Bojan Milovanović

University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering · Department of Materials

A uniform temperature of the newly laid hot mix asphalt (HMA) mat is crucial for achieving adequate compaction and ultimately for the performance of the pavement. The compaction is influenced by numerous factors, and the most critical factors appear to be those that affect the HMA temperature and cooling rate. The infrared thermography can be used...

Determining thermal diffusivity in heterogeneous materials like concrete is essential as it provides insights into heat flux within the material. Change of concrete's material's structure or composition (mix design) will effectively alter its thermal and physical properties and also its thermal diffusivity. Infrared thermography, increasingly indis...

This paper presents a case study conducted to determine the areal extent of the subsurface fire at municipal solid waste disposal site in Croatia. Field measurements consisted of surface temperature assessment using infrared thermography from different positions on the ground and above the ground. In addition, boreholes were drilled to a depth of 9...

Even though moisture content or relative humidity are one of the basic physical properties of building materials, excessive moisture content in building materials often leads to structural damage and aesthetic changes in the material. This paper presents the results of a study investigating the use of infrared thermography (IRT) to identify and ass...

Transmission heat losses are crucial in assessing a building's energy efficiency. These losses can be determined through numerical calculations, laboratory tests, or in-situ methods. Numerical and laboratory methods require knowledge of the element layers and their thermal properties. In-situ methods, such as the Heat Flow Meter (HFM) method or Inf...

21. do 24. travnja 2024 · Cavtat Hrvatski savez građevinskih inženjera 513 9. Sabor hrvatskih graditelja Sažetak U ovome radu provedena je numerička analiza prijenosa topline s optimiranjem toplinskih mosto-va za LSF (engl. Light Steel Frame) šuplje izolirane zidove kako bi se smanjili ukupni gubici topline kondukcijom. Analizirani su učinci izolac...

Hrvatski savez građevinskih inženjera 499 9. Sabor hrvatskih graditelja Sažetak Europska unija postavila je za cilj smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova za 55 posto do 2030., s fokusom na energetsku učinkovitost u zgradarstvu, no Hrvatska se suočava s izazovom nedo-statka kvalificirane radne snage. Analiza stanja pokazuje potrebu za 24.530 struko...

Socialist modernist architecture in the Balkan has left a valuable legacy of remarkable buildings from this century, which brought a mixture of new experiences and local traditions. Unfortunately, after the 1990s, many of these buildings have been neglected, improperly treated, or abandoned. This paper focuses on the iconic socialist modernist offi...

This paper presents the details of three fire tests conducted on light-steel-framed (LSF), load-bearing wall systems, which consist of polyurethane insulation injected into the cavities of the steel frame between two or three layers of gypsum fibreboard. To investigate the thermal and structural performance limits under standard fire conditions, ob...

We are facing a major skills gap within the construction sector and there is a pressing need for upskilling in circular skills after identifying the existing skills gaps. Using Multi-functional Green Roofs Facades and Interior Elements (MGRFIE) as a pilot case, the BUS-GoCircular project has mapped the circular skills gaps that currently exist thro...

Zahtjevi za kvalitetnom gradnjom iziskuju građevinu bez toplinskih mostova. Kako bi se smanjio i po mogućnosti eliminirao njihov utjecaj na ukupnu potrošnju energije zgrade, još u fazi projektiranja je potrebno obratiti pažnju na njih. Pri računanju toplinskih mostova pomoću računalnog programa, dolazi do brojnih modifikacija elemenata kako bi pror...

In order to maintain the quality of construction for nearly zero energy buildings and to reduce the pressure on construction workers with the addition of the need for faster and simpler structures, the use of cavity-insulated LSF (lightweight steel frame) panels is increasing. Requirements for performance quality, quality of life, and low energy co...

Reducing heat losses through the building envelope is one of the most important aspects to be met if the targets set by the European Union are to be achieved. In order to obtain a more realistic energy demand, dynamic heat transfer simulations are used to calculate the energy consumption of buildings, since steady-state calculations do not take int...

Toplinska ugodnost i kvaliteta zraka u višestambenim zgradama U budućnosti bi svi programi energetske obnove mogli prijeći na održivije financijske mehanizme, što podrazumijeva znatno smanjenje sufinanciranja građana, a to će biti ozbiljan društveni izazov i može rezultirati povratnom reakcijom, odnosno smanjenjem interesa za energetsku obnovu zgra...

This paper proposes an improvement of the conventional Lightweight Steel Frame (LSF) wall structure suitable for the design of high-performance modular buildings. A mobile module, named MUZA, is used as a case study building to analyse the performance of such LSF structures in terms of their thermal bridging effect on the U-value of the opaque enve...

Transmission losses through the building envelope account for a large proportion of building energy balance. One of the most important parameters for determining transmission losses is thermal transmittance. Although thermal transmittance does not take into account dynamic parameters, it is traditionally the most commonly used estimation of transmi...

Historic buildings represent our cultural heritage and identity. Due to their age and building tradition, they are extremely vulnerable to seismic excitations, as confirmed by the recent earthquake in the city of Zagreb. In addition, historic buildings are among the buildings with the worst energy performance and very low indoor comfort. In the sco...

