
C. Y. LoThe Applied and Pure Research Institute · Physics
C. Y. Lo
Ph. D. in mathematics (Queen's University) and D. Sc. In physics (MIT)
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87
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Introduction
Additional affiliations
January 1990 - November 2015
The Applied and Pure Research Institute
Position
- Managing Director
Publications
Publications (87)
Newton's inverse-square law of gravitation is the oldest standing mathematical description of a fundamental interaction. However, Galileo, Newton, and Einstein failed to explain the Anomaly of the Space-Probes and flybys. Moreover, they also failed to explain experiments on the weight reductions of a charged metal ball, a charged capacitor, and hea...
The 2016 APS (American Physical Society) Medal for Exceptional Achievement in Research awarded to E. Witten for discoveries in the mathematical structure of quantum field theory, is indeed exceptional because there is no experimental support. This would be a big step backward from Galileo's experimental-based tradition. Moreover, the Selection Comm...
Hod claimed to have a method to deal with a simplified two-body problem. The basic error of Hod and the previous researchers is that they failed to see that in general relativity there is no bounded dynamic solution for a two-body problem. A common error is that the linearized equation is considered as always providing a valid approximation in math...
Newton's inverse-square law of gravitation is the oldest standing mathematical description of a fundamental interaction. However, both Newton and Einstein failed to explain the Anomaly of the Space-Probes and flybys. Moreover, they also failed to explain experiments on the weight reductions of a charged metal ball, a charged capacitor and heated-up...
There are errors in general relativity that must be rectified. As Zhou pointed out, Einstein’s covariance principle is proven to be invalid by explicit examples. Linearization is conditionally valid. Pauli's version of the equivalence principle is impossible in mathematics. Einstein's adaptation of the distance in Riemannian geometry is invalid i...
General relativity is incomplete since it does not include the gravitational radiation reaction force and the interaction of gravitation with charged particles. General relativity is confusing because Einstein's covariance principle is invalid in physics. Moreover, there is no bounded dynamic solution for the Einstein equation. Thus, Gullstrand is...
The Biefeld-Brown (B-B) effect consists of two parts: 1) the initial thrust is due to the electric potential that moves the electrons to the positive post; and 2) the subsequent lift is due to the separate concentration of the positive and the negative charges. The weight reduction of a charged capacitor is due to a repulsive charge-mass interactio...
A magnetostrictive-piezoelectric laminated composite has been developed by sandwiching a lead-free Sr modified BZT piezoelectric ceramic plate between two magnetostrictive materials plates polarized in the thickness direction. Two different magnetostrictive materials, Terfenol-D continuous fiber composite (TD-FC) and cobalt ferrite (CFO), were used...
General relativity is not yet consistent. Pauli has misinterpreted
Einstein's 1916 equivalence principle that can derive a valid field
equation. The Wheeler School has distorted Einstein's 1916 principle to
be his 1911 assumption of equivalence, and created new errors. Moreover,
errors on dynamic solutions have allowed the implicit assumption of a...
Understanding gravitation resulted in advances in technology that led to the industrial revolution. The discovery of electromagnetism lead to the modern world today. However, the development of general relativity does not seem to be accompanied by technological developments. On the contrary, due to accumulated errors in physics and mathematics, inv...
A magnetoelectric (ME) composite consisting of a single PZT rod embedded in a matrix of continuous Terfenol-D fiber and epoxy medium has been fabricated and characterized. With an optimized aspect ratio of the composite rods, a large ME effect has been observed. The magnetostrictive effect of the continuous Terfenol-D fiber/epoxy medium can be enha...
The formula E=mc(2) is often misinterpreted as unconditionally valid. This unverified speculation is used for supporting invalid physics. This error is responsible for the misinterpretations of the Reissner-Nordstrom metric such that gravity would increase as energy increases. These misinterpretations, in turn, delayed the discovery of the charge-m...
