Bradley L Kirkman

North Carolina State University | NCSU · Department of Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

There is debate in the literature regarding when impression management motivates networking performance for self and others, and how well individuals perform tasks when the driving motivation is to look good. We take a novel approach to this quandary, integrate social exchange with sensemaking theories and research, and examine how networking group...

Catastrophic events can significantly disrupt businesses and, as a result, understanding how organizations adapt to a crisis is critical. Undeniably, leaders often play a crucial role in times of great uncertainty. Yet, it is unclear exactly how leaders can effectively guide organizations through a crisis. Extending theories of network brokerage an...

Theory and research have widely argued for and documented positive impacts of empowering leadership on employee psychological empowerment, putting empowering leadership on a pedestal depicting it as a panacea for increasing psychological empowerment. However, we argue that this could be due to not considering social structural empowerment (i.e., a...

Today more than ever before, work teams must demonstrate resilience. In the face of volatile, complex, and ambiguous business environments, all teams inevitably suffer setbacks. This book provides hands-on practical tips for building and leading resilient teams equipped to bounce back from those challenges. The book highlights four team resources t...

The replication of meta-analyses is important for developing stable and accurate insights into entrepreneurship. To that end, we replicate key aspects of the meta-analysis conducted by Miao et al. (2017) on the relationships between entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and financial measures of firm performance and extend their meta-analysis by cons...

This chapter examines the impact of bad leadership on organizational effectiveness. The authors first define bad leadership and then differentiate between its two forms, toxic and ineffectual. Looking more closely at toxic leadership, they discuss toxic leaders themselves and situational factors. Turning to ineffectual leadership, the authors descr...

As the prevalence of multiple team membership (MTM) arrangements continues to grow, researchers have argued that shifting between teams and work roles induces MTM identity strain and other harmful outcomes. Drawing from work role transitions research on role identity and integrating it with social identity theory, we investigate this line of reason...

Despite the belief that strategy implementation begins at the very top of a firm, there remains an inadequate understanding about top management teams’ (TMTs) involvement in the strategy implementation process. Building upon and extending strategic leadership theory, we develop and empirically test a theoretical model of the interactive effects of...

The majority of theory and research on empowering leadership to date has focused on how empowering leader behaviors influence employees, portraying those behaviors as almost exclusively beneficial. We depart from this predominant consensus to focus on the potential detriments of empowering leadership for employees. Drawing from the social cognitive...

The interest of organization and management researchers in the resilience concept has steadily grown in recent years. Although there is consensus about the importance of resilience in organizational contexts, many important research questions remain. For example, it is still largely unclear how resilience functions at different levels of analysis i...

Do traditional, gender-based expectations and widely disseminated notions of African culture apply to preferred leadership behaviors in African nations? This study examines leadership preferences of working adults in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia using the Leader behavior Description Questionnaire-XII (LBDQXII), a theoretical model of explicit leader be...

There has been increasing attention to examining informal (i.e., horizontal), rather than formal (i.e., vertical), approaches to leadership over the last several decades, enhancing our understanding of the dynamics of emergent leadership. Although such research has led to a growing comprehension of the process of, and factors involved in, leader em...

In this introductory article for the special issue of Journal of Management Studies, entitled “Leading Entrepreneurial Ventures: Individual and Team‐Based Perspectives,” we leverage insights in the extant literature as well as those insights developed by the authors of the four articles published in response to our call for papers. Overall, we expl...

In today’s turbulent business environments, work teams frequently face a variety of adverse conditions and, as a result, can experience process breakdowns and performance declines. Despite existing research on team effectiveness, we know very little about what enables teams to “bounce back” from adversity-induced setbacks. This is problematic becau...

Academic research on passion is much more complex than the extant literature or popular press portray. Although research on work‐related passion has progressed rapidly over the last decade, much remains unknown. We are now just beginning to recognize the different theoretical underpinnings and empirical operationalizations that work passion researc...

Group and Organization Management (GOM) is going to publish a Special Issue on "Organizational Resilience: A Special Issue to Integrate and Broaden a Growing Literature Using Multi-Level Perspectives." The submission window will open on April 1, 2020 and the deadline for submission is May 15, 2020. GOM anticipates publishing this Special Issue end...

Drawing from the equity-equality paradigm and social interdependence theory, we examine cross-level effects of leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation on both task performance and creativity using 461 team members and 98 team leaders in China. We demonstrate the paradoxical (i.e., positive and negative) effects of LMX differentiation in teams....

Leadership scholars have yet to identify a clear and consistent relationship between leader conscientiousness and followersꞋ satisfaction with a leader. Drawing from socioanalytic theory and related personality research, we argue that the underlying motives of leader conscientiousness can manifest in systematically different behaviors aimed at team...

