Bruce Hammock

• University of California, Davis

As a major metabolite of pyrethroid pesticides, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) can be an indicator of health risk and human exposure assessment. Based on nanobodies (Nbs), we have developed a rapid flow-through dot enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (dot ELISA) and gold nanoparticle (GNP) lateral-flow immunoassay for detecting 3-PBA. The limit of det...

Adrenic acid (AdA, 22:4) is an ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), derived from arachidonic acid. Like other PUFAs, it is metabolized by cytochrome P450s to a group of epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs), epoxydocosatrienoic acids (EDTs). EpFAs are lipid mediators with various beneficial bioactivities, including exertion of analgesia and reduction of endo...

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a serological biomarker for the diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but it is a challenging task to develop a bioassay for determination of the trace GPC3 in serum. In this study, Bioluminescense immunoassay based on bifunctional nanobody-nanoluciferase fusion was developed with the ultra-sensitive feature to achieve t...

This report describes the development of an orally active analgesic that resolves inflammation and neuropathic pain without the addictive potential of opioids. EC5026 acts on the cytochrome P450 branch of the arachidonate cascade to stabilize epoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids (EpFA), which are natural mediators that reduce pain, resolve infla...

Chronic pain is a complicated condition which causes substantial physical, emotional, and financial impacts on individuals and society. However, due to high cost, lack of efficacy and safety problems, current treatments are insufficient. There is a clear unmet medical need for safe, nonaddictive and effective therapies in the management of pain. Ep...

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an α/β hydrolase fold protein and widely distributed in numerous organs including the liver, kidney, and brain. The inhibition of sEH can effectively maintain endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) levels and reduce dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) levels, resulting in therapeutic potentials for cardiova...

Lepidium meyenii (maca), a plant indigenous to the Peruvian Andes, recently has been utilized globally for claimed health or recreational benefits. The search for natural products that inhibit soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), with therapeutically relevant potencies and concentrations, led to the present study on bioactive amide secondary metabolite...

Neuroinflammation has been increasingly recognized to play a critical role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) are derivatives of the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and have anti-inflammatory activities. However, their efficacy is limited because of their rapid hydrolysis by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We report...

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with no cures. While many pathological characteristics occur in the AD brain, neuroinflammation is a prevalent pathogenic stress that leads to neuronal death in AD. Targeting the brain inflammation to keep neurons alive is an attractive therapeutic strategy for AD. TPPU is...

Obesity-driven cardiac lipid accumulation can progress to lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is the major enzyme that metabolizes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which have biological activity of regulating lipid metabolism. The current study explores the unknown role of sEH deficiency in lipotoxic cardiomyopathy and its un...

Epoxyoctadecamonoenoic acids (EpOMEs) are epoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid) and include 9,10-EpOME and 12,13-EpOME. They are synthesized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) and degraded by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Although EpOMEs are well known to play crucial roles in mediating various physiological proc...

Introduction: Cardiac device extraction procedures are associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality. The objective of this study was to determine risk factors for in-hospital mortality of patients undergoing cardiac device extraction. Methods: We studied patients undergoing cardiac device removal between January 2016 and December 2019 at...

Over the last decade oxylipins have become more recognized for their involvement in several diseases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are known to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, but how NSAIDs affect oxylipins, in addition to COX products, in animal tissues is not well understood. Investigation of oxylipins i...

Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) is a so-called “caged” convulsant that is responsible for thousands of accidental and malicious poisonings. Similar to the widely used GABA receptor type A (GABAA) antagonist picrotoxinin, TETS has been proposed to bind to the noncompetitive antagonist (NCA) site in the pore of the receptor channel. However, th...

Pharmacological target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) represents a special source of nonlinear pharmacokinetics, and its occurrence in large-molecule compounds has been well recognized because numerous protein drugs have been reported to have TMDD due to specific binding to their pharmacological targets. Although TMDD can also happen in small-mol...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue, joint dysfunction, and damage. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous anti-inflammatory compounds, which are quickly converted by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme into a less active form with decreased biological effects. The inhibition of...