The free falling of a neutral capacitor, though more massive after charged, would be slower. Thus, the claim of Galileo that neutral objects of different masses would fall with the same speed at vacuum is not always true. Nevertheless, the equivalence between gravitational and inertial masses would still be valid. Moreover, Einstein's equivalence p...
A gravitational wave, as Hogarth (Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1953) pointed out in 1953, necessarily implies a nonzero energy-stress tensor at vacuum. Thus for the dynamic case, the Einstein equation violates the principle of causality and cannot have a dynamic solution. Nobel Laureates and Field Medalists failed to see this and thus overlo...
A stress-biased magnetoelectric sensor with a built-in permanent magnet has been fabricated using piezoelectric lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate single crystal and magnetostrictive Terfenol-D alloy. The resonance characteristics and magnetoelectric performance of the sensor have been evaluated under different stress-biased conditions. The reson...
It is pointed out that all the gauge theories in physics actually are not gauge invariant. Calculation of the deflection angle to the second order shows that general relativity is also not gauge invariant since the shortest distance from the Sun center is different for each gauge. Further, different "de Sitter" precession formulas of the first orde...
A three-phase magnetoelectric (ME) composite consisting of Pb ( Zr , Ti ) O <sub>3</sub> rods embedded in a matrix of Terfenol-D/epoxy (TDE) pseudo 1–3 composites has been fabricated. Besides the large ME effect, its frequency response under a magnetic bias field has been studied. It was found that the resonance shifts to lower frequency with incre...
A magnetostrictive-piezoelectric laminated composite has been developed by sandwiching a lead-free BNKLBT ceramic plate polarized in the thickness direction between two terfenol-D continuous fiber composite plates. This lead-free magnetoelectric (ME) laminated composite has a large ME voltage sensitivity of 2.5 V/Oe at the resonance frequency of 13...
An overdue critical analysis of Einstein's general relativity is provided. For the dynamic case, the Einstein equation is invalid since it is impossible to have a physical solution. For the static case, Einstein's covariance principle has been proven invalid. This error comes from Einstein's theory of measurement which adapts the notion of distance...
Modern physics has been developed to such a stage that frontier theoretical physicists can no longer afford to ignore physical principles and/or to leave all pure mathematics to mathematicians. These are the lessons that the experiences of Bondi, Einstein, Hawking, Pauli, Penrose, and t Hooft have illustrated.
Multiferroic nanocomposite films composed of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer and CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanoparticles have been prepared by a modified polymeric processing. Structural characterizations reveal that CFO nanoparticles with 80–100 nm diameters are well distributed in the P(VDF-TrFE) matrix. The crystalline and microstructure of P(VDF-TrFE) are strongly d...
In 1966, the Kreuzer experiment set an upper limit on the difference in the ratio of active to passive mass between fluorine and bromine, and an interesting interpretation was given by Thorne et al. However, in 1976 Will, with his new parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) approach, interpreted this experiment as providing an upper limit on his paramet...
A magnetoelectric (ME) composite ceramic 0.6Sr1.9Ca0.1NaNb5O15–0.4CoFe2O4 (SCNN–CFO) was prepared by a conventional solid state reaction method. Remarkable dielectric constant dispersion with a Curie temperature of 270 °C was observed. This relaxor composite exhibits ferroelectric as well as ferrimagnetic hysteresis loops at room temperature. A sig...
Although Einstein insisted on the fundamental importance of his equivalence principle, many did not understand its solid foundation in mathematics and physics and had mistaken his principle to be the same as Pauli's version or the 1911 preliminary assumption of equivalence. It is shown that the limitation of Einstein's equivalence principle is reve...
Currently, Einstein's equivalence principle is commonly misunderstood. Burlankov claimed that his version of the equivalence principle in terms of Newtonian space-time would lead to the same results as those of Einstein. It is shown that Burlankov 's principle is not generally valid in physics. His plane-wave equation has no physical solutions, alt...
The Eötvös experiment on the verification of equivalence between inertial mass and gravitational mass of a body is famous for its accuracy. A question is, however, can these experimental results be applied to the case of a physical space in general relativity, where the space coordinates could be arbitrary? It is pointed out that it can be validly...
