Brian K. Lamb

• PhD
• Washington State University

Air quality in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the U.S has generally been good in recent years, but unhealthy events were observed due to wildfires in summer or wood burning in winter. The current air quality forecasting system, which uses chemical transport models (CTMs), has had difficulty forecasting these unhealthy air quality events in the PNW....

A machine learning (ML) based modeling framework has been successfully used to provide operational forecasts of O3 at Kennewick, WA. This paper shows its performance when applied to other observation locations to predict O3 and PM2.5 concentrations. The 10-time, 10-fold cross-validation method was used to evaluate the model performance in the Pacif...

Chemical transport models (CTMs) are widely used for air quality forecasts, but these models require large computational resources and often suffer from a systematic bias that leads to missed poor air pollution events. For example, a CTM-based operational forecasting system for air quality over the Pacific Northwest, called AIRPACT, uses over 100 p...

A bias correction scheme based on a Kalman filter (KF) method has been developed and implemented for the AIRPACT air quality forecast system which operates daily for the Pacific Northwest. The KF method was used to correct hourly rolling 24-hr average PM2.5 concentrations forecast at each monitoring site within the AIRPACT domain and the corrected...

In the beginning of 2020, the global human population encountered the pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite social and economic concerns, this epidemiologic emergency has brought unexpected positive consequences for environmental quality as human activities were reduced. In this paper, the impact of restricted human activit...

Particulate matter (PM) pollution is associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment. There is no designated PM2.5 emission factor for horizontal grain conveyors. Instead, in Washington state, the air permitting agency uses an emission factor for headhouse and grain handling operations to issue permits. There is concern that thi...

Chemical transport models (CTM) are widely used for air quality modeling, but these models miss forecasting some air pollution events, and require a lot of computational power. In Kennewick, WA, elevated O3 episodes can occur during the summer and early fall, but the CTM-based operational forecasting system (AIRPACT) struggles to capture them. This...

Whole house emission rates and indoor loss coefficients of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined from continuous measurements inside a net-zero energy home at two different air change rates (ACH). By turning on and off the mechanical ventilation, it was demonstrated that formaldehyde concentrations reach steady-st...

Forest edges have significant impacts on flow dynamics and mass exchange across the forest–atmosphere interface. A better understanding of edge flows and scalar transport has implications for locating and interpreting eddy-covariance flux measurements over finite-size forests with edges. Here the large-eddy simulation module within the Weather Rese...

Management of livestock manure may recycle nutrients and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. The objectives were to ascertain effects of environmental conditions and turning on methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and NH3 emissions and if treatment with 8.5 g of dicyandiamide (DCD), a denitrification agent, altered GHG emissio...

Pacific Northwest (PNW) region has experienced significant urban growth in recent years. Urbanization modifies the distribution and structure of the atmospheric boundary layer, causing variations in the thermodynamic, radiative, dynamic, and physical mechanism, and consequently affecting the concentration and transport of atmospheric pollutants and...

With the addition of nitrogen (N), agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic source of N2O, but high spatial and temporal variabilities make N2O emissions difficult to characterize at the field scale. This study used flux‐gradient measurements to continuously monitor N2O emissions at two agricultural fields under different management regimes in...

The new-ish (circa 2009) instrument for making fast measurements of CO2 and H2O ambient concentrations for use in eddy covariance (EC) systems, Campbell Scientific's EC150, was found to have a systematic bias that could cause an over-estimation of C-uptake of systems by Helbig et al., 2016. This is an issue for using EC to look at C-budgets of ecos...

High time resolution monitoring of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds in the air of four homes in winter and summer revealed diel variation of VOC levels driven by infiltration and temperature dependent whole house emission rates. In unoccupied homes, these pollutants displayed a large diel concentration variation, with an afternoon...

Core Ideas Crop models have significant limitations in estimating “real‐world” yields across the landscape. Joining satellite‐based evapotranspiration and leaf area index with growth algorithms provide good yield estimation. Proposed method evapotranspiration and yields compared well with observations at four dryland sites. Crop models are used to...