Drug candidates that form covalent linkages with their target proteins have been underexplored compared with the conventional counterparts that modulate biological function by reversibly binding to proteins, in part due to concerns about off-target reactivity. However, toxicity linked to off-target reactivity can be minimized by using latent electr...

Background & Aims Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a significant cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide and with limited therapies. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH; Ephx2 ) is a largely cytosolic enzyme that is highly expressed in the liver and is implicated in hepatic function, but its role in ALD has heretofore remained...

Ethyl carbamate is a group of 2A carcinogen ubiquitously existed in fermented foods. The monitoring of its residues was important for evaluating the potential risk to human beings. Immunoassays with good accuracy and simplicity are great analytical tools for small molecule contaminants. However, it is typically confined in a competitive mode for sm...

Vitamin D de ciency (VDD) is a widespread nutrient de ciency characterized by serum 25,hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels below 20 ng/mL 1,2. Globally, VDD impacts roughly one billion individuals as a result of dietary depletion, insu cient sunlight exposure, or genetic variants 1. In recent years, the vitamin D/VDR (vitamin D receptor) signaling ax...

There is an extensive literature establishing, validating, and quantifying a wide range of responses of fishes to fasting. Our study complements this work by comparing fed and unfed treatments of hatchery-raised Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus)—an imperiled fish that is endemic to the San Francisco Estuary and its tributaries in California, U...

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important target for obesity treatment and prevention. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts bioactive epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) into less active diols. sEH inhibitors (sEHI) are beneficial in many chronic diseases by stabilizing EpFAs. However, roles of sEH and sEHI in brown adipogenesis and BAT activity in trea...

Aim: Although opioids have been used as treatment of neuropathic pain, opioids have abuse potential in humans. Since soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids plays a key role in the pain, sEH inhibitors would be promising new therapeutic drugs for neuropathic pain. In this study, we examined the effect of th...

Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is a hallmark of cancer and is recognized as a key characteristic of carcinogens. However, the failure of resolution of inflammation in cancer is only recently being understood. Products of arachidonic acid and related fatty acid metabolism called eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxi...

The role of lipids in pain signaling is well established and built on decades of knowledge about the pain and inflammation produced by prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolites of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolism, respectively. The analgesic properties of other lipid metabolites are more recently coming to light. Lipid metabolites have be...

Bioactive lipid mediators resulting from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are controlled by many pathways that regulate the levels of these mediators and maintain homeostasis to prevent disease. PUFA metabolism is driven primarily through three pathways. Two pathways, the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) enzymatic path...

The veterinary pharmacopeia available to treat pain and inflammation is limited in number, target of action and efficacy. Inhibitors of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) are a new class of anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving and analgesic drugs being tested in humans that have demonstrated efficacy in laboratory animals. They block the hydrolysis, and t...

Rationale - Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently complicates major surgery and can be associated with hypertension and progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD), but reports on blood pressure normalization in AKI are conflicting. Objective - We investigated the effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, enalapril, and the soluble...

Significance Eicosanoid and cytokine storms are poorly characterized in cancer. Our study demonstrates the environmental carcinogen aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by triggering a debris-stimulated proinflammatory and proangiogenic “eicosanoid and cytokine storm” in the tumor microenvironment. The dual COX-2/sEH inhib...

In vivo pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) reduces inflammatory diseases, including acute pancreatitis (AP). Adamantyl ureas are very potent sEH inhibitors but the lipophilicity and metabolism of the adamantane group compromises their overall usefulness. Herein, we report that the replacement of a methylene unit of the ad...

To determine malachite green (MG) and its major metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG) residual levels in tilapia fish, chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was developed based on a single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-alkaline phosphatase (AP) fusion protein. At first, VH and VL gene sequences were cloned from hybridoma cell lines secretin...