Although both the electromagnetic wave and the gravitational wave can be produced approximately from Maxwell-type equations,
there are subtle differences in their respective exact equations. Since gravitational wave carries energy-momentum, the exact
field equation of a gravitational wave must have a nonzero source term along its path, whereas a fi...
It is shown that Einstein’s proof for E = mc2 is actually incomplete and therefore is not yet valid. A crucial step is his implicit assumption of treating the light as a bundle of massless particles. However, the energy-stress tensor of massless particles is incompatible with an electromagnetic energy-stress tensor. Thus, it is necessary to show th...
The theoretical foundation of LIGO's design is based on the equation of motion derived by Thorne. His formula, motivated by Einstein's theory of measurement, shows that the gravitational wave-induced displacement of a mass with respect to an object is proportional to the distance from the object. On the other hand, based on the observed bending of...
Currently, Hubble’s law is often considered as the observational evidence of an expanding universe. It is shown that Hubble’s Law need not be related to the notion of Doppler redshifts of the light from receding Galaxies. In the derivation of the receding velocity, an implicit assumption, which implies no expansion, must be used. Moreover, the noti...
It is pointed out that Special Relativity together with the principle of causality implies that the gravity of an electromagnetic wave is an accompanying gravitational
wave propagating with the same speed. Since a gravitational wave carries energy-momentum, this accompanying wave would make the energy-stress tensor of the light to be different from...
Einstein's 1911 preliminary application of the equivalence between acceleration and Newtonian uniform gravity to derive gravitational redshifts was commonly but mistakenly regarded to be the same as Einstein's principle of equivalence, which has its foundation in theorems of Riemannian geometry and special relativ-ity. Consequently, limitations due...
It is shown that Einstein's "principle of covariance" has no theoretical basis in physics or observational support beyond what is allowed by the principle of general relativity. Theoretically, Einstein's equivalence principle actually implies that Einstein's physical space has a frame of reference that necessarily has the Euclidean-like structure a...
In general relativity, according to Einstein, a gauge is related to the time dilation and the space contractions and thus a physically realizable gauge should be unique for a given frame of reference. Since more than one metric solution for the same frame can produce the same deflection angle, this means that an invalid space–time metric can produc...
It is believed that, in general relativity, the choice of a gauge is still arbitrary even after the frame of reference has been chosen. For instance, it is well known that the Schwarzschild solution and the isotropic solution are considered to be physically equivalent. Here, I argue that such belief is actually incorrect. For instance, in the case...
Einstein's equivalence principle was initially the equivalence of an accelerated frame and uniform gravity. In spite of being often challenged, Einstein insisted on the fundamental importance of his equivalence principle to general relativity. It is shown that existing criticisms, starting from Synge and Fock, are due to misunderstandings and misco...
Einstein's equivalence principle, which states the local equivalence between acceleration and gravity in the physical space, requires a free-fall result in a comoving local Minkowski space. Thus, if acceleration of a static particle did not exist, a nonconstant Lorentzian metric would imply inconsistency in physics. Moreover, if a physical requirem...
It is pointed out that the applicability of the harmonic gauge has never been generally established if the resulting coordinate system is expected to be physically realizable. Mathematically, Hilbert's proof is incomplete, and also invalid. A gravitational plane wave is given to show that the harmonic "gauge" may not be applicable and that implicat...
It is shown that the 1915 Einstein equation is incompatible with the physical notion that a wave carries away energy momentum. This proof is compatible with the Maxwell-Newton approximation (the linear field equation for weak gravity), and is supported by the binary pulsar experiments. For dynamic problems, the linear field equation is independent...
Christodoulou and Klainerman claimed the existence of "dynamic" solutions for the vacuum Einstein equation of 1915. However, their so-called dynamic solutions are merely constructed from their presumed strong asymptotically flat (SAP) "initial data sets" without showing the physical relevance. They have not shown the existence of a case other than...
