Brian L Foster

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at The Ohio State University

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in the ALPL gene that encodes tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), whose deficiency results in the accumulation of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent mineralization inhibitor. Skeletal and dental hypomineralization characterizes HPP, with disease severity v...

Mutations in the PHEX gene lead to X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), a form of inherited rickets featuring elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), reduced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), and hypophosphatemia. Hyp mutant mice replicate the XLH phenotype, including dentin, alveolar bone, and cementum defects. We aimed to compare effects of 1,25...

Factors regulating the ratio of pyrophosphate (PP i ) to phosphate (P i ) modulate biomineralization. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key promineralization enzyme that hydrolyzes the potent mineralization inhibitor PP i . The goal of this study was to determine whether TNAP could promote periodontal regeneration in bone sialopro...

Micro‐computed tomography (microCT) has become essential for analysis of mineralized as well as nonmineralized tissues and is therefore widely applicable in the life sciences. However, lack of standardized approaches and protocols for scanning, analyzing, and reporting data often makes it difficult to understand exactly how analyses were performed,...

X‐linked hypophosphatemia rickets (XLH) is caused by inactivating mutations in the phosphate‐regulating endopeptidase homolog, X‐linked (PHEX) gene, leading to renal phosphate wasting and hypophosphatemia. Dental mineralized tissues are affected by XLH, though tissue‐specific dental mineralization defects have been variably described. We aimed to q...

We previously documented successful resolution of skeletal and dental disease in the infantile and late-onset murine models of hypophosphatasia (HPP), with a single injection of an adeno-associated serotype 8 vector encoding mineral-targeted TNAP (AAV8-TNAP-D10). Here, we conducted dosing studies in both HPP mouse models. A single escalating dose f...

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inherited error-in-metabolism resulting from loss-of-function variants in the ALPL gene, which encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). TNAP plays a crucial role in biomineralization of bones and teeth, in part by reducing levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of biomineralization. HPP ons...

Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 (DDR1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds to and is activated by collagen(s), including collagen type I. Ddr1 deletion in osteoblasts and chondrocytes has previously demonstrated the importance of this protein in bone development. In this study, we examined the effect of DDR1 ablation on bone architecture and mecha...

ADAM10 is a multi-functional proteinase that can cleave approximately 100 different substrates. Previously, it was demonstrated that ADAM10 is expressed by ameloblasts, which are required for enamel formation. The goal of this study was to determine if ADAM10 is necessary for enamel development. Deletion of Adam10 in mice is embryonically lethal an...

Calcium phosphate-based materials (CaP) are introduced as potential dental pulp capping materials for deciduous teeth. The present study investigated the influence of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on regulating stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). SHEDs were treated with Pi. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were examined...

ADAM10 is a multi-functional proteinase that can cleave approximately 100 different substrates. Previously, we demonstrated that ADAM10 is expressed by ameloblasts responsible for enamel formation. Here we asked if ADAM10 plays a role in enamel development. Deletion of Adam10 in mice is embryonic lethal and deletion of Adam10 from epithelia is peri...

Background Cellular cementum (CC) includes cementocytes, cells suspected to regulate CC formation or resorption as osteocytes do in bone. Sclerostin (SOST) is a secreted negative regulator of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling expressed by osteocytes and cementocytes. Osteocyte SOST expression reduces bone formation. We investigated the functional importance...

Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), a transcription factor expressed in immune cells, functions as a negative regulator of osteoclasts and helps maintain dental and skeletal homeostasis. Previously, we reported that a novel mutation in the IRF8 gene increases susceptibility to multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR), a form of tooth...

X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is an inherited disorder caused by inactivating mutations in the PHEX gene leading to renal phosphate wasting, rickets and osteomalacia. XLH is also associated with dentoalveolar mineralization defects in tooth enamel, dentin and cementum, and in alveolar bone, which lead to an increased prevalence of dental abscesse...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by kidney damage and loss of renal function. CKD mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) describes dysregulation of mineral homeostasis, including hyperphosphatemia and elevated parathyroid hormone secretion, skeletal abnormalities, and vascular calcification. CKD-MBD impacts the oral cavity, with effects i...

Previously, we reported a novel mutation in the Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF8) gene associated with multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR), an aggressive form of tooth root resorption mediated by increased osteoclast activity. The IRF8 G388S variant in the highly conserved C-terminal motif is predicted to alter the protein stru...