Objective Parenchymal arterioles (PAs) regulate perfusion of the cerebral microcirculation, and impaired PA endothelium‐dependent dilation occurs in dementia models mimicking chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are vasodilators; their actions are potentiated by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition. We hypoth...

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, TPPU on chronic NG-Nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertension in rats and its effects on plasma Angiotensin II (Ang II), cardiac Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) expressions. Materials and me...

Stem cell replacement offers a great potential for cardiac regenerative therapy. However, one of the critical barriers to stem cell therapy is a significant loss of transplanted stem cells from ischemia and inflammation in the host environment. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme using sEH in...

Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the western diet. Cytochrome P450-derived LA metabolites 9,10-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (9,10-EpOME), 12,13-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EpOME), 9,10-dihydroxy-12Z-octadecenoic acid (9,10-DiHOME) and 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-DiHOME) have been studied for th...

Multitarget-directed ligands are a promising class of drugs for discovering innovative new therapies for difficult to treat diseases. In this study, we designed dual inhibitors targeting the human fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme and human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme. Targeting both of these enzymes concurrently with single targe...

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), a novel therapeutic target for neuropathic pain, is a largely cytosolic enzyme that degrades epoxy-fatty acids (EpFAs), an important class of lipid signaling molecules. Many inhibitors of sEH have been reported, and to date, the 1,3-disubstituted urea has the highest affinity reported for the sEH among the central p...

Dicamba herbicide is increasingly used in the world, in particular‚ with the widespread cultivation of genetically modified dicamba-resistant crops. However, the drift problem in the field has caused phytotoxicity against naive, sensitive crops, raising legal concerns. Thus, it is particularly timely to develop a method that can be used for on-the-...

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the detection of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), a key enzyme in the metabolism of fatty acids and a biomarker, may increasingly represent an important diagnostic tool. However, there is a lack of ELISA for mouse sEH quantification, thus resulting in a bottleneck in understanding the pathogenesis of m...

Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CYP), used as human and veterinary drug, has been used illegally as feed additive for food-producing animals, which could remain in food and jeopardize human health. There is a need for on-site detection of CYP residue in animal-derived food. In this study, a hapten was designed, and a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb...

Neuroinflammation has been increasingly recognized to play critical roles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) are derivatives of the arachidonic acid metabolism with anti-inflammatory activities. However, their efficacy is limited due to the rapid hydrolysis by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We found that sEH is predomi...

Severe coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) symptoms, including systemic inflammatory response and multi-system organ failure, are now affecting thousands of infected patients and causing widespread mortality. Coronavirus infection causes tissue damage, which triggers the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and subsequent eicosanoid and cytokine storms...

A series of inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) containing lipophilic groups of natural origin (camphanyl, norcamphanyl, furan-2-yl) were developed. Inhibitory potency ranging from 0.4 nM to 2.16 μM were obtained. While having the same level of inhibitory activity bicyclic ureas are up to 10-fold more soluble than the corresponding ur...

Dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2ω-6) has risen dramatically in recent decades. Previous studies have suggested high intake of LA could increase tissue concentrations of pro-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic ω-6-series eicosanoid metabolites, increasing risks of inflammation and associated diseases. However, the effects of LA-rich diet on in...

Sensitive and accurate detection of disease-related biomarkers can promote the early screening and diagnosis of cancers for improving the prognosis and survival of patients. Herein alpha fetal protein (AFP) was selected as the model macromolecule antigen and we developed AFP-specific alpaca nanobodies (Nbs) from an immunized phage-displayed Nb libr...

Arachidonic acid can be metabolized to prostaglandins and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cytochrome P450 (CYP), respectively. While protective EETs are degraded by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) very fast. We have reported that dual inhibition of COX-2 and sEH with specific inhibitor PTUPB shows anti-pulmonary fib...

Acute intoxication with picrotoxin or the rodenticide tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) can cause seizures that rapidly progress to status epilepticus and death. Both compounds inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABAA) receptors with similar potency. However, TETS is approximately 100 × more lethal than picrotoxin. Here, we directly compared t...