In today’s organizations, employees are often assigned as members of multiple teams simultaneously (i.e., multiple team membership), and yet we know little about important leadership and employee phenomena in such settings. Using a scenario-based experiment and 2 field studies of leaders and their employees in the People’s Republic of China and the...

In the last lines of the Uncertainty Avoidance data, the supplementary data file was missing the data for Turkey, moving the last few lines up. While the data reported in the article was correct, the early version had this error. This should fix it.

The purpose of this symposium is to shed light on key new directions in empowering leadership research as reflected in the following questions: Can there be too much of empowering leadership, that is, does empowering leadership exhibit a curvilinear relationship with employee performance? Does empowering leadership interact with other leadership be...

The study of interaction effects is critical for creating, extending, and bounding theory in organizational research. Integrating and extending prior work, we present a taxonomy of two-way interaction effects that can guide organizational scholars toward clearer, more precise ways of developing theory, advancing hypotheses, and interpreting results...

Team innovation requires idea generating and idea implementing. In two studies, we examine how these team activities are affected by the extent to which members value traditionalism – that is, placing importance on preserving old ways of doing things over breaking precedent and forging new approaches. We proposed that higher average levels of team...

Our 2006 Journal of International Business Studies article, “A Quarter Century of Culture’s Consequences: A Review of the Empirical Research Incorporating Hofstede’s Cultural Values Framework,” provided a comprehensive review of 180 empirical journal articles and edited volume chapters published between 1980 and June 2002 that incorporated Hofstede...

Traditionally, cultures have been treated as though they reside exclusively within, or perfectly overlap with countries. Indeed, the terms “country” and “culture” are often used interchangeably. As evidence mounts for substantial within-country cultural variation, and often between-country similarities, the problem with equating country and culture...

Despite multiple high-profile calls-across decades and from multiple stakeholders-to address the widening gap between science and practice, the relevance of research conducted in the management domain remains in question. To once again highlight this issue and, more importantly, identify solutions, we explore the grand challenge of the science-prac...

Many organizations use formal recognition programs (e.g., "employee of the month") as a way to publically acknowledge an individual employee's outstanding performance and motivate continued high performance. However, it remains unclear whether emphasizing individual achievement in a team context is beneficial or detrimental for recipients' teammate...

This introduction traces the disappearance of Chinese family businesses from 1949 to 1978, their revival since then, and their future challenges. It then summarizes the three papers included in this Special Issue and proposes an agenda for family business studies in China. The article first focuses on the nonmarket social and political network stra...

Understanding the influence of culture on business operations has been one of the most enduring components of international business (IB) and international management (IM) theorizing and empirical investigation. While several critiques and debates questioned the significant progress made in this domain, the special issue we introduce here is meant...

The leader-member exchange (LMX) literature argues that leaders develop different quality dyadic relationships with members in the same team (i.e., LMX differentiation). Research has generally not found support for a linear (i.e., main effect) relationship between LMX differentiation and team performance; rather, moderators typically determine whet...

We review and synthesize the empowering leadership literature and, as a result, suggest two new provocative lines of inquiry directing future research. Based on a set of testable propositions, we first encourage researchers to answer the question of why empowering leadership occurs. Second, we encourage researchers to explore less positive and unin...

Virtuality is becoming an essential and increasingly common element of conducting business. Research on virtual work has historically focused on specific virtual work contexts such as virtual teams and telecommuting. Yet, increasingly there is evidence that much virtual work takes place outside of these contexts, arising organically as part of an o...

This study examines the complex interplay between a leader’s conscientiousness and authenticity as joint predictors of his or her team’s collective attitudes. We hypothesize that the influence of a leader’s conscientiousness on a team’s satisfaction with leader is contingent upon the leader’s authenticity (i.e., being true to one’s self). In turn,...

Traditionally, cultures have been seen to reside within countries. The terms “country” and “culture” are often used interchangeably. As evidence of substantial within-country variation in cultural values mounts, the problem with equating country and culture becomes obvious. Based on a meta- analysis of 558 studies that utilized Hofstede’s (1980) mo...

Despite the acknowledged existence of egoism and altruism in human behavior, existing work teams research has primarily used a descriptive approach to summarize team behavior that does not distinguish between egoism and altruism. And despite increasing interest in positive organizational behavior and psychology, much more attention has been paid to...

It is often the case that members of selling centers are governed by different control systems (i.e., some selling center members are governed more by behavior controls while others are governed more by outcome controls). Surprisingly, there is little research which examines the impact of control system diversity (CSD) on selling center processes (...

Using a cross-level design and relying on a contingency approach to understanding empowering leadership, we investigate the mediating role of individual-level psychological empowerment in the cross-level relationship between team-directed empowering leadership and two complementary forms of individual-level citizenship: affiliative organizational c...

