Bryan Moser

• PhD
• Research Chemist at United States Department of Agriculture

Citrus seeds are rich in protein, oil, carbohydrates, and bioactive compounds and contain significantly less water than peel and pulp, rendering them prime candidates for value-added product development. This study focused on characterizing the phytochemical composition of the seeds from four huanglongbing-tolerant citrus genotypes (HLB-TCG). Due t...

There is an increasing awareness that materials and chemicals produced from fossil fuels are not sustainable, both in terms of the pollution caused by the extraction and production processes, and the fact that there is only a finite supply of these fossil fuels. Therefore, there is a strong incentive to find sources for chemicals and materials from...

Soybean oil is an abundant commodity crop that has garnered attention for its use as a feedstock for sustainable materials. Soybean oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acid content, which can promote undesirable properties in biodiesel and lubricant applications. In this work, we characterized the fatty acid composition of commercial soybean oil a...

Production of biodiesel from edible vegetable oils using homogenous catalysts negatively impacts food availability and cost while generating significant amounts of caustic wastewater during purification. Thus, there is an urgent need to utilize low-cost, non-food feedstocks for the production of biodiesel using sustainable heterogeneous catalysis....

The citrus industry generates a significant amount of excess biomass when producing juices for human consumption. This underutilized biomass causes environmental issues when discarded, so finding uses for this material reduces waste while potentially generating new revenue streams. Oil (37 wt%) extracted from inedible sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)...

Development of more sustainable and environmentally friendly polymers as alternatives to petroleum‐based polymers is a priority. We report the synthesis of six linear, aliphatic, renewable polymers by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) and thiol‐ene polymerization of α,ω‐polyenes resulting from thermal esterification of adipic, azelaic, and itaconic...

Fast pyrolysis of five post-consumer plastic waste materials was studied using pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique. Prescription medicine bottles, landfill liners, and one type of industrial plastic waste represented polyolefin-based polymers, whereas packaging material represented polystyrene, and other...

Fatty epoxides are produced from the corresponding alkenes by oxidation in the presence of peracids or other oxidants. The classic method is the Prilezhaev epoxidation in which peracids are generated by in situ oxidation of formic or acetic acids with hydrogen peroxide. Epoxidized vegetable oils and esters are used directly as biobased plasticizers...

Magnetic bifunctional nanocatalyst supported on activated carbon (AC), CaO-Fe2O3/AC was synthesized via wet impregnation method and was utilized for catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). A series of characterization techniques were performed to determine acid-base properties, magnetism, thermal stability, crystallinity, chemical...

The extensive use of plastics in industries and households contributes to the proliferation of plastic waste (PW) in landfills, the oceans, and the environment, which represents a serious threat to numerous fragile ecosystems. Recycling rates for PW are still low, so solutions to the problem of waste accumulation are urgently needed. We report the...

To produce hydrochar with less volatile matter (VM) and more fixed carbon (FC) to increase its stability, this study compared the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of hen (HM) and swine (SM) manures at typical HTC sub-critical temperature of 210 °C and slightly super-critical temperature of 400 °C. Physico-chemical properties such as proximate analy...

Biodiesel is currently regarded as a sustainable and renewable alternative to depleting fossil fuels such as petro-diesel. Biodiesel production on a large scale could have a positive impact on the energy sector and the environment by lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Disadvantages of biodiesel include utilization of high-cost edible oils for produ...

The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydro...

Disadvantages of biodiesel include consumption of edible oils for fuel production, generation of wastewater and inability to recycle catalysts during homogenously catalyzed transesterification. The aim of the current study was to utilize low-cost, inedible oil extracted from Sinapis arvensis seeds to produce biodiesel using a novel nano-composite s...

The need for exploring nonfood low-cost sustainable sources for biodiesel production is ever increasing. Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses in biodiesel production. This study explores S. elongata as a new algal feedstock for the production of biodiesel that does not compete with food production. The major fatty acids ide...

