Carlos aurelio EspluguesUniversity of Valencia | UV · Department of International Public Law and International Private Law
Carlos aurelio Esplugues
MSC (Edinbrugh), LLM (Harvard), PHD (Valencia)
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129
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215
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Introduction
Cross-Border Mediation
Securitization and International Trade
Control of Foreign Direct Investment
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March 1998 - present
Publications
Publications (129)
In line with discussions in other countries, 1 the increase in FDI flows into strategic sectors of Europe's economy has fostered a debate on the need to establish a screening mechanism at the European level, on the grounds of national security and/or public order. M&As undertaken by investors controlled by foreign governments or directed to sectors...
I. Arbitraje comercial internacional: de la "edad de la inocencia" a la "era del desencanto" [arriba] En un conocido artículo, William W. Park refiere al anuncio existente en un zapatero de Boston en el que aparecía un triángulo equilátero con tres opciones en sus ángulos: fast service, low price, high quality añadiendo Pick any two[1]. El arbitraj...
Trabajo recibido el 11 de mayo de 2020 y aprobado el 25 de mayo de 2020 Resumen Las inversiones extranjeras han fluido como nunca durante las últimas dé-cadas, en el marco de una aceptación generalizada de sus beneficios. Esta situación, sin embargo, comienza a alterarse de forma acelerada en múltiples lugares del planeta. La presencia de un entorn...
Данная статья посвящена анализу существующей практики применения Соглашений Всемирной торговой организации в спорах по торговле зерном и продуктами из него и эффективности деятельности данной организации в разрешении таких споров. Проанализировав опыт участия членов Всемирной торговой организации в качестве заявителя, либо ответчика в торговых спор...
La desestimación temprana de la demanda es una figura consolidada en el arbitraje de inversiones que, en los últimos tiempos, está en fase de extrapolación al arbitraje comercial internacional. No se trata de un proceso ni neutro ni intrascendente, generando todo tipo de dudas y críticas, como lo demuestran los amplios debates mantenidos en el seno...
按西班牙之國內法及國際法上均已明確規範,兒童作為當事人在該國之民事程序中具有陳述意見之權利;然而,法院對於該項原則欠缺明確、統一及一致的理解,涉及實現該項原則之數項議題也日益存在爭議。此一情形對該項原則之有效性將造成非常負面的影響,且可能影響兒童最佳利益之必要維護。本文分析國內法及國際法上有關民事程序中兒童陳述意見權,及西班牙法院實現該項原則之方式,並指明目前存在爭議與(或)誤解的領域。
The right of the minor to be heard in civil procedures involving him or her is very well enshrined in Spanish legislation both national and international...
Resumen: El Reglamento Bruselas II ter supone un paso más en el proceso del fomento de la mediación y de otros medios de resolución alternativa de conflictos en el seno de la UE. A partir de este dato positivo, el Reglamento plantea una pluralidad de interrogantes. Ciertamente, las soluciones diseñadas incorporan un tratamiento innovador, y positiv...
La libre circulación de inversiones es uno de los mantras que ha caracterizado la modernidad económica. El principio, sin embargo, se encuentra sometido a creciente prevención, en el marco de una visión crítica hacia la globalización en un mundo en pleno reajuste geoestratégico. Una de las manifestaciones de esta tendencia reciente de empoderamient...
Resumen: Tras años de fomento del libre comercio y de la globalización, las posiciones nacionalistas y unilateralistas comienzan a ganar terreno en la realidad internacional. En este entorno, el recurso a la noción de intereses esenciales de la seguridad del Estado y conceptos similares es usado de forma creciente para avalar la adopción de medidas...
La crisis que acompaña al arbitraje comercial internacional en la actualidad favorece el recurso a otros mecanismos ADR, como es la mediación. Una institución que facilita a las partes un procedimiento simple, y la posibilidad de alcanzar soluciones aceptables para los implicados. Sin embargo, el análisis de la realidad manifiesta como este apoyo p...