We review prior research that has examined virtuality in teams (e. g., pertaining to the use of electronic media) or the global nature of teams (e. g., national and cultural differences), demonstrating that very few scholars have examined both simultaneously. Given that the global and virtual elements often coincide in the same team, this is a crit...

Integrating work from the expatriate adjustment and newcomer socialization literatures within a motivational framework, we propose that motivational states and stress cognitions impact expatriates' work adjustment patterns over time, which in turn influence important assignment attitudes. In accordance with our theorizing, analyses of longitudinal...

Organizations are increasingly making use of communities of practice (CoPs) as a way of leveraging the dispersed knowledge and expertise of their employees. One important way in which CoPs are predicted to benefit organizations is by facilitating the transfer of best practices. In this study, we examined the impact of the introduction of global CoP...

In two studies conducted in the United States and the People's Republic of China, we examined how the effects of organizational justice perceptions on employees' organizational citizenship behaviours (OCB) are influenced by individually held cultural value orientations. In Study 1, we did not find evidence of moderation by cultural value orientatio...

We examined the moderating roles of team psychological safety and relationship conflict on the relationship between two forms of team cognitive diversity—expertise and expertness diversity—and team performance. We found that when team psychological safety was lower, rather than higher, expertise diversity was more negatively related to team perform...

Organizational communities of practice (OCoPs) are used increasingly to capitalize on valuable distributed knowledge and to fully engage the innovation potential of employees. OCoPs have become increasingly global in their reach, relying of necessity on virtual forms of interaction to engage the participation and expertise of a global workforce. An...

Drawing on substitutes for leadership theory, we revisit an often taken‐for‐granted assumption that transformational leadership is a universally positive management practice by examining subordinate‐based aspects attenuating the relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ citizenship and taking charge. Using data collected from...

Globalization continues to occupy headlines, and thus the minds of business professionals throughout the world. As a consequence of globalization, organizations have increasingly expanded the markets they serve while simultaneously relying on diverse labor pools to exceed both current and future customer needs. Accordingly, global teams (GTs) have...

Using the group engagement model, we hypothesize that two differentiated leadership constructs – LMX differentiation at the group level and a new construct, LMX relational separation, at the individual-within-group level – interact with LMX to affect follower citizenship behaviors (OCB) and turnover intentions. Data from 223 followers and their lea...

Research on virtual teams continues to grow as this form of teaming is increasingly adopted by organizations worldwide. To comprehensively analyze the growing literature on virtual teams, we reviewed 197 articles published between 1986 and 2008. We organize our review both by level of analysis (i.e., individual, group, and organization) and by rele...

This meta-analysis offers an updated set of national cultural scores along the dimensions of Hofstede's cultural framework. The meta-analytic national cultural indices have two advantages. First, they are based on a larger and more representative sample than that used in Hofstede's or any other cross-cultural comparison study. The data come from 45...

Management and Organization Review Special Issue on ‘Expanding Research on Family Business in China’ - Volume 8 Issue 2 - Jess Chua, Ling Chen, Bradley L. Kirkman, Xin-chun Li, Sara Rynes, Luis R. Gomez-Mejia

Purpose This study investigated whether meeting electronically first using computer-mediated communication (CMC) before meeting face-to-face (FTF) increases the inclusion of a female group member in a predominantly male project team. Design/methodology/approach We used an experimental design and a sample of 200 college students grouped within 50 fo...

Management and Organization Review Special Issue on ‘Expanding Research on Family Business in China’ - Volume 8 Issue 1 - Jess Chua, Ling Chen, Bradley L. Kirkman, Xin-chun Li, Sara Rynes, Luis Gomez-Mejia

Purpose -- This study investigated whether meeting electronically first using computer-mediated communication (CMC) before meeting face-to-face (FTF) increases the inclusion of a female group member in a predominantly male project team. Design/methodology/approach -- We used an experimental design and a sample of 200 college students grouped withi...

Researchers who are fortunate enough to collect large datasets sometimes wish to publish multiple papers using the same dataset. Unfortunately, there are few guidelines that authors can follow in managing these multiple papers. In this article, we address three main questions including: (i) how do authors know if they have a dataset truly worthy of...

摘要有幸能收集大量数据的研究者，有时需要使用相同的数据发表多篇论文。遗憾的是，只有很少指导方针来指引作者撰写多篇论文。在这篇文章中，我们主要提出三个问题：（a）作者如何知道他们是否真正拥有一个值得并且能够撰写多篇论文的数据；（b）当准备提交从一个数据中撰写出的多篇论文到顶级刊物的时候，作者需要遵守什么程序？（c）从一个数据中发表多篇论文面临的主要问题是什么？我们希望给能在多篇论文中最大限度地发挥他们数据效用的作者提供一些具体建议。

At one time, national culture was primarily the concern of tourists and diplomats, having little to do with the workplace. In the latter part of the 20th century, there were a series of international policy changes in many Asian and Eastern European countries that enabled a tidal wave of international joint ventures and outsourcing. Quickly, busine...