Using a WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling framework, we investigate the impacts of smoke from prescribed fires on model performance, regional and local air quality, health impacts, and visibility in protected natural environments using three different prescribed fire emission scenarios – 100% fire, no fire, and 30% fire. The 30% fire case reflects a 70% redu...

Managing leaks in urban natural gas (NG) distribution systems is important for reducing methane emissions and costly waste. Mobile surveying technologies have emerged as a new tool for monitoring system integrity, but this new technology has not yet been widely adopted. Here, we establish the efficacy of mobile methane surveys for managing local NG...

A leaky endeavor Considerable amounts of the greenhouse gas methane leak from the U.S. oil and natural gas supply chain. Alvarez et al. reassessed the magnitude of this leakage and found that in 2015, supply chain emissions were ∼60% higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency inventory estimate. They suggest that this discrepancy exists b...

Forest residue is a major potential feedstock for second generation biofuel, however little knowledge exists about environmental impacts of development and production of biofuel from such a feedstock. Using a high-resolution regional air quality model, we estimate the air quality impacts of an aviation biofuel supply chain scenario in the Pacific N...

This work investigates gap winds in a steep, deep river canyon prone to wildland fire. The driving mechanisms and the potential for forecasting the gap winds are investigated. The onset and strength of the gap winds are found to be correlated to the formation of an along-gap pressure gradient linked to periodic development of a thermal trough in th...

The density of a forest canopy affects the degree of influence of vegetation on the mean and turbulence flow fields. Thinning a forest in situ is difficult and expensive therefore many studies investigating the effects of changing canopy density have been done in wind tunnels or with modeling. Here, we analyze data collected at 0.13 h, 0.83 h, and...

Cropland is an important land cover influencing global carbon and water cycles. Variability of agricultural carbon and water fluxes depends on crop species, management practices, soil characteristics, and climatic conditions. In the context of climate change, it is critical to quantify the long-term effects of these environmental drivers and farmin...

Efforts to improve energy efficiency in homes and buildings have led to tighter structures. However, these changes can also produce negative consequences for indoor air quality (IAQ) and human health. One of the dramatic effects of climate change and weather is the increase in destructive wildfires, such as those experienced in the Pacific Northwes...

Vertical structure of turbulence within a forest canopy is complex as a result of interactions between the flow dynamics, stability, and vegetation. It remains unclear as to how the combination of the changing stability, flow conditions, and upstream obstacles alters vertical variations in turbulence structures within canopy. Here we used data from...

In the coming decades, as we experience global population growth and global aging issues, there will be corresponding concerns about the quality of the air we experience inside and outside buildings. Because we can anticipate that there will be behavioral changes that accompany population growth and aging, we examine the relationship between home o...

Accurate carbon and water flux simulations for croplands are greatly dependent on high quality representation of management practices and meteorological conditions, which are key drivers of the surface-atmosphere exchange processes. Fourteen site-years of carbon and water fluxes were simulated using the CropSyst model over four agricultural sites i...

The objective of the Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX) is to develop, evaluate and improve methods for measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cities. INFLUX's scientific objectives are to quantify CO2 and CH4 emission rates at 1 km2 resolution with a 10% or better accuracy and precision, to determine whole-city emissions with similar ski...

Continuous flow through chamber systems are recognized for their superiority in obtaining high resolution seasonal greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data. In the current study, we combine Li-Cor 8100A CO2 flux system with the infrared N2O analyzer (Teledyne API, San Diego, CA) and a laser spectroscopic analyzer (Los Gatos Research Inc, Mountain View,...

Wind erosion of soils burned by wildfire contributes substantial particulate matter (PM) in the form of dust to the atmosphere, but the magnitude of this dust source is largely unknown. It is important to accurately quantify dust emissions because they can impact human health, degrade visibility, exacerbate dust-on-snow issues (including snowmelt t...

The Yakima Air Wintertime Nitrate Study (YAWNS) was conducted in January 2013 to investigate the drivers of elevated levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) frequently present in the region during winter stagnation periods. An extended stagnation period occurred during the study. For the first four days of the event, skies were clear and the stro...