Light steel frame (LSF) building systems offer high structural resilience, lower costs due to fast prefabrication, and high ability to recycle and reuse. The main goal of this paper was to provide state-of-the-art main components for such systems with the intention to be implemented for use in nearly-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). A brief historica...

This paper presents the results of research on the influence of perforation and slits on the water vapour diffusion of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and the influence of the size and number of perforations and slits on the thermal conductivity of EPS board. The research was conducted using numerical models (control volume methods) with varying sample...

Deep energy renovation of building stock came more into focus in the European Union due to energy efficiency related directives. Many buildings that must undergo deep energy renovation are old and may lack design/renovation documentation, or possible degradation of materials might have occurred in building elements over time. Thermal transmittance...

Using waste materials for production of sustainable exterior façade panel, that can be recycled at the end of its life cycle as part of a circular economy model, can significantly reduce environmental footprint of buildings and help preserve natural resources. The envelope system under consideration is a ventilated prefabricated wall panel from rec...

Energy efficiency in building sector came in focus with obligation of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings delivery. On the other hand, building sector is in a phase of digital transformation by Building Information Modeling (BIM) implementation. BIM serves as a platform for information storage and exchange connected to a digital representation of the buil...

Osim povećanog prijenosa topline, toplinski mostovi (TM) predstavljaju mjesta najvećeg rizika kondenzacije vodene pare što može: uzrokovati degradaciju materijala, stvaranje gljivica i plijesni te štetno utjecati na ljudsko zdravlje. Zbog toga je prilikom protupotresne obnove potrebno i adekvatno izolirati vanjsku ovojnicu. Kako bi se to ostvarilo...

Ovaj rad istražuje mogućnosti i ograničenja integralne obnove, s naglaskom na arhitektonsko-građevinske mjere energetske obnove, na primjeru tipične višestambene zgrade u Zagrebu. Uz poštivanje konzervatorskih ograničenja, moguće je postići smanjenje > 60 % potrebne energije za grijanje primjenom toplinske izolacije te čak > 80 % smanjenje potrebne...

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the human-capital basis of the construction sector can be enriched using Building Information Modelling (BIM) and digital tools to improve the sustainable building environment. The research within the BIMzeED project (www.bimzeed.eu), conducted across 4 EU countries, identified a number of gaps between th...

Large deployment of NZEBs started recently and will increase in the near future. The lack of competences for NZEB delivering and absence of interdisciplinary approach present risk for satisfying the European energy efficiency goals. It has become clear in recent years that better management of the information during the whole life cycle of the NZEB...

U sklopu poglavlja opisuju se nerazorne metode ispitivanja zidanih građevina: Operativna modalna analiza, Infracrvena termografija i Georadar

Deep energy renovation of building stock came more into focus in the European Union due to energy efficiency related directives. Many buildings that must undergo deep energy renovation are old and may lack design/renovation documentation, or possible degradation of materials might have occurred in building elements over time. Thermal transmittance...

The construction industry across Europe is facing major challenges in achieving energy efficiency targets, in particular for Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB), but they are also experiencing a digital revolution, with Building Information Modelling (BIM). The Fit-to-NZEB, Net-UBIEP (Horizon 2020) and BIMzeED (Erasmus+) projects intend to improve the...

Despite numerous national regulations, it has been shown that the traditional practice when insulating building envelope is insufficient if not enough attention is given to thermal bridges. Heat losses through thermal bridges are much higher than the heat losses through the surrounding area. Because of that, the thermal bridges are accompanied by l...

To achieve the goals set by the European Union (EU) in terms of energy savings and decrease of the greenhouse gas emissions, the member states of the EU obliged that they would increase the number of the Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB). That increase has to be accomplished not only by building new NZEBs but also by deep energy renovations of ol...

The construction sector, identified as one of the largest producers of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and one of the largest energy consumers, demands effective measures and applicable solutions to address sustainability challenges. The closed-loop recycling of CDW, integrated with the large-scale deployment of high energy performing build...

To reduce the impact on climate change, many countries developed strategies for the building sector with a goal to reduce the energy demands and carbon emission of buildings. As most buildings that exist today, will very likely exist in foreseeable future, many buildings will need to undergo major renovations. One of the most important parameters i...

To reduce the impact on climate change, many countries developed strategies for the building sector with a goal to reduce the energy demands and carbon emission of buildings. As most buildings that exist today, will very likely exist in foreseeable future, many buildings will need to undergo major renovations. One of the most important parameters i...

With the increasing number of nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB) due to increase of global awareness on climate change, the new concepts of design and control must be developed because of great NZEB dependency on detailing and multidisciplinary approach. This paper proposes a three-level gateway control method for NZEB project delivery by using di...

Heat losses through the building envelope is one of the key factors in the calculation of the building energy balance. If steady-state heat conduction is observed, which is commonly used to assess the heat losses in building, there is an analytical solution for one-dimensional problem. For two and three-dimensional problems, especially for the comp...