Biodiesel has attracted considerable interest as an alternative biofuel due to its many advantages over conventional petroleum diesel such as inherent lubricity, low toxicity, renewable raw materials, biodegradability, superior flash point, and low carbon footprint. However, high production costs, poor low temperature operability, variability of fu...

The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technique is known for its advantages in producing hydrochar from biomass samples with high water content compared to conventional pyrolysis techniques. This study utilized HTC to produce an activated carbon catalyst from renewable mesocarp fiber derived from palm oil processing. The introduction of K2CO3 and Cu...

The decarboxylation of 9-cis-octadecenoic (oleic) acid to aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons suitable as blend components for aviation fuel applications utilising ruthenium dodecacarbonyl [Ru3(CO)12] with a variety of other catalysts is presented. Due to the different relative rates of decarboxylation and hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, different p...

Depleting petroleum resources coupled with the environmental consequences of fossil fuel combustion have led to the search for renewable alternatives, such as biodiesel. In this study, sunflower (Helianthus annus), mustard (Brassica compestres) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) seed oils were converted into biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester...

We report the dehydration and isomerization of renewable perillyl alcohol to industrially useful p‐cymene in 91% yield utilizing 2.0 mol% para‐toluenesulfonic acid (pTsOH) catalyst at 110 °C as a 3.0 M solution in toluene. Lower reaction temperatures, catalyst loadings, and/or starting concentrations resulted in lower yields of p‐cymene as well as...

Three renewable, linear, aliphatic polyesters were prepared by Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of α,ω‐dienes derived from fatty acids. Condensation of 9‐decenoic acid with allyl 9‐decenoate, ethylene glycol, and 9‐decen‐1‐ol proceeded in high conversion (≥94%) and purity (>99%) to give α,ω‐dienes suitable for subsequent polycondensa...

Recently, an “old weed”, pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) has become an attractive non-food oilseed crop for Europe and the USA. Pennycress can be produced with existing farm equipment and infrastructure while being grown in the off-season between conventional commodity crops. The adaptation to marginal lands and the satisfactory seed yields make pe...

The original article has been published with an incorrect grant number in the acknowledgements which should be GP-IPS/2016/9474900 instead of GP-IPB/2016/9490400.

Partially bio‐based poly(thioether‐ester)s were obtained in high conversion from thiol‐ene photopolymerization of fatty dienes with dithiols utilizing mild, solventless reaction conditions. Fatty dienes were synthesized by esterification of 9‐decenoic acid, a terminally unsaturated medium‐chain fatty acid that can be obtained from ethenolysis of ol...

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were successfully produced from non-edible palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), which is a by-product of crude palm oil refining. Because of its high content of free fatty acids (86.3%), PFAD was subjected to simultaneous esterification and transesterification utilizing a sulfonated glucose-derived solid acid catalyst...

Recently, the decarboxylation of oleic acid (9(Z)-octadecenoic acid) catalyzed by triruthenium dodecacarbonyl, Ru3(CO)12, to give a mixture of heptadecenes with concomitant formation of other hydrocarbons, heptadecane and C17 alkylbenzenes, was reported. The product mixture, consisting of about 77% heptadecene isomers, 18% heptadecane, and slightly...

We report a bio-based route to methacrylic acid via selective decarboxylation of itaconic acid utilizing catalytic ruthenium carbonyl propionate in an aqueous solvent system. High selectivity (> 90%) was achieved at low catalyst loading (0.1 mol %) with high substrate concentration (5.5 M) at low temperature (200 – 225 oC) and pressure (≤ 425 psig)...

Ruthenium catalyzed decarboxylation of 9-cis-octadecenoic is a path to produce biobased olefins. Here, a mechanistic study of this reaction was undertaken utilizing a closed reaction system and a pressure reactor. The proposed mechanism of an isomerization followed by a decarboxylation reaction was consistent with a mathematical kinetic model. That...

Biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) requires antioxidants to meet oxidation stability specifications set forth in ASTM D6751 or EN 14214. In contrast, unrefined cottonseed oil (CSO), containing tocopherols and gossypol, produces biodiesel of higher oxidation stability. However, only a portion of these CSO endogenous antioxidants are suspected to...

Phosphonates were synthesized on a medium scale (~200 g) from three lipids—methyl linoleate (MeLin), high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and soybean oil (SBO), and three dialkyl phosphites—methyl, ethyl and n-butyl, using a radical initiator. A staged addition of the lipid and the initiator was used to achieve good yields. Good results were observed wi...

Recently, ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization–decarboxylation of fatty acids to give alkene mixtures was reported. When the substrate was oleic acid, the reaction yielded a mixture consisting of heptadecene isomers. In this work, we report the compositional analysis of the mixture obtained by triruthenium dodecacarbonyl catalyzed decarboxylation of o...

Seashore mallow (Kosteletzkya pentacarpos) is a flowering perennial halophytic herb belonging to the family Malvaceae that is found in marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Fourteen accessions were collected from wild populations along the Atlantic (n = 8) and Gulf (n = 6) coasts of the United States and fatty acid profil...

Douglas fir is the dominant commercial tree grown in the United States. In this study Douglas fir residue was converted to single cell oils (SCO) using oleaginous yeasts. Monosaccharides were extracted from the woody biomass by pretreating with sulfite and dilute sulfuric acid (SPORL process) and hydrolyzing using commercial cellulases. A new SPORL...

Birch wood was pyrolyzed to produce bio-oil and biochar. Pyrolysis conditions including reaction temperature, residence time and particle size of the feed were optimized to maximize bio-oil yield. Particle size had insignificant effect whereas yields of up to 56% were achieved using an optimized reaction temperature of 450oC and a residence time of...

Oleaginous yeasts can convert sugars to lipids with fatty acid profiles similar to those of vegetable oils, making them attractive for production of biodiesel. Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive source of sugars for yeast lipid production because it is abundant, potentially low cost, and renewable. However, lignocellulosic hydrolyzates are la...

Oleaginous yeasts are of interest for production of single cell oils from sugars. Eighteen members of the Lipomyces and Myxozyma clade were screened for lipid production when cultured on 10%w/v glucose. The highest ranking yeasts included L. tetrasporus (21 g/L), L. spencer-martinsiae (19.6 g/L), and L. lipofer (16.7 g/L). By contrast, Rhodosporidi...

Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is a widely distributed winter annual with a high seed oil content (36%) and is suitable as an off-season rotational crop in the midwestern United States. Erucic [(13Z)-docosenoic] acid (36.2%) is the most abundant constituent in the oil, with unsaturated and very long-chain (20+ carbons) fatty acids comprising...

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics such as prescription bottles (polypropylene/PP), high density polyethylene, landfill liners (polyethylene/PE), packing materials (polystyrene/PS), and foams (polyurethane/PU) into crude plastic oils. In the first phase of this investigation, a...

Increased interest in sustainable production of renewable diesel and other valuable bioproducts is redoubling efforts to improve economic feasibility of microbial-based oil production. Yarrowia lipolytica is capable of employing a wide variety of substrates to produce oil and valuable co-products. We irradiated Y. lipolytica NRRL YB-567 with UV-C t...

Brassica juncea is a drought-tolerant member of the Brassicaceae plant family with high oil content and a short growing season that is tolerant of low quality soils. It was investigated as a feedstock for production of biodiesel along with evaluation of subsequent fuel properties, both neat and in blends with petroleum diesel fuel. These results we...

Biodiesel, the alkyl esters, usually methyl esters, of vegetable oils, animal fats, or other triacylglycerol-containing materials, are the most common approach to producing a fuel from the mentioned materials. This fuel is obtained by transesterifying the oil or fat with an alcohol, usually methanol, in the presence of a catalyst such as alkoxide o...