Air quality models are widely used to estimate pollutant deposition rates and thereby calculate critical loads and critical load exceedances (model deposition > critical load). However, model operational performance is not always quantified specifically to inform these applications. We developed a performance assessment approach designed to inform...

The daytime and nighttime turbulence profiles within a weak-wind forest canopy were investigated using data collected within a temperate mixed conifer canopy in northern Idaho, USA. Turbulence measurements made at three heights on a single tower within a Douglas fir canopy were compared. Data were split between the daytime and nighttime to determin...

This paper describes process-based estimation of CH4 emissions from sources in Indianapolis, IN and compares these with atmospheric inferences of whole city emissions. Emissions from the natural gas distribution system were estimated from measurements at metering and regulating stations and from pipeline leaks. Tracer methods and inverse plume mode...

Expansion of biofuel cropping systems requires better spatial resolution of life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation potentials. Simulation modeling was carried out to understand the impact of agro-ecological zone (AEZ), and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) for inland Pacific Northwest canola and Midwestern soybean biodiesel GHG mi...

Wind predictions in complex terrain are important for a number of applications. Dynamic downscaling of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model winds with a high-resolution wind model is one way to obtain a wind forecast that accounts for local terrain effects, such as wind speed-up over ridges, flow channeling in valleys, flow separation around te...

Agricultural soils have the potential to be an important carbon (C) sink with proper management. The main goal of this study was to characterize C dynamics and net C exchange over two full crop years at two sites in the inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW). The iPNW is a highly productive dryland wheat growing region. The two measurement sites represent...

Analysis of carbon and water budgets in cropping systems is important for understanding the impacts of different management practices and meteorological conditions, in the context of climate change, on agriculture. We have established a pair of long-term eddy covariance flux towers at the R. J. Cook Agronomy Farm (CAF) near Pullman, Washington, US....

Wind predictions in complex terrain are important for a number of applications. Dynamic downscaling of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model winds with a high resolution wind model is one way to obtain a wind forecast that accounts for local terrain effects, such as wind speed-up over ridges, flow channeling in valleys, flow separation around te...

Recent work indicates that oil and gas methane (CH4) inventories for the United States are underestimated. Here we present results from direct measurements of CH4 emissions from 138 abandoned oil and gas wells, a source currently missing from inventories. Most abandoned wells do not emit CH4, but 6.5% of wells had measurable CH4 emissions. 25% perc...

The primary aluminum industry is continually working to improve production efficiency and enhance environmental performance. Through a partnership with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. aluminum industry known as the Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership (VAIP) Program, twelve U.S. primary aluminum producers are focusi...

Significance Past studies reporting divergent estimates of methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain have generated conflicting claims about the full greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas. Top-down estimates based on large-scale atmospheric sampling often exceed bottom-up estimates based on source-based emission inventories. In this wor...

Quantifying uncertainty in determining the surface soil heat fluxes (G0) to close the surface energy balance in micrometeorological studies remains an open question. While numerous methods have been proposed to determine G0 and have been validated individually, few studies have cross-evaluated these methods to examine how the derived G0 from differ...

To understand more fully the effects of global changes on ambient concentrations of ozone and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the United States (US), we conducted a comprehensive modeling effort to evaluate explicitly the effects of changes in climate, biogenic emissions, land use and global/regional anth...

The northern Great Lakes region of North America is a large, relatively pristine area. To date, there has only been limited study of the atmospheric aerosol in this region. During summer 2009, a detailed characterization of the atmospheric aerosol was conducted at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) as part of the Community Atmosph...

A number of numerical wind flow models have been developed for simulating wind flow at relatively fine spatial resolutions (e.g., ~ 100 m); however, there are very limited observational data available for evaluating these high-resolution models. This study presents high-resolution surface wind data sets collected from an isolated mountain and a ste...