1-naphthol (1-NAP) is the main metabolite of pesticide carbaryl and naphthalene, and is also a genotoxic and carcinogenic intermediate in the synthesis of organic compound, dyes, pigment and pharmaceutical industry. In this work, two novel haptens were designed and synthesized for developing a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay...

Objectives Brown adipose tissue (BAT), responsible for energy expenditure through nonshivering thermogenesis, has emerged as a novel target for obesity treatment and prevention. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), encoded by Ephx2 gene, is a cytosolic enzyme that converts epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) that are produced by cytochrome P-450 enzymes from pol...

The inhibition of the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has demonstrated clinical therapeutic effects in several peripheral inflammatory-related diseases, with 3 compounds in clinical trials. However, the role of this enzyme in the neuroinflammation process has been largely neglected. Herein, we disclose the pharmacological validation of sEH a...

A sensitive detection of extremely toxic phenylpyrazole insecticide, ‘Fipronil’ is presented. Currently, the advancement of approaches for the detection of insecticides at low concentrations with less time is important for environmental safety assurance. Considering this fact, an effort has been made to develop an electrospun CoZnO nanofiber (NF) b...

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET) and related epoxy fatty acids (EpFA) are endogenous anti‐inflammatory compounds, which are converted by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to dihydroxylethersatrienoic acids (DHETs) with lessened biological effects. Inhibition of sEH is used as a strategy to increase EET levels leading to lower inflammation. Rheumat...

The Western diet contains a high ratio of omega-6 (ω6) to omega-3 (ω3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The prototypical aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), induces CYP1 family enzymes, which can metabolize PUFA to epoxides. Mice fed ω3-rich or ω6-rich diets were treated with TCDD and injected subc...

Significance Maternal exposure to high levels of the herbicide glyphosate may increase the risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Maternal glyphosate exposure during pregnancy and lactation caused ASD-like behavioral abnormalities and abnormal composition of gut microbiota in...

Severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pulmonary hyper-inflammation and potentially life-threatening “cytokine storms”. Controlling the local and systemic inflammatory response in COVID-19 may be as important as anti-viral therapies. Endogenous lipid autacoid mediators, referred to as eicosanoids, play a critical role in the indu...

Nanobodies have been progressively replacing traditional antibodies in various immunological methods. However, the use of nanobodies as capture antibodies is greatly hampered by their poor performance after passive adsorption to polystyrene microplates, and this restricts the full use of double nanobodies in sandwich ELISAs. Herein, using the human...

Background Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids might play a role in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders. Here we studied whether expression of sEH protein is altered in the postmortem samples (parietal cortex, and liver) from patients with major psychiatric disorders. Methods Protein express...

The Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) is an imperiled, annual fish endemic to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Estuary. This study examined the severity and prevalence of liver and gill lesions of juvenile through adult Delta Smelt from 2011 through 2017 collected from five regions throughout its habitat (n = 1053). The first...

Proteinuric glomerular diseases like focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are the leading cause of chronic and end‐stage kidney diseases. FSGS is characterized by glomerular injury, and, at the clinical level, a classic hallmark of FSGS is proteinuria. Although FSGS is associated with high morbidity and mortality, treatments are limited th...

The number of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased dramatically since the 1980s. Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to pesticides (i.e., glyphosate) during pregnancy might increase the risk for ASD in offspring. Recently, we demonstrated that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty...

Glomerular diseases are a significant clinical concern: they affect large numbers of patients and we lack effective pharmacological treatment options. Here, we set out to investigate dual cyclooxygenase (COX‐2) / soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition with PTUPB in a model of glomerular disease as a strategy for treating glomerular injury. To m...

Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEHI) was shown to be potent to reduce the inflammation, lower the blood pressure in hypertension and is being developed for indication of chronic pain treatment. Guiding by in vitro potency screening, pharmacokinetics and in vivo efficacy studies, a potent sEHI (EC5026) is optimized for the followed clinica...