: Heptadecene isomers were prepared via tandem isomerization-decarboxylation of oleic acid using catalytic triruthenium dodecacarbonyl [Ru3(CO)12]. Chromatographic and spectroscopic characterization of the isolated heptadecene mixture indicated that it consisted of 96% internal trans isomers and 4% aromatics. Fuel properties such as acid value, col...

Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is a winter annual that has a wide geographic distribution and a growth habit that makes it suitable for an off-season rotation between corn and soybeans in much of the Midwestern United States. Pennycress seed contains 36% oil with 36.6% erucic acid content There are a number of markets that pennycress could supply...

Cephalostatin 1 (1) has proved to be a remarkably potent cancer cell growth inhibitor. Since this steroidal alkaloid constituent of the marine worm Cephalodiscus gilchristi possesses a complex structure, providing preclinical supplies by total synthesis continues to be challenging. Therefore, syntheses of less complex structural modifications of th...

Heptadecene isomers were prepared via tandem isomerization-decarboxylation of oleic acid using catalytic triruthenium dodecacarbonyl [Ru3(CO)12]. Chromatographic and spectroscopic characterization of the isolated heptadecene mixture indicated that it consisted of 96% internal isomers and 4% aromatics. Fuel properties such as acid value, cold flow,...

Various formulations are used in horticultural potting media, with sphagnum peat moss, vermiculite and perlite currently among the most common components. We are examining a dried anaerobic digestate remaining after the fermentation of potato processing wastes to replace organic components such as peat moss, and biochars produced from several feeds...

A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing a multigene cassette for expression of enzymes that enhance xylose utilization (xylose isomerase [XI] and xylulokinase [XKS]) was constructed and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae to demonstrate feasibility as a stable protein expression system in yeast and to design an assembly process suitabl...

In recent literature, seashore mallow ( Kosteletzkya pentacarpos ; also known previously as Kosteletzkya virginica ) seed oil was reported as a potential alternative feedstock for biodiesel. In the present work, the fatty acid profile of K. pentacarpos is shown to correspond to that of other plants in the Malvaceae family by containing approximatel...

Although single-cell oil (SCO) has been studied for decades, lipid production from lignocellulosic biomass has received substantial attention only in recent years as biofuel research moves toward producing drop-in fuels. This review gives an overview of the feasibility and challenges that exist in realizing microbial lipid production from lignocell...

Oleaginous yeasts accumulate greater than 20% of their biomass as triacylglycerol in response to nutritional starvation in the presence of excess carbon source. As such, these yeasts have been suggested as a biocatalyst for converting sugars derived from cellulosic feedstocks into biodiesel. Yeast strains belonging to various oleaginous species wit...

To achieve energy security and sustainability by 2050 requires reconfiguring biofuel production both by building on current infrastructure and existing technology and also by making substantial improvements and changes in the feedstocks used, the process technologies applied, and the fuels produced. This chapter describes a biofuel production syste...

The environmental impact of agricultural waste from the processing of food and feed crops is an increasing concern worldwide. Concerted efforts are underway to develop sustainable practices for the disposal of residues from the processing of such crops as coffee, sugarcane, or corn. Coffee is crucial to the economies of many countries because its c...

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of distillation time (DT; 15–1080 min) on yield, composition, and antioxidant capacity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed essential oil (EO) as well as on the yield, composition, and properties of lipids extracted from steam-distilled fennel seeds (15–600 min). EO yield increased with incr...

Pyrolysis of HDPE waste grocery bags followed by distillation resulted in a liquid hydrocarbon mixture with average structure consisting of saturated aliphatic paraffinic hydrogens (96.8%), aliphatic olefinic hydrogens (2.6%) and aromatic hydrogens (0.6%) that corresponded to the boiling range of conventional petroleum diesel fuel (#1 diesel 190-29...