Fugitive losses from natural gas distribution systems are a significant source of anthropogenic methane. Here, we report on a national sampling program to measure methane emissions from 13 urban distribution systems across the U.S. Emission factors were derived from direct measurements at 230 underground pipeline leaks and 229 metering and regulati...

Methane emissions from liquid unloadings were measured at 107 wells in natural gas production regions throughout the United States. Liquid unloadings clear wells of accumulated liquids to increase production, employing a variety of liquid lifting mechanisms. In this work, wells with and without plunger lifts were sampled. Most wells without plunger...

To understand more fully the effects of global changes on ambient concentrations of ozone and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the US, we conducted a comprehensive modeling effort to evaluate explicitly the effects of changes in climate, biogenic emissions, land use, and global/regional anthropogenic emiss...

Evaluation of a regional air quality forecasting system for the Pacific Northwest was carried out using a suite of surface and satellite observations. Wildfire events for the 2007 and 2008 fire seasons were simulated using the Air Information Report for Public Access and Community Tracking v.3 (AIRPACT-3) framework utilizing the Community Multi-sca...

Evaluation of a regional air quality forecasting system for the Pacific Northwest was carried out using a suite of surface and satellite observations. Wildfire events for the 2007 and 2008 fire seasons were simulated using the Air Information Report for Public Access and Community Tracking v.3 (AIRPACT-3) framework utilizing the Community Multi-sca...

A number of numerical wind flow models have been developed for simulating wind flow at relatively fine spatial resolutions (e.g., ∼100 m); however, there are very limited observational data available for evaluating these high resolution models. This study presents high-resolution surface wind datasets collected from an isolated mountain and a steep...

In this study, WRF-Sfire is coupled with WRF-Chem to construct WRFSC, an integrated forecast system for wildfire behaviour and smoke prediction. WRF-Sfire directly predicts wildfire spread, plume and plume-top heights, providing comprehensive meteorology and fire emissions to chemical transport model WRF-Chem, eliminating the need for an external p...

Characterizing the dynamics of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in agricultural systems is becoming increasingly important in the face of population growth and climate change. Monitoring baseline fluxes of both nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) over agroecosystems allows for a better understanding of how climate and management practices affec...

As managers of agricultural and natural resources are confronted with uncertainties in global change impacts, the complexities associated with the interconnected cycling of nitrogen, carbon, and water present daunting management challenges. Existing models provide detailed information on specific sub-systems (e.g., land, air, water, and economics)....

Exposure to bioaerosol allergens such as pollen can cause exacerbations of allergenic airway disease (AAD) in sensitive populations, and thus cause serious public health problems. Assessing these health impacts by linking the airborne pollen levels, concentrations of respirable allergenic material, and human allergenic response under current and fu...

Wintertime chemical composition of water-soluble particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) was monitored in the Treasure Valley region near Boise, Idaho. Aerosol was sampled using a Particle Into Liquid Sampler (PILS) and subsequently analyzed using ion exchange chromatography and a total organic carbon analyzer. Durin...

Fire weather forecasts rely on numerical weather simulations where the grid size is 4 km x 4 km or larger. In areas of complex terrain, this model resolution will not capture the details of wind flows associated with complicated topography. Wind channeling in valleys, wind speed-up over mountains and ridges, and enhanced turbulence associated with...

The chapter reviews progress in monitoring and modelling of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition at regional and global scales. The Working Group expressed confidence in the inorganic N wet deposition estimates in U.S., eastern Canada, Europe and parts of East Asia. But, long-term wet or dry N deposition information in large parts of Asia, South Ame...

Significance This work reports direct measurements of methane emissions at 190 onshore natural gas sites in the United States. The measurements indicate that well completion emissions are lower than previously estimated; the data also show emissions from pneumatic controllers and equipment leaks are higher than Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)...

Wind erosion and aeolian transport processes are under studied compared to rainfall-induced erosion and sediment transport on burned landscapes. Post-fire wind erosion studies have predominantly focused on near-surface sediment transport and associated impacts such as on-site soil loss and site fertility. Downwind impacts, including air quality deg...