Background: Infant oral mutilation (IOM), widely practiced in East Africa, involves gouging of unerupted teeth to allegedly cure childhood diseases. Non-sterile instruments are often used during IOM, causing immediate and long-term complications, including dental defects, infection, and death. Case report: This is a case report describing how IO...

Degenerative diseases affecting the nervous and skeletal systems affect the health of millions of elderly people. Optineurin (OPTN) has been associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases and Paget's disease of bone (PDB), a degenerative bone disease initiated by hyperactive osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we found age-related increase in O...

The goal of this study was to perform a clinical and molecular investigation in an eight-year-old female child diagnosed with hypophosphatasia (HPP). The proband and her family were evaluated by medical and dental histories, biochemical analyses, radiographic imaging, and genetic analysis of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) gene....

Hypophosphatasia (HPP), caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in the ALPL gene encoding tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), is characterized by skeletal and dental hypomineralization that can vary in severity from life‐threatening to milder manifestations only in adulthood. PHOSPHO1 deficiency leads to early‐onset scoliosis, osteomalacia...

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein associated with mineralized tissues, particularly bone and cementum. BSP includes functional domains implicated in collagen binding, hydroxyapatite nucleation, and cell signaling, although its function(s) in osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and function remain incompletely un...

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is the inherited error‐of‐metabolism caused by mutations in ALPL, reducing the function of tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP/TNALP/TNSALP). HPP is characterized by defective skeletal and dental mineralization and is categorized into several clinical subtypes based on age of onset and severity of manifestations, th...

Bone sialoprotein (gene: Ibsp; protein: BSP) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein present in bone, cementum, and dentin. Accumulating evidence supports BSP as a key regulator of mineralized tissue formation via evolutionarily conserved functional domains, including a C-terminal integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domain implicated in ex...

The periodontium supports and attaches teeth via mineralized and nonmineralized tissues. It consists of two, unique mineralized tissues, cementum and alveolar bone. In between these tissues, lies an unmineralized, fibrous periodontal ligament (PDL), which distributes occlusal forces, nourishes and invests teeth, and harbors progenitor cells for den...

Tooth enamel and dentin are the most studied hard tissues used to explore hominin evolution, life history, diet, health, and culture. Surprisingly, cementum (the interface between the alveolar bone and the root dentin) remains the least studied dental tissue even though its unique growth, which is continuous throughout life, has been acknowledged s...

Tooth enamel and dentin are the most studied hard tissues used to explore hominin evolution, life history, diet, health, and culture. Surprisingly, cementum (the interface between the alveolar bone and the root dentin) remains the least studied dental tissue even though its unique growth, which is continuous throughout life, has been acknowledged s...

Mineralization of the skeleton occurs by several physicochemical and biochemical processes and mechanisms that facilitate the deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) in specific areas of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Two key phosphatases, phosphatase, orphan 1 (PHOSPHO1) and tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), play complementary roles in t...

Cementum is a mineralized tissue that covers tooth roots and functions in the periodontal attachment complex. Cementocytes, resident cells of cellular cementum, share many characteristics with osteocytes, are mechanoresponsive cells that direct bone remodeling based on changes in loading. We hypothesized that cementocytes play a key role during ort...

Background: Cellular cementum, a mineralized tissue covering apical tooth roots, grows by apposition to maintain the tooth in its occlusal position. We hypothesized that resident cementocytes would show morphological changes in response to cementum apposition, possibly implicating a role in cementum biology. Methods: Mandibular first molars were...

Abnormally increased resorption contributes to bone degenerative diseases such as Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) through unclear mechanisms. Recently, the optineurin (OPTN) gene has been implicated in PDB, and global OPTN knockout mice ( Optn −/− ) were shown to exhibit increased formation of osteoclasts (osteoclastogenesis). Growing evidence, inclu...

The goal of this perspective article is to use multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR) as a model to demonstrate the need for transdisciplinary collaborations, from basic science to treatment planning, to improve the quality of health care for all. This is not a review of the literature on the current state of MICRR. Tooth root resorpt...

While tooth root resorption is a normal physiological process required for resorption and exfoliation of primary teeth, root resorption of adult teeth is largely pathological. This perspective focuses on multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR), an aggressive form of external root resorption that occurs near the cemento-enamel junction...