Las ADR/MASC han dejado hoy de ser mecanismos alternativos a la justicia estatal para pasar a ser entendidas como complementarias a esta, alterando de tal suerte la propia noción de acceso a la justicia. Dentro de esta categoría genérica, la mediación constituye hoy la institución que atrae mayor interés doctrinal y práctico y que, de alguna manera...
El aumento constante de las inversiones extranjeras durante las últimas décadas ha venido acompañado de un cambio en sus parámetros. El origen de las inversiones varía, como lo hace su naturaleza y destino. La posibilidad de que sectores claves de la economía del Estado receptor acaben en manos de inversores extranjeros, en ocasiones pertenecientes...
Foreign Investment and Investment Arbitration in Asia - edited by Esplugues Carlos January 2019
The process of liberalization of international trade and of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has constituted a broadly accepted trend during the last few decades and FDI inflows have expanded constantly since the end of the 1980's. However, signs of a certain crisis of the positive and one-way attitude towards international trade and FDI exist nowad...
GENERAL APPROACH
Foreign investment is considered ‘crucial’ for Australia. The country has traditionally maintained an open attitude to FDI, strengthened since the mid-1980s, and in fact it has benefited from it for a long time. However, its attitude to FDI is only somewhat open. Despite the liberalisation of the regime for investment since the mid...
Canada is a country with an explicit official position in favour of FDI. Nevertheless, this positive attitude towards FDI does not prevent the country having a system for the evaluation of FDI proposals or certain limitations on FDI in several sectors of the economy, for example limitations on foreign ownership in the area of transport or telecommu...
The analysis in this book demonstrates the existence of very different screening systems of FDI on national security grounds around the world. They all have different premises and organisational structures, diverse scopes and objectives, and varied forms of implementation. In some jurisdictions, these systems are considered a last resort and recour...
Few areas of law seem to excite as much controversy nowadays as the law of foreign investment. It is a fast-growing sector in which elements and ideas in the spheres of law, economics, political science, international relations and other related fields – increasingly environmental rights and human rights too – interact. It is also a sector in which...
A double-edged attitude towards FDI is on the rise nowadays in many parts of the world. As a matter of principle, most states still encourage FDI, but at the same time many are increasingly beginning to adopt a more selective approach to it. This means that FDI is welcomed as a general rule, but some FDI or some kinds of FDI are not that welcome in...
TOWARDS A MORE TARGETED APPROACH TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT
Liberalisation of FDI is a strong trend that is likely to continue into the future. Nevertheless, there are some signs of ‘backlash against FDI’ that make the regulatory framework in certain countries less welcoming to foreign investments, or at least to foreign investments from particular coun...
The need to combine free trade and FDI with the protection of national essential security interests and policies has led to the incorporation of ‘non-precluded measures provisions’ in IIAs (whether BITs or FTAs) that include FDI provisions. These kinds of provisions are not new. National interest exceptions have long been found in international agr...
International investment has grown steadily over time. FDI flows are greater than ever and affect almost all countries and all sectors of the economy. Despite the existence of tensions and new approaches to this, the recent history of FDI is one of success. Significantly, this success has taken place irrespective of the existence of some structural...
The EU is the world's largest exporter of international investment as well as the leading recipient of FDI in the world, with a traditionally open-door policy to FDI. The current 28 EU member states account for almost 50% of all investment agreements concluded worldwide. The EU is an open space committed to free trade and investment. And now, since...
GENERAL OPENNESS TO FDI
The UK has traditionally maintained a very open attitude to trade and investment. The general atmosphere towards FDI in the UK is very flexible and no differentiation between domestic and foreign investment is currently made. The UK is the tenth largest destination for inwards FDI flows. In 2014, the UK accounted for 20% of...
THE CURRENT COMPLEX LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT
Over the few last decades China has opened its market to foreign investment. China is nowadays the major recipient of FDI worldwide and this has entailed a steadily increase in the number of M&A of domestic Chinese firms by foreign investors. Solely foreign-owned enterprises are the most pop...
Foreign investment has always played and still plays a vital role in the economic development of the US. Since at least since the 1870s, it has contributed to the development of US economy. This positive attitude has nevertheless coexisted with the existence of sectors were FDI has traditionally been limited and with certain moments in US history i...