A pollen model that simulates the timing and production of wind-dispersed allergenic pollen by terrestrial, temperate vegetation has been developed to quantify how pollen occurrence may be affected by climate change and to investigate how pollen can interact with anthropogenic pollutants to affect human health. The Simulator of the Timing and Magni...

Exposure to bioaerosol allergens such as pollen can cause exacerbations of allergenic airway disease (AAD) in sensitive populations, and thus cause serious public health problems. Assessing these health impacts by linking the airborne pollen levels, concentrations of respirable allergenic material, and human allergenic response under current and fu...

Global change will clearly have a significant impact on the environment. Among the concerns for future air quality in the United States, intercontinental transport of pollution has become increasingly important. In this study, we examined the effect of the changes in chemical boundary conditions, including the upper troposphere, and emissions from...

Wind erosion of soil is a major concern of the agricultural community, as it removes the most fertile part of the soil and thus degrades soil productivity. Furthermore, dust emissions due to wind erosion degrade air quality, reduce visibility, and cause perturbations to regional radiation budgets. PM10 emitted from the soil surface can travel hundr...

The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) is used to simulate soil erosion on cropland and was originally designed to run simulations on field scale sizes. This study extended WEPS to run on multiple fields (grids) covering a large region and conducted an initial investigation to assess how well WEPS performed in that environment by comparing simul...

The CO-to-NOx molar emission ratios from the US EPA vehicle emissions models MOVES and MOBILE6.2 were compared to urban wintertime measurements of CO and NOx. Measurements of CO, NOx, and volatile organic compounds were made at a regional air monitoring site in Boise, Idaho for 2 months from December 2008 to January 2009. The site is impacted by ro...

It is becoming increasingly important to investigate the relationship between global climate and agriculture in the face of ongoing climate change and the need to feed a growing global population. The REgional Approaches to Climate CHange (REACCH) USDA-NIFA project is focused on Inland Pacific Northwest cereal cropping systems with an overarching g...

Unlabelled: The impact of climate change on surface-level ozone is examined through a multiscale modeling effort that linked global and regional climate models to drive air quality model simulations. Results are quantified in terms of the relative response factor (RRF(E)), which estimates the relative change in peak ozone concentration for a given...

As part of the MILAGRO 2006 field campaign, the exchange of atmospheric aerosols with the urban landscape was measured from a tall tower erected in a heavily populated neighborhood of Mexico City. Urban submicron aerosol fluxes were measured using an eddy covariance method with a quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer during a two week period in Marc...

Results from a regional air quality forecast model, AIRPACT-3, were compared to AIRS carbon monoxide column densities for the spring of 2010 over the Pacific Northwest. AIRPACT-3 column densities showed high correlation (R > 0.9) but were significantly biased (~25%) with consistent under-predictions for spring months when there is significant trans...

As part of the MILAGRO 2006 field campaign, the exchange of atmospheric aerosols with the urban landscape was measured from a tall tower erected in a heavily populated neighborhood of Mexico City. Urban submicron aerosol fluxes were measured using an eddy covariance method with a quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer during a two week period in Marc...

An instantaneous puff dispersion model was used to assess concentration fields of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), within a 1-ha circular plot. Several combinations of MCH release rate and releaser spacing were modeled to theoretically analyze optimal deployment...

Results from a regional air quality forecast model, AIRPACT-3, were compared to AIRS carbon monoxide column densities for the spring of 2010 over the Pacific Northwest. AIRPACT-3 column densities showed high correlation ( R >0.9) but were significantly biased (~25 %) with significant under-predictions for spring months with significant transport fr...

Wildfires can have an important impact on regional air quality as they are large and intermittent sources of primary particulates, secondary aerosols, and ozone precursors. As part of an ongoing analysis on the effects of global change upon US air quality, we report results for current and future decade simulations of the inter-relationship among c...

Wind erosion of soil is a major concern of the agricultural community as it removes the most fertile part of the soil and thus degrades soil productivity. Furthermore, suspension of eroded soil particles results in dust emissions into the atmosphere, contributing to poor air quality, reduced visibility, and perturbations to regional radiation budge...