A family of eight branched diesters that were similar in molecular weight to typical fatty acid methyl esters encountered in biodiesel was prepared in high yield by condensation of alcohols and acids. Condensation following a diacid/alcohol route as opposed to the diol/acid method was more facile, as higher yields were obtained in shorter periods o...

Out on the next frontier of nutritional research will be the complete biochemical and physiological characterization of plant-derived foods that prevent or delay the development of chronic diseases in humans and animals. The chemical composition of many major crop products (seeds, flour, oil, leaves, etc.) have been determined, but the slow process...

Several biodiesel fuels along with neat fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) commonly encountered in biodiesel were blended with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel at blend levels permitted by ASTM D975 (B1-B5) and cold flow properties such as cloud point (CP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and pour point (PP) were measured. The objective was to d...

Seashore mallow (Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledebour) is a perennial halophyte producing multiple, harvestable stems per year which were examined for several bioabsorbent applications. Larger, debarked stems were milled and separated into three fractions by sieving. The largest fraction absorbed water readily and appeared to be an excellent bedd...

This study presents the complete utilization of spent coffee grounds to produce biodiesel, bio-oil, and biochar. Lipids extracted from spent grounds were converted to biodiesel. The neat biodiesel and blended (B5 and B20) fuel properties were evaluated against ASTM and EN standards. Although neat biodiesel displayed high viscosity, moisture, sulfur...

Biodiesel is a fuel composed of monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. The conversion of triacylglycerols (TAGs) into biodiesel is a stepwise sequence whereby the alcohol initially reacts as the alkoxide anion with TAG to produce fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAEs) and diacylglycerol. Important properties...

Prediction of volumetric biodiesel/petrodiesel blend ratio (VBD) from specific gravity (SG) data was the subject of the current investigation. Fatty acid methyl esters obtained from soybean, palm and rapeseed oils along with chicken fat (SME-1, SME-2, PME, RME and CFME) were blended (0–20 vol%) with three ultra-low sulfur (<15 ppm S) diesel (ULSD)...

A coproduct of dry-grind ethanol fermentation, corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) represents a low-cost feedstock with potential to integrate production of biodiesel and ethanol. Oil extracted from DDGS was converted into distillers’ grains methyl (DGME) and ethyl (DGEE) esters. Pretreatment using sulfuric acid was effective at lowe...

Cephalostatin 1 (1), a remarkably strong cancer cell growth inhibitory trisdecacyclic, bis-steroidal pyrazine isolated from the marine tube worm Cephalodiscus gilchristi, continues to be an important target for practical total syntheses and a model for the discovery of less complex structural modifications with promising antineoplastic activity. In...

Biodiesel is prepared from lipids by transesterification with a monohydric alcohol and may serve as a replacement or blend component for conventional petroleum diesel fuel (petrodiesel). Advantages of biodiesel over petrodiesel include strongly positive energy balance, domestic and renewable origin, enhanced lubricity and biodegradability, superior...

A gene encoding a synthetic truncated Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was generated via automated PCR and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Western blot analysis detected five truncated CALB variants, suggesting multiple translation starts from the six in-frame ATG codons. The longest open reading frame, which corresponds to amino acids 35-...

Refined hazelnut, walnut and high-oleic peanut oils were converted into fatty acid methyl esters using catalytic sodium methoxide and evaluated as potential biodiesel fuels. These feedstocks were of interest due to their lipid production potentials (780–1780 L ha−1 yr−1) and suitability for marginal lands. Methyl oleate was the principal constituen...

Fuel properties are largely dependent on the fatty acid (FA) composition of the feedstock from which biodiesel is prepared. Consequently, FA profile was employed as a screening tool for selection of feedstocks high in monounsaturated FAs for further evaluation as biodiesel. Those feedstocks included ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima L.), anise (Pimpin...