The basic assumption of Einstein's radiation formula is Einstein's notion of weak gravity, which is supported by the Maxwell-Newton approximation. This linear field equation is derived from the equivalence principle and concurrently the Einstein equation is obtained. However, compatibility with Einstein's nation of weak gravity, as a physical requi...
In gravity, a seeming paradox is that although the gravity of the static electromagnetic energy is intrinsically distinct from that of massive matter, the motion of light is also a geodesic. This means that free radiation should have an energy-stress tensor distinct from that of electromagnetism with material charges and current. Moreover, existing...
C. Y. Lo L Li W.K. Lo- [...]
Tai Man Chan
We examined the effects of a 12-week exercise program on the exercise tolerance, blood biochemistry, blood pressure (BP) control, cardiac function, and quality-of-life (QOL) scores in 13 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD; six men, seven women; mean age, 46.5+/-12.8 years; mean duration on dialysis, 4.8+/-3.8 years)...
Einstein made clear that a space-time coordinate system must satisfy the equivalence principle. He further demonstrated the meaning of this principle by explicit calculations. However, Einstein's equivalence principle is often incorrectly substituted with a mathematical requirement of only an appropriate metric signature. Consequently, the notion o...
The stenosis and subsequent thrombosis of the arteriovenous fistulae may lead to a loss of vascular access sites; this a major problem in chronic haemodialysis patients. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty has been a popular way of correcting such lesions in recent years. We have reviewed patients who underwent this operation from 1993 to 1996 at...
A rapid cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 antigenemia assay with direct erythrocyte lysis (DL) with 0.8% NH4Cl, followed by indirect immunofluorescence staining (IF), was evaluated with 82 blood samples from renal transplant recipients, and the results were compared to those of the conventional antigenemia assay with dextran sedimentation and two-cycle al...
In general relativity the extension of universal gravity coupling remains an unverified independent assumption. For extending universal coupling to electromagnetism, experimentally there is no conclusive support. Theoretically, it is also problematic, since mass and energy are not equivalent in terms of gravity. The coupling to electromagnetism is...
The gravity of an electromagnetic plane wave is studied. Duality, manifested in the bending of light, suggests that there should be a distinct "energy-stress" tensor for photons in the source tensor of Einstein's equation. It is shown that without a photon stress tensor, there is no physical solution that must satisfy causality and support the appr...
The optimal diagnostic test for CMV disease in renal allograft recipients in a locality with a high CMV seropositive rate has not been fully determined. We compared the usefulness of the CMV pp65 antigenemia (CMV-Ag) assay with the detection of DNAemia by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in diagnosing CMV disease in 56 renal allograf...
A retrospective study of the treatment and short- and long-term outcomes of tuberculous peritonitis (TBP) complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) among our dialysis patients over a 6-year period was performed. Ten cases of TBP complicating CAPD were identified among 601 dialysis patients between January 1988 and December 1994....
Einstein's radiation formula is supported by the Taylor-Hulse
experiment, but its derivation is not self-consistent. Furthermore, as
discovered by Einstein, his radiation formula is not compatible with his
field equation. As suggested by Einstein's own remark, modifications to
the source tensor are necessary. Based on the Taylor-Hulse experiment,
i...
We describe a patient with SLE who was infected by the fungus Penicillium marneffei. She was initially misdiagnosed as having disseminated tuberculosis. The correct diagnosis was finally made by bone marrow culture and she responded to a prolonged course of amphotericin B, flucytosine and itraconazole. The clinical presentation and histology of pen...
Renal artery thromboembolism is a rare event in native kidneys and has never been reported to occur in allograft kidney. We report a case of allograft kidney infarction secondary to embolisation from thrombus in the hypogastric artery supplying the allograft on two separate occasions 1 and 2 years after transplant. Anticoagulation therapy alone was...
The accompanying gravitational wave of an electromagnetic plane wave is studied. Duality, manifested in the bending of light, suggests that there should be an "energy-stress" tensor for photons in the source of Einstein's equation.