Biomineralization is regulated by inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ), a potent physiological inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Progressive ankylosis protein (ANK) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) act to increase local extracellular levels of PP i , inhibiting mineralization. The periodontal complex includes 2 mi...

Background and Objectives Dental cementum (DC) is a mineralized tissue covering tooth roots that plays a critical role in dental attachment. Differences in deciduous vs. permanent tooth DC have not been explored. We hypothesized that proteomic analysis of DC matrix would identify compositional differences in deciduous (DecDC) vs. permanent (PermDC)...

ALPL encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), an enzyme expressed in bone, teeth, liver, and kidney. ALPL loss-of-function mutations cause hypophosphatasia (HPP), an inborn error-of-metabolism that produces skeletal and dental mineralization defects. Case reports describe widely varying dental phenotypes, making it unclear how HPP co...

Osteoclasts (OCs) are bone resorbing cells formed by the serial fusion of monocytes. In mice and humans, three distinct subsets of monocytes exist; however, it is unclear if all of them exhibit osteoclastogenic potential. Here we show that in wild‐type mice, Ly6Chi and Ly6Cint monocytes are the primary source of OC formation when compared to Ly6C–...

Teeth are comprised of three unique mineralized tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, that are susceptible to developmental defects similar to those affecting bone. X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), caused by PHEX mutations, leads to increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-driven hypophosphatemia and local extracellular matrix disturbances. H...

Background Matrix metallopeptidase 20 (MMP20) is an evolutionarily conserved protease that is essential for processing enamel matrix proteins during dental enamel formation. MMP20 mutations cause human autosomal recessive pigmented hypomaturation‐type amelogenesis imperfecta (AI2A2; OMIM #612529). MMP20 is expressed in both odontoblasts and amelobl...

Osteoclasts (OCs) are bone resorbing cells formed by the serial fusion of monocytes. In mice and humans, three distinct subsets of monocytes exist; however, it is unclear if all of them exhibit osteoclastogenic potential. Here we show that in wild-type mice, Ly6Chi and Ly6Cint monocytes are the primary source of OC formation when compared to Ly6C-...

Using genetic, clinical, biochemical, and radiographic assessment and bioinformatic approaches, we present an unusual case of adult HPP caused by a novel de novo heterozygous nonsense mutation in the alkaline phosphatase (ALPL).IntroductionHypophosphatasia (HPP) is caused by genetic alterations of the ALPL gene, encoding the tissue-nonspecific isoz...

Background Inactivating mutations in the gene for cartilage‐associated protein (CRTAP) cause osteogenesis imperfecta type VII in humans, with a phenotype that can include craniofacial defects. Dental and craniofacial manifestations have not been a focus of case reports to date. We analyzed the craniofacial and dental phenotype of Crtap−/− mice by s...

Pyrophosphate (PPi) serves as a potent and physiologically important regulator of mineralization, with systemic and local concentrations determined by several key regulators, including: tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL gene; TNAP protein), the progressive ankylosis protein (ANKH; ANK), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiestera...

Mutations in PHEX cause X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), a form of hypophosphatemic rickets. Hyp ( Phex mutant) mice recapitulate the XLH phenotype. Dental disorders are prevalent in individuals with XLH; however, underlying dentoalveolar defects remain incompletely understood. We analyzed Hyp mouse dentoalveolar defects at 42 and 90 d postnatal to...

The discoidin domain receptors, DDR1 and DDR2, are nonintegrin collagen receptors and tyrosine kinases. DDRs regulate cell functions, and their extracellular domains affect collagen fibrillogenesis and mineralization. Based on the collagenous nature of dentoalveolar tissues, we hypothesized that DDR1 plays an important role in dentoalveolar develop...

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inherited disorder that affects bone and tooth mineralization characterized by low serum alkaline phosphatase. HPP is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ALPL gene encoding the protein, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is expressed by mineralizing cells of the skeleton and dentition and i...

This is the first study to our knowledge to report a novel mutation in the interferon regulatory factor 8 gene (IRF8G388S) associated with multiple idiopathic tooth root resorption, a form of periodontal disease. The IRF8G388S variant in the highly conserved C‐terminal motif is predicted to alter the protein structure, likely impairing IRF8 functio...

Background Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulates maintenance of stemness and modulation of osteo/odontogenic differentiation and mineralization in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Mineralization in the bones and teeth is in part controlled by pericellular levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi), a component of hydroxya...