Reference to national security in FDI has traditionally been linked to the ex post dimension of the investment. The state relies on national security, national essential security interests or similar grounds to design or implement certain measures relating to investments already implemented in its territory. This ex post dimension is deeply linked...
Screening systems are so far national. They are systems created by states with the direct goal of evaluating the potential threat to national security, national essential security interests or related terms caused by a foreign investment project or certain categories of FDI. All these concepts are usually not defined, and always difficult to explai...
In addition to the absence of a clear and comprehensive legal regime or global institutional framework, FDI encounters an additional structural shortcoming because of the lack of a single common, shared view of FDI. This fact leads to certain theoretical misunderstandings about the meaning of some important concepts directly linked to foreign inves...
FDI has undergone a process of liberalisation over the last three decades. However, and despite the existing position in favour of this attitude, states have always maintained barriers of different natures and scopes to control it. The reasons for these barriers may have varied over time, and likewise the level of restriction on investment flows fr...
As has previously been mentioned, FDI is subject to changes that affect the attitude towards them in many countries. There is tension exists between the commitment to freedom of FDI and the right of the state to ensure that certain legitimate public interests and goals can be fully implemented. This may lead to the protection of certain strategic s...
A third structural element to be taken into account when considering FDI refers to the changing environment that surrounds it. A certain change in the traditional atmosphere surrounding FDI is now taking place. ‘ Red tape has not replaced red carpet’ – at least not yet – but FDI access to certain markets has become more difficult in a growing numbe...
ABSENCE OF COMPREHENSIVE REGULATION OR ANY INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE
Because of its scope and importance, FDI deserves global regulation. However, there is still no comprehensive, clear and overwhelming international legal framework or developed institutional structure for it. In the aftermath of World War II, a need to liberalise and protect interna...
At the time of a paradigm change Foreign Investment, Strategic Assets and National Security is a timely analysis of the changing attitude towards foreign investment in major economies, namely the United States of America, the People’s Republic of China, Australia, Canada, and Germany, France and the United Kingdom as representatives of the European...
Cambridge Core - International Trade Law - Foreign Investment, Strategic Assets and National Security - by Carlos Esplugues
Resumen: Las inversiones extranjeras han aumentado de forma constante en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, la crisis financiera y el protagonismo de algunas economías emergentes, esencialmente China, están afectando a su vitalidad. No puede hablarse todavía un cambio de tendencia, pero sí se constata una actitud de creciente prevención, cuando no d...
Modern societies are very much linked to the idea of litigation. The incessant increase in the level of litigation puts the whole judicial system under pressure because the volume of disputes brought before State courts increases, the proceedings are getting more and more lengthy and the costs incurred by the parties in such proceedings are also gr...
This paper, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs upon request by the JURI Committee, examines the issues arising in the context of cross-border mediation. Cross-border litigation has increased steadily in recent years in Europe as a consequence of the consolidation of the Europe...
Modern societies are very much linked to the idea of litigation. The incessant increase in the level of litigation puts the whole judicial system under pressure because the volume of disputes brought before State courts increases, the proceedings become more and more lengthy and the costs incurred by the parties in such proceedings also greatly inc...
By means of the analysis of more than 20 national jurisdictions of different legal and geographical origin this book provides a general understanding of the developments that civil and commercial mediation is currently undertaking across the world. The book combines 25 national reports with a General Report analyzing the major trends in civil and c...
The Chilean private international Law has a small and scattered, not quite developed, number of rules. This article focuses on the recognition and enforcement of foreign legal judgements and arbitration awards, especially based on the practice adopted by the Supreme Court from 2000 to 2014. The final result of this study questions the current model...
Bolivia enacted in 201 3 a new Code of Civil Procedure which is due to come into force in August 2014. This new Code provides fresh responses to certain weaknesses and problems generated by the old Code of 1975. Unfortunately, the analysis of those solutions provided by the new CPC as regards international disputes shows the maintenance of relevant...
The State and State courts have been approached for centuries as the almost only available instruments to ensure access to justice to citizens; that is to guarantee the right to an effective remedy before an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law within a reasonable time. A monopoly for the State in the field of dispute re...