A unified theory of electromagnetic and gravitational fields should modify classical electrodynamics such that the radiation reaction force is accounted for. The analysis leads to a five-dimensional unified theory of five variables. The theory is supported by showing that, for the case of a charged particle moving in a constant magnetic field, the...
In this paper, we study the apparent discrepancy between Feynman diagrams and the eikonal formulas, and the apparent paradox between the eikonal formulas and the s-u crossing symmetry. We analyze the generalized leadingterm approximation (GLA), which generates the terms of the eikonal formulas from Feynman diagrams. This analysis is done through us...
We examine the calculation of O(alphaS) corrections to Drell-Yan pair production and find that off-shell and on-shell methods for regulating infrared divergences, when properly applied, lead to the same cross section. We show further that the on-shell quark-antiquark cross section is the relevant quantity for the calculation of corrections to the D...
We calculate the gauge theory predictions in leading logarithmic approximation for the transverse momentum distribution of virtual photons produced via the Drell-Yan annihilation process. The leading contributions sum to a simple exponential form in agreement with a recent conjecture of Parisi and Petronzio and in disagreement with the finding of D...
In this paper, the high-energy vector meson-vector meson elastic scattering amplitudes of a Yang-Mills theory of an SU(2) model are calculated in a generalized leading-term approximation (s→∞ with t fixed). The resulting amplitude, through the 10th order, coincides with the expansion of an eikonal formula. The present method is generalizable to oth...
Using a procedure which incorporates the s-channel unitarity and t-channel unitarity at every step, we calculate the scattering amplitudes of QED in the high-energy limit. We find that all scattering amplitudes, elastic and inelastic, are summarized by a single eikonal formula which is explicitly unitary.
In this paper, we give a summary of our work on perturbative calculations of high-energy amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory. Using the model of SU(2) with an isodoublet of Higgs bosons, we calculate the leading real part and the leading imaginary part of the vector-meson-vector-meson scattering amplitude in the 2nd through 10th orders. We also calcula...
We give the asymptotic forms of the eighth-order amplitudes for both
fermion-fermion scattering and vector-vector scattering in the
Yang-Mills theory with an isospin-1/2 Higgs boson, in the limit
s-->∞ with t fixed.
With the conjecture that the weak neutral current should have equal status in symmetry as the other weak and electromagnetic currents, we determine it to be a pure axial-vector. This means that the weak interaction of the neutral current is parity conserving. The fundamental interactions of leptons thereby complete the whole scheme of (1 + gamma5)/...
We derive fixed-mass sum rules for virtual Compton scattering including the nucleon spin and not specializing to the forward direction. We use the methods of both Dicus, Jackiw, and Teplitz (for the absorptive parts) and Heimann, Hey, and Mandula (for the real parts). We find a set of tensor covariants such that the corresponding scalar amplitudes...
Einstein's equivalence principle, which states the local equivalence between gravity and acceleration with respect to a frame of reference, requires that a free falling observer result in a co-moving local Minkowski space as a spaceship under only the influence of gravity. However, a "free fall" in a Lorentz manifold may not uniquely result in a lo...
It has been found that it is impossible to have a dynamic solution for the Einstein equation and the nonexistence of gravitational wave solutions is due to a violation of the principle of causality. However, 't Hooft claimed that his "cy- lindrical symmetric wave" would challenge this conclusion. It is shown that the metric form of the Einstein-Ros...
Due to Einstein's "covariance principle", Einstein's requirement for weak gravity has not been universally accepted although many believe in both his requirement and principle. For example, Bondi, Pirani, & Robinson rejected Einstein's requirement since they considered their unbounded metric as a weak wave. However, validity of this "wave" actually...
It is found that the Reissner-Nordstrom metric enables to show that general relativity + electrodynamics are not yet a close system. Due to the electromagnetic energy, there is a repulsive effect in gravity. Analysis of this effect shows that the geodesic equation as the equation of motion is inadequate. To include the force of charge-mass repulsio...