The availability of tools to accurately replicate the clinical phenotype of rare human diseases is a key step toward improved understanding of disease progression and the development of more effective therapeutics. We successfully generated the first large animal model of a rare human bone disease, hypophosphatasia (HPP) using CRISPR/Cas9 to introd...

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a multi-systemic metabolic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ALPL gene that encodes the mineralization-associated enzyme, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). HPP is characterized by defective bone and dental mineralization, leading to skeletal abnormalities with complications resulting in s...

Previous studies revealed that cementum formation is tightly regulated by inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor. Local PPi concentrations are determined by regulators, including ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which increases PPi concentrations by adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis. Orthodontic forces...

Ameloblasts responsible for enamel formation express matrix metalloproteinase 20 (MMP20), an enzyme that cleaves enamel matrix proteins, including amelogenin (AMELX) and ameloblastin (AMBN). Previously, we showed that continuously erupting incisors from transgenic mice overexpressing active MMP20 had a massive cell infiltrate present within their e...

Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and attached by an unmineralized periodontal ligament to the surrounding alveolar bone that composes the tooth socket. Vitamin D deficiencies and hereditary defects in vitamin D metabolism have been associated with significant changes in dental-oral-cr...

The periodontal complex is essential for tooth attachment and function and includes the mineralized tissues, cementum and alveolar bone, separated by the unmineralized periodontal ligament (PDL). To gain insights into factors regulating cementum-PDL and bone-PDL borders and protecting against ectopic calcification within the PDL, we employed a prot...

Mineralization of bones and teeth is tightly regulated by levels of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) and pyrophosphate (PPi). Three regulators that control pericellular concentrations of Pi and PPi include tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), progressive ankylosis protein (ANK), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase...

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) play roles in stem cells isolate from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) maintenance and regulated cells differentiation. Moreover, bFGF signaling have an effect on mineralization by regulate pyrophosphate/phosphate balance in cells. From our previous study showed that under osteogenic differentiation, bF...

Although acellular cementum is essential for tooth attachment, factors directing its development and regeneration remain poorly understood. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a mineralization inhibitor, is a key regulator of cementum formation: tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (Alpl/TNAP) null mice (increased PPi) feature deficient cementum, whi...

Proteomic analysis of extracellular matrices (ECM) of dentoalveolar tissues can provide insights into developmental, pathological, and reparative processes. However, targeted dissection of mineralized tissues, dental cementum (DC), alveolar bone (AB), and dentin (DE), presents technical difficulties. We demonstrate an approach combining EDTA decalc...

Though cementum of the tooth root is critical for periodontal structure and tooth attachment and function, this tissue was not discovered and characterized on human teeth until a full century later than enamel and dentin. Early observations from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries by Marcello Malpighi, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Blake,...

Loss-of-function mutations in ALPL result in hypophosphatasia (HPP), an inborn error of metabolism that causes defective skeletal and dental mineralization. ALPL encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme expressed in bone, teeth, liver, and kidney that hydrolyzes the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate. As Alpl-null mi...

Clefting of the lip, with or without palatal involvement (CLP), is associated with a higher incidence of developmental tooth abnormalities, including hypodontia and supernumerary teeth, aberrant crown and root morphologies, and enamel defects, although the underlying mechanistic link is poorly understood. As most CLP genes are expressed throughout...

Dental cementum (DC) covers the tooth root and has important functions in tooth attachment and position. DC can be lost to disease, and regeneration is currently unpredictable due to limited understanding of DC formation. This study used a model of experimentally-induced apposition (EIA) in mice to identify proteins associated with new DC formation...

Cementum is a mineralized tissue covering the tooth root that functions in tooth attachment and posteruptive adjustment of tooth position. During formation of the apically located cellular cementum, some cementoblasts become embedded in the cementoid matrix and become cementocytes. As apparently terminally differentiated cells embedded in a mineral...

The tooth root and periodontal apparatus, including the acellular and cellular cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone, are critical for tooth function. Cementum and bone mineralization is regulated by factors including enzymes and extracellular matrix proteins that promote or inhibit hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Orphan Phosphatas...

Tendons/ligaments insert into bone via a transitional structure, the enthesis, which is susceptible to injury and difficult to repair. Fibrocartilaginous entheses contain fibrocartilage in their transitional zone, part of which is mineralized. Mineral-associated proteins within this zone have not been adequately characterized. Members of the Small...

Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT1-MMP) is a transmembrane zinc-endopeptidase that breaks down extracellular matrix components, including several collagens, during tissue development and physiological remodeling. MT1-MMP-deficient mice (MT1-MMP−/−) feature severe defects in connective tissues, such as impaired growth, osteopenia, fibrosi...

Background: Multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption (MICRR) is a rare entity distinct from pathological root resorption that occurs as a result of several local and systemic factors. Methods: This report describes a familial pattern of MICRR, including a recently identified case and a 30-year follow-up on previously described cases. Result...

A complex feedback mechanism between parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25(OH)2D3 (1,25D), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) maintains mineral homeostasis, in part by regulating calcium and phosphate absorption/reabsorption. Previously, we showed that 1,25D regulates mineral homeostasis by repressing dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) via the vitamin...

The dental cementum covering the tooth root is similar to bone in several respects, but remains poorly understood in terms of development and differentiation of cementoblasts, as well as the potential function(s) of cementocytes residing in the cellular cementum. It is not known if the cementocyte is a dynamic actor in cementum metabolism, comparab...

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is an acidic phosphoprotein with collagen-binding, cell attachment, and hydroxyapatite-nucleating properties. BSP expression in mineralized tissues is upregulated at onset of mineralization. Bsp-null (Bsp(-/-)) mice exhibit reductions in bone mineral density, bone turnover, osteoclast activation, and impaired bone healing. F...

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein found in mineralized tissues, including bone, cartilage, tooth root cementum (both acellular and cellular types), and dentin. In order to define the role BSP plays in the process of biomineralization of these tissues, we analyzed cementogenesis, dentinogenesis, and osteogenes...

Mutations in ALPL result in hypophosphatasia (HPP), a disease causing defective skeletal mineralization. ALPL encodes tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an enzyme that promotes mineralization by reducing inorganic pyrophosphate, a mineralization inhibitor. In addition to skeletal defects, HPP causes dental defects, and a mild clinical f...

BACKGROUND: Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by immunodeficiency, oculocutaneous albinism, neurological dysfunction, and early death. Individuals with CHS present with increased susceptibility to infections of the skin, upper-respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and oral tissues. Classical CHS...

Cementum is critical for anchoring the insertion of periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth root. Several aspects of cementogenesis remain unclear, including differences between acellular cementum and cellular cementum, and between cementum and bone. Biomineralization is regulated by the ratio of inorganic phosphate (Pi) to mineral inhibitor pyrop...

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) results from ALPL gene mutations, which lead to a deficiency of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), and accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate, a potent inhibitor of mineralization that is also a natural substrate of TNAP, in the extracellular space. HPP causes mineralization disorders including soft bones (ricke...

A full understanding of the key regulators controlling periodontal development and homeostasis is necessary for the design of improved periodontal regenerative therapies. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are extracellular matrix molecules suggested to regulate collagen organization and cell signaling. Mice with double-deficiency of 2 SLRPs,...

Hereditary diseases affecting the skeleton are heterogeneous in etiology and severity. Though many of these conditions are individually rare, the total number of people affected is great. These disorders often include dental-oral-craniofacial (DOC) manifestations, but the combination of the rarity and lack of in-depth reporting often limit our unde...

Objective: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by poor bone mineralization resulting from loss-of-function mutations in the gene ALPL, encoding tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). HPP can be recessively (for severe clinical forms) or dominantly (for milder clinical forms) inherited. The Alpl null mouse...

Objective: Bone sialoprotein (BSP), a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein, is proposed to function in cell-matrix integrin binding and biomineralization. Previous work revealed defective bone and cementum formation in Bsp knock-out (KO) mice, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to define the relationship between BSP a...

Objective: Little is known about cementocytes embedded in the cellular intrinsic fibrous cementum. Therefore we sought to establish a cementocyte cell line by isolating cementocytes from the Immortomouse crossed with the Dmp1-GFP mouse. Method: The Immortomouse expresses a thermolabile SV40T antigen regulated by interferon ɣ(IFN- ɣ) allowing isol...

Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis is achieved by interplay among hormones, including 1,25(OH)2D3 (1,25D), parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and their interactions with other proteins. For example, mutations in dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1) result in increased FGF23 and hypophosphatemic rickets. 1,25D is reported to mo...