El presente artículo analiza en profundidad la regulación que la Ley 5/2012, de 6-7, incorpora de la mediación transfronteriza, abordando diversos aspectos esenciales de ésta. La regulación del acuerdo de sometimiento a mediación, el papel de los mediadores, su formación y reconocimiento de su condición, la eventual ley aplicable al fondo del litig...
State courts face nowadays an enormous workload. Despite recent reforms of civil procedure rules and the huge budgetary effort done by the different EU Member States for years, State courts are unable to provide citizens with a quick, sound, affordable and certain response to their disputes. This directly affects the implementation of the principle...
Modern societies are very much linked to the idea of litigation. A hidden rule seems to exist in the sense that the more advanced a society is the highest level of litigation it suffers. This increase in the level of litigation amounts to a sort of “litigation explosion” that has traditionally been linked to State courts. This explosion is said to...
This article analyzes in depth the regulation set forth by the Act 5/2012, of 6-7 as regards cross-border mediation. The article addresses some essential issues of this institution. Thus, the regulation of the agreement to mediate; the role played by mediators, their training and the recognition of their status; the law applicable to the merits of...
A new concept of access to justice for the XXI Century is under way. The unability of the State and State courts to provide citizens with a quick, especialized and affordable access to justice has entailed a growing reference to ADR devices worldwide. ADR is not anylonger an alternative to State courts but growingly interacts with them. The new app...
International Commercial Arbitration if flourishing within the European Union. People refer to it more than ever and, besides, national legislators are enacting new Arbitration Act to the extent that almost all EU Member States have modified the regulation on Arbitration during the last decade. This popularity contrasts with the fact that arbitrati...
International maritime industry comes out as one of these areas in which the resource to arbitration and other ADR devices have enjoyed a traditional and far-reaching character. Historically, a trend has existed for those disputes arising out of international maritime transport to be referred to arbitration, ousting jurisdiction of national courts....
The existence of a single market renders cross-border litigation more and more usual. Cases with foreign elements increase widely directly putting the principle of access to justice under pressure. It is not only that the volume of disputes brought before national courts increase due to economic unification. This higher amount of cross-border litig...
La Unión Europea vive momentos de tribulación. Su realidad económica y su futuro político están hoy en duda. Las presentes turbulencias, sin embargo, coexisten con una realidad jurídica espléndida y dinámica que significativamente, además, se encuentra en pleno proceso de expansión. La presente obra aborda desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar las...
In April 2011 the Spanish Government forwarded a Draft-Bill on Mediation in Civil and Commercial Matters to the Spanish Parliament. This Draft-Bill applied to both domestic and cross-border mediation. It aimed to transpose Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21.5.2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and co...
This chapter studies in depth the regulation of Arbitration and Mediation in Spain. The 2003 Arbitration Act is approached in a critical manner both as regards domestic and international arbitration. Besides, the mediation bill draft is also studied.
Spanish Private International Law has undertaken relevant changes during the last decades in many areas. This work approaches them in depth connecting these reforms with the process of harmonization of Private Law and Private International Law in Europe and with the process of codification of Private International Law undertaken by different instit...
When we think of China we always tend to think of economic issues. Nevertheless there were -and there are- many legal issues involved in the difficult and lengthy process of accession of China to WTO. This article analyzes in depth legal duties embodied in the Act of Accession of China to WTO and their current level of accomplishment and, also, con...
Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards is a very relevant and trendy issue. The article analyzes in depth the existing Spanish case-law regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards.
The EU has undertaken a profound process of harmonization of Private Law and Private International Law. Nevertheless, this process encounters relevant problems in relation to the application of foreign law by judicial and non-judicial authorities in Europe. This Report analyzes the current situation in Europe and proposes some measures to be taken...
International Bankruptcy Law is a very trendy topic. Many countries have reformed their national Acts seeking to adapt them to the current economic situation. Also Spain did this some years ago. The New Spanish Bankruptcy Act of 2003 includes some rules on International Bankruptcy. These rules are directly linked to the EU Regulation on cross-borde...