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Publications (697)
Normal science is about assessing what is already known about a topic, about what needs to be known, and careful methods to collect the data required to answer the scientific question. It is the mainstay of scientific progress. But sometimes, luck or chance (eg, serendipity) plays a significant role in scientific process. We trace career experience...
PURPOSE: Arterial Blood Pressure (BP) is strongly influenced by physical activity. The temporary decrease in BP following activity is known as Post-Exercise Hypotension (PEH). Literature suggests that a viable alternative to conventional gym-based activities is found in outdoor activities, such as walking and hiking. Therefore, the aim of this stud...
Introduction: In distance running, pacing is characterized by changes in speed, leading to runners dropping off the leader’s pace until a few remain to contest victory with a final sprint. Pacing behavior has been well studied over the last 30 years, but much remains unknown. It might be related to finishing position, finishing time, and dependent...
Purpose : The purpose of this survey was to create a list of essential historical and contemporary readings for undergraduate and graduate students in the field of exercise physiology. Methods : Fifty-two exercise physiologists/sport scientists served as referees, and each nominated ∼25 papers for inclusion in the list. In total, 396 papers were no...
The aims of this study were to compare marathon pacing profiles between major championships winning races and world record (WR) races in men's and women's long-distance runners. Percentages of mean race speeds (%RS) for each 5 km section and last 2,195 m were compared between the latest 12 men's and 8 women's marathon WRs and the most recent 14 men...
The differences in pacing demands between track distance-running championship and meet (e.g., World Record [WR]) races have not been specified yet in the current literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine pacing behaviour differences between WRs and global championship (i.e., World Championships and Olympic Games) medal performan...
Purpose : This study determined the evolution of performance and pacing for each winner of the men’s Olympic 1500-m running track final from 1924 to 2020. Methods : Data were obtained from publicly available sources. When official splits were unavailable, times from sources such as YouTube were included and interpolated from video records. Final ti...
Purpose:
Monitoring is a fundamental part of the training process to guarantee that the programmed training loads are executed by athletes and result in the intended adaptations and enhanced performance. A number of monitoring tools have emerged during the last century in sport. These tools capture different facets (eg, psychophysiological, physic...
Background:
Elite sport is continuously evolving. World records keep falling and athletes from a longer list of countries are involved.
Purpose:
This commentary was designed to provide insights into present and future trends associated with world-class endurance training based on the perspectives, experience, and knowledge of an expert panel of...
We aimed to compare differences in performance and pacing variability indices between 5000 m heats and finals during major championships in men and women. Data with 100 m time resolution were used to compare overall pacing variability (standard deviation of 100 m section times, SD; and coefficient of variation, CV%) and short-term pacing variabilit...
The purpose of the study was to compare the degree of intersubject variability in the cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses to high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) prescribed based on the relative anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) or maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and to identify the optimal % ASR for execution of such HIIT. Seventeen...
The full text of the paper is freely accessible here: https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijspp/aop/article-10.1123-ijspp.2023-0132/article-10.1123-ijspp.2023-0132.xml
Scientific interest in pacing goes back >100 years. Contemporary interest, both as a feature of athletic competition and as a window into understanding fatigue, goes back >30 years. Pacing represents the pattern of energy use designed to produce a competitive result while managing fatigue of different origins. Pacing has been studied both against t...
The Talk Test (TT) is a measure of exercise intensity that has been used in a variety of populations. This study extends the use of the TT as a method to measure exercise intensity in prepubertal children. Healthy children performed an incremental exercise test and then either an interval-based exercise session on the treadmill or a 30-min free-pla...
The aim of the present study was to describe a novel training model based on lactate-guided threshold interval training (LGTIT) within a high-volume, low-intensity approach, which characterizes the training pattern in some world-class middle- and long-distance runners and to review the potential physiological mechanisms explaining its effectiveness...
In the first volume of “Exercise Evaluation and Prescription” in the Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology [...]
Purpose: the beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) to enhance overall aspects of health and to counteract the detrimental effects of aging process are well documented.To contain the airborne infection, during the COVID-19 pandemic, several restrictions were imposed. Those limitations resulted in lifestyles’ changes and increasing in sedentar...
Purpose: Talk Test (TT) is commonly used as surrogate of maximal testing exercises due to its simplicity, validity and easily expose to determine exercise intensity in several populations. Since only few study validated its use in different languages, this study aimed to determine the validity of the Italian version of TT in healthy young adults.
M...
This study examined the effects of different types of masks (no mask, surgical mask (SM), and N95-mask) on physiological and perceptual responses during 30-min of self-paced cycle ergometer exercise. This study was a prospective randomly assigned experimental design. Outcomes included workload (Watts), oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dio...
Purpose:
To investigate differences in athletes' knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification.
Methods:
Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May-July 2020...
Prescribing exercise intensity is crucial in achieving an adequate training stimulus. While numerous objective methods exist and are used in practical settings for exercise intensity prescription, they all require anchor measurements that are derived from a maximal or submaximal graded exercise test or a series of submaximal or supramaximal exercis...
