
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A detailed petrographic analysis of lava flows of the Nevado del Ruiz Volcano (VNR), including determination of mineral assemblages and microstructures, geochemical analysis and a crystal size distribution (CSD) quantitative textural analysis in plagioclases, helps to constrain interpretations of magmatic processes occurring in this volcano during...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
isópacas y cuantificar desde el 2007 hasta el 18 de junio de 2010 un acumulado de 11,503 * 10 6 m 3 de ceniza, de los cuales 1,75 * 10 6 m 3 corresponde al evento de febrero de 2008; 2,924 * 10 6 m 3 a enero y febrero de 2010; y 2,14 * 10 6 m 3 al evento del 28 de mayo de 2010, valores obtenidos aplicando el método de Pyle (1989) con la interpolaci...
Article
Full-text available
Metamorphic garnet with sector zoning in the cores and oscillatory zoning in the rims grew during rapid heating of pelitic rocks in the Chiwaukum Schist. These types of compositional zoning are exemplified by sharp, but low amplitude, boundaries between broad petal-shaped sectors and between narrow concentric zones, respectively. Zoning is most obv...
Article
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The hydrothermal activity in the NRV generates alteration characterized by mineral associations depending on a number of physic-chemical factors of the hydrothermal system. Petrography of unaltered rocks was used to establish the mineral assemblage prior to rock-fluid interaction. XRD was used in altered rocks, where it was not possible to recogniz...
Article
Garnet Sm–Nd and zircon U–Pb ages, and pressure–temperature–time paths elucidate Late Cretaceous crustal thickening which occurred within magmatic arc rocks of the Insular Superterrane. Voluminous tonalitic magma of the Mount Stuart batholith intruded at <3 kbar into upper crustal sedimentary rocks between 96 and 91 Ma, with initial intrusion prior...
Article
Full-text available
A partir del análisis petrográfico detallado de flujos de lava del Volcán Nevado del Ruiz (VNR), incluyendo la determinación de la asociación mineral estable y microestructuras, análisis geoquímicos y análisis texturales cuantitativos de distribución de tamaños de cristales (CSD) de plagioclasas, se restringen las interpretaciones de los procesos m...
Article
Full-text available
El Neis de Bucaramanga es la unidad litodémica más antigua del basamento ígneo-metamórfico del Macizo de Santander, las tres grandes fajas (occidental o faja Bucaramanga, central y oriental) que han sido descritas comprenden una sucesión de neises pelíticos y semipelíticos intercalados con capas delgadas de rocas calcosilicatadas, mármoles, neis ho...
Article
Full-text available
In the northernmost portion of the Serrania de Jarara (Alta Guajira, Colombia), low - medium grade metamorphic rocks from the Etpana Metamorphic Suite were thermally affected by emplacement of a small calc-alkaline intrusion (Parashi Stock). Detailed petrographic analysis in collected rock samples across the NE and NW plutonic contacts show occurre...
Article
Pembroke Granulite from Fiordland, New Zealand provides a window into the mid- to lower crust of magmatic arcs. Garnet Sm–Nd and zircon U–Pb ages constrain the timing and duration of high-P partial melting that produced trondhjemitic high Sr/Y magma. Trace element zoning in large, euhedral garnet is compatible with little post growth modification a...
Article
Full-text available
The Nason Ridge Migmatitic Gneiss of the Cascades Core is a migmatitic unit comprising concordant pelitic schistandgneiss,amphibolite,andtonalitegneiss,andcrosscuttingtonalite,quartz-richgranitoid,andpegma- tite. There are several generations of 'igneous' lithologies (leucosomes = tonalite, quartz-rich granitoid, and pegmatite) some of which are co...
Article
Full-text available
The contact between the unit Porphyry Andesite and the Cajamarca Group is observed in the "Túnel de la Linea" section. The integration of petrographic, geochemical and textural (crystal size distribution, CSD) analy- sis allows description of physical and chemical processes that took place in the contact zone in order to propose a model for the int...
Chapter
The Cordilleran Coast Plutonic Complex comprises the roots of a middle Cretaceous to Paleogene magmatic arc and orogenic belt that extends from the Yukon Territory to Washington State. Exceptional rock exposure and mineral preservation have made the Cascades crystalline core, the southernmost exposure of the Coast Plutonic Complex, a laboratory for...
Article
P-T pseudosections, constructed in MnNCKFMASH and adjusted for chemical compositional changes resulting from zoned garnet growth (chemical fractionation) in a pelitic rock, show negligible changes in the position of the peak metamorphic mineral assemblage field (garnet + biotite + plagioclase + sillimanite + quartz) compared to the position of this...
Article
Full-text available
A series of predicted mineral assemblages on bulk rock Al2O3 and Mg# [MgO/(MgO + FeO)]. T-XA1 pseudosections portray the dependence of staurolite, biotite, and aluminum silicate on Al2O3 content, allowing the distinction between high-Al and low-Al pelite, as commonly portrayed with KFMASH modeling. The MnNCKFMASH system also shows the effect of Al2...
Article
Full-text available
The Geothermal System of the Nevado del Ruíz Volcano (NVR) is located in the Colombian Central Cordillera, inside of the Machín-Cerro Bravo Volcanic Complex. Interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite imagines in conjunction with analysis of morphological, tectonic features, field data (fractures, joints and fault striations) and background...
Article
Typescript. Thermodynamic pseudosection modeling is used to understand metamorphism in migmatitic metapelites. First, research focuses on evaluation of changes in effective composition on pseudosection topology and on the use of pseudosections for refinement of metamorphic peak P-T estimates. Potential changes in effective composition originating f...

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