Companies worldwide are turning to organizational communities of practice (OCoPs) as vehicles to generate learning and enhance organizational performance. OCoPs are defined as groups of employees who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic and who strengthen their knowledge and expertise by interacting on a consistent basis....

Departing from the emphasis on individual-level stress processes in prior expatriate research, we develop a multilevel model of expatriate "cross-cultural motivation and effectiveness" (motivation and effectiveness pertaining to cross-cultural contexts) that incorporates the influences of foreign subsidiary-level attributes. Analyses of multi-sourc...

The study of culture and cultural values continues to be hotly debated among cross-cultural researchers worldwide. Starting with the seminal work of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, and Hofstede, and continuing with more recent efforts, researchers have continued to develop and empirically examine cultural value frameworks in an attempt to understand how...

Reports an error in "Examining the impact of Culture's consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions" by Vas Taras, Bradley L. Kirkman and Piers Steel (Journal of Applied Psychology, 2010[May], Vol 95[3], 405-439). Tables 1 and 2 were printed incorrectly due to errors in the production proces...

Using data from 598 studies representing over 200,000 individuals, we meta-analyzed the relationship between G. Hofstede's (1980a) original 4 cultural value dimensions and a variety of organizationally relevant outcomes. First, values predict outcomes with similar strength (with an overall absolute weighted effect size of rho = 0.18) at the individ...

Using 560 followers and 174 leaders in the People's Republic of China and United States, we found that individual follower's "power distance" orientation and their group's shared perceptions of transformational leadership were positively related to follower's procedural justice perceptions. Power distance orientation also moderated the cross-level...

The article presents the results of research involving expatriate workers in foreign subsidiary companies, focusing on cross-cultural adjustment and effectiveness, job performance and work motivation. An overview of related previous studies is provided, along with details of the research protocol, which involved employees of a multinational energy...

The impact that management research has (or doesn't have) on private and public sector manage-rial practice is a topic of ongoing debate within the Academy of Management (AOM). In recent journal special issues and editors' forums (Bailey, 2002; Rynes, Bartunek, & Daft, 2001; Rynes & Shapiro, 2005; Shapiro & Rynes, 2005) and conference themes ("Crea...

A multilevel model of leadership, empowerment, and performance was tested using a sample of 62 teams, 445 individual members, 62 team leaders, and 31 external managers from 31 stores of a Fortune 500 company. Leader-member exchange and leadership climate related differently to individual and team empowerment and interacted to influence individual e...

The success of international assignments is important for organizations' survival and development by offering a competitive advantage to companies in today's fast changing global economy. Although researchers have paid increasing attention to expatriate management for the past twenty five years, many gaps remain in understanding the diverse factors...

The authors examined factors that determine whether knowledge gained from computer-assisted (i.e., technology-based) team training in a geographically distributed team (GDT) context transfers to organizational results. They examined the moderating effects of team trust, technology support, and leader experience on the relation between teams' averag...

Since Geert Hofstede's Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Sage, 1980) was published, researchers have utilized Hofstede's cultural values framework in a wide variety of empirical studies. We review 180 studies published in 40 business and psychology journals and two international annual volumes between 1980 an...

Team virtuality is an important factor that is gaining prominence in the literature on teams. Departing from previous research that focused on geographic dispersion, the authors define team virtuality as the extent to which team members use virtual tools to coordinate and execute team processes, the amount of informational value provided by such to...

As our editorial team completes its first year of receiving manuscripts, we believe it would be helpful to reflect upon and share answers to the most frequently asked questions regarding publication goals and processes at Academy of Management Journal (AMJ). This editorial deals with everything one has always wanted to know about AMJ. AMJ aspires t...

Although cross-cultural research tends to compare deeply held values across nations, different cultures can exist within nations, as evidenced by clashes of cultures in Israel, Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere. We refer to multicultural teams (MCTs) to reflect our interest in team dynamics involving people from varying cultures (which may or may no...

Using a quasi-experimental design, we examined multilevel relationships among leadership, empowerment, and performance in a sample of 62 teams, 445 individual members, 62 team leaders, and 31 external managers from 31 stores of a Fortune 50 home improvement chain. We sampled two teams with different levels of interdependence in each store. Results...

This section provides information on the international management research history of the Academy of Management Journal (AMJ). Several trends evident in past international management research are discussed, and the successful transition of AMJ from being primarily North American in focus to being a truly international journal is described. This tra...

The article discusses a study about the effectiveness of virtual work teams, which looks at how team members use different types of electronic communication to perform team work and how the communication may be enhanced by such types of media. The article discusses dimensions that influence teams' virtuality, including contextual factors, media-tas...