INTRODUCTION: Fatigue can have a negative impact on performance, especially when it is not adequately monitored and there is not an appropriate workload to rest ratio [1]. This could result in non-functional overreaching and overtraining not only in players, but also in referees. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship...
Pacing behavior is typically described through graphical profiles and coefficient of variation (CV%) with respect to the mean speed of the race. Given that races during major championships are highly stochastic because of runners’ tactical behaviors, it may be valuable to use alternative methods to better describe and capture the occurrence of paci...
Fatigue can influence the performance in negative way, especially when it is not adequately monitored and there is not an appropriate workload to rest ratio, thus resulting in non-functional overreaching and overtraining.
PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between Hooper index (HI) taken before training session and rate of perceived exertion...
The purposes of this study were to ascertain how physiological adaptations, as reflected by critical speed and distance above critical speed ( D′), impact the competitive performance of a world-class female long-distance swimmer; and to determine whether a model including the expenditure and recovery of D′ could be used to understand pacing in swim...
Training intensity distribution is important to training program design. The zones 1 to 2 boundary can be defined by the Talk Test and the rating of perceived exertion. The zones 2 to 3 boundary can be defined by respiratory gas exchange, maximal lactate steady state, or, more simply, by critical speed (CS). The upper boundary of zone 3 is potentia...
Purpose:
This review aimed to determine (1) performance and training characteristics such as training intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, and methods in highly trained/elite distance runners and (2) differences in training volume and TID between event distances in highly trained/elite distance runners.
Methods:
A systematic revi...
The role of physical activity in improving overall aspects of health regardless of age is well documented. Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, preventive measures to limit airborne infection have been introduced, with people, especially older adults, advised to stay at home, thus increasing sedentary lifestyle and the risk of chronic dise...
Introduction:
The relationship between the percentage of a fatiguing ambulatory task completed and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) appears to be linear and scalar, with a relatively narrow "window." Recent evidence has suggested that a similar relationship may exist for muscularly demanding tasks.
Methods:
To determine whether muscularly dema...
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of postexercise rating times (from 0 minutes to 4 weeks) on session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Twenty-five athletes (12 women and 13 men) from different sports (sprinting, endurance running, cycling, and volleyball) were involved in this study. At least 3 training sessions per subject we...
The effects of plyometric training on middle- and long-distance running performances are well established. However, its influence on pacing behavior is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of plyometric training on pacing behavior. Also, verify whether the adaptations induced by plyometric training would change ratings o...
Introduction: Amid the historic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic (i.e., COVID-19), public health authorities have recommended the use of facial coverings in order to mitigate the spread of this highly contagious pathogen. While coaches, self-training athletes, and the general public seek to continue their exercise programs in a safe and mod...
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of post-exercise rating times (from 0-min to 4-wks) on sRPE. Twenty five athletes (12 females and 13 males) from different sports (sprinting, endurance running, cycling and volleyball) were involved in this study. At least 3 training sessions per subject were quantified based on sRPE using a visua...
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether session rating of perceived exertion-derived training load (sRPE-TL) correlates with GPS-derived measures of external load in National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I female soccer athletes.
Methods:
Twenty-one NCAA Division 1 collegiate women's soccer athletes (11 st...
This study was intended to investigate the associations between session Ratings of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) and Edwards’ training load (TL) and Banister training impulse (TRIMP) in order to determine the validity of the sRPE method for TL assessment in karate kata discipline. Eight elite karate kata athletes, members of the national karate team, t...
Objectives: Explore training-related knowledge, beliefs and practices of athletes and the influence of COVID-19-related lockdowns.
Methods: Athletes [n = 12,526 classified: world-class (13%), international (21%), national (36%), state (24%), and recreational (6%)] completed an online survey (50 d; 17th May to 5th July 2020) exploring their trainin...
Purpose:
To determine if workload and seasonal periods (preseason vs in season) are associated with the incidence of injuries and illnesses in female professional cyclists.
Methods:
Session rating of perceived exertion was used to quantify internal workload and was collected from 15 professional female cyclists, from 33 athlete seasons. One week...
This study aimed to investigate whether (semi-)professional cyclists’ execution of a training program differs from the coach’s designed training program. Also, the study sought to ascertain, in instances where the training sessions were indeed executed as designed by the coach, whether the perception of the cyclists differed from the intention of t...
A desire to make fitness testing cheaper and easier to conduct in a team-sport setting has led to the development of numerous field aerobic fitness tests. This has contributed to a growing confusion among strength and conditioning coaches about which one to use. The main aim of this narrative review was to examine the reliability, validity, sensiti...
PURPOSE: Performance in running events, such as 1-Mile World Records (WR), depends both on having and effectively using energetic resources. Although often understood in terms of physiological capacity based on the Joyner model, the Critical Speed/D’ model is an alternative method of accounting for energetic capacity and use, based on prior perform...
Exercise prescription based on exercise test results is complicated by the need to downregulate the absolute training intensity to account for cardiovascular drift in order to achieve a desired internal training load. We tested a recently developed generalized model to perform this downregulation using metabolic equivalents (METs) during exercise t...