Patients who suffer from chronic pain have a higher incidence to develop depression, which needs effective treatments. TPPU, a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, was reported to have analgesia and antidepressant effects in animal models, suggesting its potential improvement in this comorbidity. Here, we sought to investigate: (1) the occurr...

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and mitigating neuroinflammation could avert the progression of these disorders. While it is commonly known that inflammation is propagated by COX metabolites of arachidonic acid (ARA) called prostaglandins, it is less...

Significance Defective intestinal barrier function and enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/bacterial translocation is a key pathogenic factor in many human diseases, including obesity. To date, the molecular mechanisms leading to intestinal barrier defects are not well understood, and there are no available therapeutic approaches to target intestinal...

Rationale: Dysregulation of arachidonic acid (ARA) metabolism results in inflammation; however, its role in acute lung injury (ALI) remains elusive. In this study, we addressed the role of dysregulated ARA metabolism in cytochromes P450 (CYPs) /cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways in the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. Me...

Although the toxicity of triazophos is high and it has been pulled from the market in many countries; it is still widely used and frequently detected in agricultural products. While conventional analyses have been routinely used for the quantification and monitoring of triazophos residues, those for detecting low residual levels are deemed necessar...

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms compromise human and environmental health, mainly due to the cyanotoxins they often produce. Microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly measured group of cyanotoxins and are hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic. Due to MCs ability to covalently bind to proteins, quantification in complex matrices is difficult. To analy...

A rapid and sensitive immunochromatographic strip (ICS) based on a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) was developed for detecting fumonisin B1 (FB1). The ICS was based on a competitive reaction for colloidal gold-labeled scFv between FB1 and FB1-BSA, which was used along with sheep anti-mouse IgG as capture reagents immobilized at test and contr...

Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) hydrolyzes a wide range of epoxide containing molecules. Although involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, recent studies associate mEH with the onset and development of certain disease conditions. This phenomenon is partially attributed to the significant role mEH plays in hydrolyzing endogenous lipid mediators...

Although the toxicity of triazophos is high and it has been pulled from the market in many countries; it is still widely used and frequently detected in agricultural products. While conventional analyses have been routinely used for the quantification and monitoring of triazophos residues, those for detecting low residual levels are deemed necessar...

Background and Purpose The kidney is essential in regulating sodium homeostasis and BP. The irreversible oxidation of Cys⁶⁷⁴ (C674) in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2) is increased in the renal cortex of hypertensive mice. Whether inactivation of C674 promotes hypertension is unclear. Here we have investigated the ef...

The inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a promising therapeutic approach to treat inflammation and other disorders. In our present investigation on searching for sEH inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines, we found that Alisma orientale displayed inhibition of sEH. We constructed a small library of protostane-type triterpenoids...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 25% of the global adult population, and no effective pharmacological treatment has been found. Products of arachidonic acid metabolism have been developed into a novel therapy for metabolic syndrome and diabetes. It has been demonstrated that protective actions of a novel dual cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-...

A novel ultrasensitive nanobody-based electrochemical immunoassay was prepared for assessing human exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is the common human urinary metabolite for numerous pyrethroids which broadly served as a biomarker for following the human exposure to these pesticides group. The 3-PBA detection was...

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts several FFA epoxides to corresponding diols. As many as 15 FFA epoxide-diol ratios are measured to infer sEH activity from their ratios. Using previous data, we assessed if individual epoxide-diol ratios all behave similarly to reflect changes in sEH activity, and whether analyzing these ratios together incr...

Environmental context Advanced wastewater treatment is required to remove pharmaceuticals and many other consumer chemicals from wastewater effluent. There are conflicting findings, however, on the toxicity of treated effluent, and its effect on living organisms is often neglected. We show that the effect-based removal efficiency of wastewater trea...