To investigate how pollen occurrence may be influenced by climate change and interact with anthropogenic pollutants to affect human health in a changing world, a new model of pollen emissions from terrestrial, temperate vegetation has been developed and incorporated into the WRF/CMAQ regional air-quality modeling framework. The pollen emission mode...

The long-term environmental and economic sustainability of agriculture in the Inland Pacific Northwest (northern Idaho, north central Oregon, and eastern Washington) depends upon improving agricultural management, technology, and policy to enable adaptation to climate change and to help realize agriculture's potential to contribute to climate chang...

During the 1998, 2000, 2001, 2008, and 2009 summer intensives of the Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions and Transport (PROPHET), ambient measurement of nitrogen oxides (NO + NO2 = NOx) were conducted. NO and NOx mole fractions displayed a diurnal pattern with NOx frequently highest in early morning. This pattern has often b...

The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to predict O3-NOx-VOC chemistry for the Pacific Northwest and these results were evaluated by comparing to aircraft measurements of CO, NO y, O3, and VOCs collected during the Pacific Northwest field experiment in the summer of 2001 (PNW2001). The evaluation focused on three areas: 1) photo...

Background/Question/Methods One of the grand challenges of the 21st Century is to understand biogeochemical cycles in the biosphere, and in particular, to understand how to manage nitrogen (N) in the environment to maximize agricultural productivity while minimizing negative environmental effects. Developing a clear understanding of climate and h...

An atmospheric tracer experiment using SF 6 was designed to assess changes in the dispersive environment in the trunk space of a southern pine forest through four thinning regimes. Over 6000 mean half-hourly tracer samples were collected and analyzed along with a high-frequency time series of tracer concentration sampling at 1 Hz over the course of...

The Canopy Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (CHATS) experimental study was conducted at a Cilker Orchards's walnut blocks in Dixon, California, before and after leaves emerged, to help improve understanding, simulation capabilities, and modeling of coupled vegetation-atmosphere-land surface interactions. The campaign took place over 12 weeks in th...

The parameterization of the energy balance from a residential and commercial neighborhood of Mexico City was investigated using direct measurements of radiative and heat fluxes carried out during the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 field campaign as a reference. The measured fluxes were used to evaluate different models of the energy balance based on parameteriz...

Little is known about in-canopy processes that may alter forest–atmosphere exchanges of trace gases and aerosols. To improve our understanding of in-canopy mixing, we use large-eddy simulation to study the effect of scalar source/sink distributions on scalar concentration moments, fluxes, and correlation coefficients within and above an ideal fores...

Fire weather forecasts rely on numerical weather simulations where the grid size is 4 km x 4 km or larger. In areas of complex terrain, this model resolution will not capture the details of wind flows associated with complicated topography. Wind channeling in valleys, wind speed-up over mountains and ridges, and enhanced turbulence associated with...

The AIRPACT regional modeling system employs WRF meteorological forecasts with the CMAQ chemical transport model to produce daily air quality forecasts for the Pacific Northwest. As part of an ongoing evaluation of the modeling system using satellite and other resources, three years of modeled NO2 vertical tropospheric column densities (March 2007...

Formaldehyde is of interest to urban air chemistry because of its dual roles as an air toxic and a principal radical source involved in summertime ozone pollution. Formaldehyde and a number of other volatile organic compounds, (VOCs) trace gases (NOx, NOy, CO, O3) were measured in wintertime from Dec 2008 to January 2009 as part of the Treasure Val...

As large, intermittent sources of primary particulates and secondary aerosol and ozone precursors, wildfires can have an important impact on regional air quality. As part of an ongoing analysis on the effects of global change upon US air quality, we report results for current and future decade simulations of the inter-relationship among climate cha...

Wind erosion and aeolian transport processes are largely unstudied in the post-wildfire environment, but recent studies have shown that wind erosion can play a major role in burned landscapes. A wind erosion monitoring system was installed immediately following a wildfire in southeastern Idaho, USA to measure wind erosion from the burned area (Figu...