Transesterification of refined cottonseed oil (CSO) was carried out with methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol, and various mixtures of these alcohols to produce biodiesel. In the mixed alcohol transesterifications, formation of methyl esters was favored over ethyl and butyl esters. The influence of ester head group on fuel properties was determined. Specif...

Biodiesel consisting principally of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) has been reported to have the optimal balance between cold flow properties and oxidative stability, therefore producing a superior fuel. In addition, treating biodiesel with antioxidants such as selenium (Se) also increases oxidative stability. Fuel properties inclu...

Biodiesel, defined as mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, is an attractive renewable fuel alternative to conventional petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel produced from oils such as cottonseed oil and poultry fats suffer from extremely poor cold flow properties because of their high saturated fatty ac...

The complementary blending of cold-pressed meadowfoam seed oil methylesters (MFME) with soybean and waste cooking oil methylesters (SME and WCME) was investigated. MFME prepared from cold-pressed meadowfoam oil exhibited an exceptionally high induction period (IP) of 66.2 h whereas SME and WCME yielded considerably lower values of 5.9 and 4.5 h, re...

Fatty acid methyl esters prepared from canola, palm, soybean, and sunflower oils by homogenous base-catalyzed methanolysis were stored for 12 months at three constant temperatures (- 15, 22, and 40 °C) and properties such as oxidative stability, acid value, kinematic viscosity, low temperature operability, and iodine value were periodically measure...

Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared in high yield by transesterification of osage orange (Maclura pomifera L.) seed oil. The crude oil was extracted using supercritical CO2 and was initially treated with mineral acid and methanol to lower its content of free fatty acids, thus rendering it amenable to homogeneous, alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. T...

Four common beans (black, kidney, great northern, and pinto) were extracted with hexane and found to contain about 2% triacylglycerols. The fatty acids in these bean oils were mainly linolenic (41.7–46 wt%), linoleic (24.1–33.4 wt%), palmitic (10.7–12.7 wt%) and oleic (5.2–9.5 wt%). Because of the high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the bea...

A synthetic Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) gene open reading frame (ORF) for expression in yeast was constructed, and the lycotoxin-1 (Lyt-1) C3 variant gene ORF, potentially to improve the availability of the active enzyme at the surface of the yeast cell, was added in frame with the CALB ORF using an automated PCR assembly and DNA purificatio...

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is a promising sustainable alternative energy crop belonging to the Brassicaceae (mustard) family. Camelina has several favorable agronomic characteristics which give it potential to significantly enhance domestic biofuels production. With high seed oil content as well as high yield of oil per hectare, camelina can be...

Biodiesel, defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats, is an environmentally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum diesel fuel (petrodiesel). Produced by transesterification with a monohydric alcohol, usually methanol, biodiesel has many important technical advantages over petrodiesel, such as inherent lubricity, l...

The low temperature operability and oxidative stability of cottonseed oil methyl esters (CSME) were improved with four anti-gel additives as well as one antioxidant additive, gossypol. Low temperature operability and oxidative stability of CSME was determined by cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and oxidative sta...

The fatty acid, tocopherol, and phytosterol profiles of arugula (AO; Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell.), upland cress (UCO; Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch.), and shepherd's purse (SPO; Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.) oils are reported, along with their physical properties. The tocopherol content of SPO (770 mg/kg) was higher...

The jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis L.) produces seeds that contain around 50 to 60wt.% of inedible long-chain wax esters that are suitable as a potential feedstock for biodiesel (BD) production. Jojoba oil methyl esters (JME) were prepared from acid-catalyzed pretreated jojoba oil in order to evaluate important fuel properties of jojoba-based B...

The majority of biodiesel fuels are produced from vegetable oils or animal fats by transesterification of oil with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. In this study, a new class of biofuel is explored by acetylation of fatty alcohols from Jojoba oil. Jojobyl methyl acetate (JMA) was produced using direct acetylation of purified jojobyl alcohol o...