A series of inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) containing imidazolidine-2,4,5-trione or pirimidine-2,4,6-trione has been synthesized. Inhibition potency of the described compounds ranges from 8.4 μM to 0.4 nM. The tested compounds possess higher water solubility than their preceding ureas. Molecular docking indicates new bond between...

Introduction: Previous studies in Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats (TGR) after 5/6 renal ablation (5/6 NX) have shown that besides pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) also increasing kidney tissue epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET) levels by blocking soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme responsible for degradation o...

Bacterial magnetic particles (BMPs) are an attractive carrier material for immunoassays because of its nanoscale size, dispersal ability, and membrane-bound structure. Anti-tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) nanobodies (Nbs) in the form of monovalence (Nb1), bivalence (Nb2) and trivalence (Nb3) were biotinylated and immobilized onto streptavidin (SA)-de...

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a major concern for public health and the rapid detection of trace OTA in food is always a challenge. To minimize OTA exposure to consumers, a nanobody (Nb)-mediated förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based immunosensor using quantum dots (Nb-FRET immunosensor) was proposed for ultrasensitive, single-step and competitive...

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a senescence‐associated disease with poor prognosis. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating the disease process. Mounting evidence suggests that arachidonic acid (ARA) metabolites are involved in the pathogenesis of various fibrosis. However, the relationship between the metaboli...

In the brain, approximately 90% of oxylipins are esterified to lipids. However, the significance of this esterification process is not known. In the present study, we (1) validated an aminopropyl solid phase extraction (SPE) method for separating esterified lipids using 100 and 500 mg columns and (2) applied the method to quantify the distribution...

The herbicide fluridone is intensively applied to control invasive aquatic plants globally, including in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Delta (the Delta), California, USA. Our previous study revealed that the adult stage of Delta Smelt showed acute and sub-lethal adverse effects following 6 h of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations o...

The impact of the local inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase, which metabolizes vasodilator and anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosanoids, on diabetic skin microvascular dysfunction was assessed. In diabetic db/db mice, basal skin blood flow assessed using laser Doppler imaging was similar to that of control mice, but thermal hyperemia was markedly red...

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA) produces epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) such as epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that are known to exert protective effects in inflammatory disorders. Endogenous EpFAs are further metabolized into corresponding diols by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Through inhibition of sEH, many studies...

Effectively treating chronic pain remains a therapeutic challenge in the clinic. Recent evidence has shown the inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to be an effective strategy to limit chronic pain in preclinical models, horses and companion animals. Determining the safety ofsEH inhibition in addition to this demonstrated efficacy is a...

Adoptive cell-based immunotherapy typically utilizes cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), expanding these cells ex vivo . Such expansion is traditionally accomplished through the use of autologous APCs that are capable of interactions with T cells. However, incidental inhibitory program such as CTLA-4 pathway can impair T cell proliferation. We therefor...

The herbicides glyphosate, imazamox and fluridone are herbicides, with low toxicity towards fish and invertebrates, which are applied to waterways to control invasive aquatic weeds. However, the effects of these herbicides on natural isolates of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria are unknown. Three species of microalgae found in the San Francisco Estu...

Histamine (HA) is an important food contaminant generated during food fermentation or spoilage. However, an immunoassay for direct (derivatization free) determination of HA has rarely been reported due to its small size to induce the desired antibodies by its current hapten-protein conjugates. In this work, despite violating the classical hapten de...

Microfluidic devices have been increasingly used for low-volume liquid handling operations. However, laboratory automation of such delicate devices has lagged behind due to the lack of world-to-chip (macro-to-micro) interfaces. In this paper, we have presented the first pipette-free robotic-microfluidic interface using a microfluidic-embedded conta...

Arachidonic acid metabolites resulting from the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 oxidase enzymatic pathways play pro- and anti-inflammatory roles in allergic airway inflammation (AAI) and asthma. Expression of COX-2 and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) are elevated in allergic airways and their enzymatic products (e.g., prosta...