Walking tests, such as the 6-min walk test (6MWT), are popular methods of estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in clinical populations. However, the strength of the distance vs. VO2peak relationship is not strong, and there are no equations for estimating ventilatory threshold (VT), which is important for training prescription and prognosis. Sin...
Exercise training is an important component of clinical exercise programs. Although there are recognized guidelines for the amount of exercise to be accomplished (≥70,000 steps per week or ≥150 min per week at moderate intensity), there is virtually no documentation of how much exercise is actually accomplished in contemporary exercise programs. Ha...
Background:
The sticking region is considered an intervening factor in the performance of the bench press with high loads.
Objective:
To evaluate the strength indicators in the sticking point region in Powerlifting Paralympic athletes.
Methods:
Twelve Brazilian Powerlifting Paralympic athletes performed maximum isometric force (MIF), rate of f...
Ever since the farm boy, Milo of Crotone, lifted a growing bullock every day, to become the strongest man in the world, and six-time champion of the ancient Olympic Games, we have known about the principle of progression of exercise training [...]
Background: The association between heart rate variability (HRV), training load (TL),
and performance is poorly understood. Methods: A middle-aged recreational female runner was monitored during a competitive 20-wk macrocycle divided into first (M1) and second mesocycle (M2) in which best performances over 10 km and 21 km were recorded. Volume (km)...
Background:
During self-paced (SP) time trials (TTs), cyclists show unconscious nonrandom variations in power output of up to 10% above and below average. It is unknown what the effects of variations in power output of this magnitude are on physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual variables.
Purpose:
To describe physiological, neuromuscular,...
The aerobic cost of running (CR), an important determinant of running performance, is usually measured during constant speed running. However, constant speed does not adequately reflect the nature of human locomotion, particularly competitive races, which include stochastic variations in pace. Studies in non-athletic individuals suggest that stocha...
During competitive events, the pacing strategy depends upon how an athlete feels at a specific moment and the distance remaining. It may be expressed as the Hazard Score (HS) with momentary HS being shown to provide a measure of the likelihood of changing power output (PO) within an event and summated HS as a marker of how difficult an event is lik...
The assessment of speech production difficulty has been used to control aerobic exercise intensity through
the Talk Test method. The aim of this study was to compare the Talk Test variables to lactate thresholds using
an incremental test. Thirteen male subjects performed an incremental cycle test to identify the first lactate
threshold (LT1), secon...
The session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) method was developed 25 years ago as a modification of the Borg concept of rating of perceived exertion (RPE), designed to estimate the intensity of an entire training session. It appears to be well accepted as a marker of the internal training load. Early studies demonstrated that sRPE correlated wel...
Although cycling class intensity can be modified by changing interval intensity sequencing, it has not been established whether the intensity order can alter physiological and perceptual responses. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of interval intensity sequencing on energy expenditure (EE), physiological markers, and perceptual...
We aimed to develop models to explain performance and pacing during a 10-km running trial.
Well-trained runners (n = 27, VO2max = 62.3 ± 4.5 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) divided into High (HPG, T10km = 33.9 ± 1.2 min, n = 9) and Low (LPG, T10km = 37.9 ± 1.2 min, n = 18) performers completed, in different days, the half squat and loaded squat jump (LSJ) exercises...
To describe the pacing pattern of 400m freestyle swimmers, understand how athletes select the first half compared to their 200-m race pace, and correlate critical speed (CS) and D’ with pacing parameters. The best all-time 400m performances were obtained, and 200m performances were retrieved from the same competition. Twenty-four performances were...
The time to exhaustion (tlim) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP) and whether a physiological steady state is observed at this workload remains unknown. Thus, this study analyzed tlim at the power output eliciting the RCP (tlim at RCP), the oxygen uptake (VO2) response to this effort, and the influence of endurance fitness. Sixty male recre...
Although there is evidence supporting the benefit of regular exercise, and recommendations about exercise and physical activity, the process of individually prescribing exercise following exercise testing is more difficult. Guidelines like % heart rate (HR) reserve (HRR) require an anchoring maximal test and do not always provide a homogenous train...
We are glad to introduce the Third Journal Club of Volume five, the third issue. This edition is focused on relevant studies published in the last years in the field of PhysioMechanics of Human Locomotion, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion...
Apply It!
• Fitness professionals will learn the different ways that RPE scales can be used.
• Fitness professionals will have newfound confidence in the importance of regulating exercise by using RPE scales.
• Fitness professionals will be able to properly use RPE scales during exercise testing and prescription.
Time-of-day dependent fluctuations in exercise performance have been documented across different sports and seem to affect both endurance and resistance modes of exercise. Most of the studies published to date have shown that the performance in short-duration maximal exercises (i.e. less than 1 min - e.g. sprints, jumps, isometric contractions) exh...
Background and Objectives: Hemodynamic stress during resistance training is often a reason why this training method is not used in cardiac patients. A lifting protocol that imposes rests between repetitions (IRRT) may provide less hemodynamic stress compared to traditional resistance training (TT). The aim of this study was to verify differences be...