The implementation of the Nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB) standard has enabled significant developments in the design and realisation of external building envelopes, which have the greatest influence on the quality of buildings in the sense of energy efficiency. Experience has shown that prerequisites for good-quality realisation of works mainl...

The energy performance of buildings directive requires from the European Union Member States to ensure that by 31 December 2020 all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) and after 31 December 2018, new buildings occupied/owned by the public authorities should also have the NZEB performance. The large-scale deployment of NZEBs repre...

Kosovo has approved in 2018 two regulations which provide information on achieving minimum requirements for calculating the energy performance in buildings and the methodology of its calculation. The focus of this paper is to clarify the thermal transmittance (U-values) according to the local legislation, through a building model, and to find optim...

The goal of the condition assessment of concrete structures is to gain an insight into current condition of concrete and the existence of defects, which decrease durability and usability of the structure. Defects are quite difficult to detect using infrared thermography when concrete elements cannot be thermally excited with the Sun, together with...

Sisak-Moslavina County in Croatia was hit by a series of earthquakes in December 2020, with the strongest one recorded on December 29, 2020, measuring 6.2 magnitude on the Richter scale. These earthquakes occurred only nine months following an earthquake that occurred 7 km north of the center of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. Sisak-Moslavina Count...

Construction and demolition waste has been used for production of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with high replacement ratio (50%) of natural coarse aggregate. Upscaling RAC from material laboratory testing to new product implementation – ventilated prefabricated sandwich wall panel, which at the same time tackles the problem of natural resource...

This study investigates the effect of air cavity ventilation on hygrothermal performance of a heavyweight building envelope constructed with ventilated prefabricated wall panels. The specificity of panels lies in utilization of recycled construction and demolition waste for production of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). To evaluate the long-term...

The importance of the building airtightness impact on the energy performance is not adequately presented if we observe its true impact on the building energy demand. The Republic of Croatia requires a certain level of the building airtightness which should be controlled before the technical inspection of the building, but in many cases it is not co...

The importance of the building airtightness impact on the energy performance is not adequately presented if we observe its true impact on the building energy demand. The Republic of Croatia requires a certain level of the building airtightness which should be controlled before the technical inspection of the building, but in many cases it is not co...

The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requires from the European Union Member States to ensure that by 31 st of December 2020 all new buildings are Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) and after 31 st of December 2018, new buildings occupied and owned by the public authorities should also have the NZEB performance. The large-scale deployment...

New ISO 52016-1:2017 standard compared to the dynamic simulation model in TRNSYS. • Analysis done for a wide range of building conditions/characteristics. • Differences between the two methods up to 40% for heating and up to 18% for cooling. • Relatively large differences due to heat transfer through multi-pane windows. • Certain discrepancy due to...

Wood biomass ash as a raw material in concrete industry The trend of wood biomass use as a renewable energy source has contributed to an increase in the quantity of wood biomass ash (WBA) that is regarded as waste. Currently, 70 % of WBA is landfilled, 20 % is used in agriculture, and 10 % is used for other purposes. The aim of this paper is to car...

This paper proposes an alternative experimental procedure that uses infrared thermography (IRT) for measuring the surface temperature of building elements, through which it is possible to approximate the thermal transmittance or the U-value. The literature review showed that all authors used similar procedures that require semi-stationary heat tran...

By 31 December 2020, all new buildings in the European Union, and therefore in Croatia, should be Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB). A question which arises is: are the engineers and workers in the Architecture, Engineering & Construction (AEC) industry well prepared for delivering such a solution? Information loss and lack of collaboration bring...

In order to increase the service life of structures, Nondestructive Testing (NDT) methods are being used as an important characterization tool. Usually, two issues are relevant when inspecting concrete structures using NDT. The first one being the detection of defects, while the second issue is to reliably estimate the defect parameters like size a...

One important barrier that hampers the development of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings(nZEBs) and effective deep energy renovations (DERs) is the lack of adequate construction competences. Improving the competences of middle- and senior-level building professionals, including various trade professionals (construction workers) in sustainable energy effi...

Construction and demolition waste can be used as a new resource for producing building materials, e.g. recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Currently there is a lack of research that assess RAC's hygrothermal properties at materials and component level. This paper presents an experimental characterization of basic hygrothermal properties of two diffe...

With unsustainable greenhouse gas emission and irrational energy consumption, building sector have big impact on environment pollution and climate change. In order to reduce the building sector impact, the majority of current buildings need to be renovated and new buildings built as Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB). Since for building renovation...

This paper aims to show a new possibility for in situ U-value determination using Infrared Thermography (IRT) method and its comparison with heat flux method (HFM). It also gives the procedure for conducting the experiment and for the analysis of measured data. The average method and the dynamic method given in ISO 6869 were used for data analysis,...

This paper aims to show a new possibility for in situ U-value determination using Infrared Thermography (IRT) method and its comparison with heat flux method (HFM). It also gives the procedure for conducting the experiment and for the analysis of measured data. The average method and the dynamic method given in ISO 6869 were used for data analysis,...

The rationale of the research presented in the paper is to use of construction and demolition waste (CDW) as a new resource for constructing sustainable nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs). Research activities have been carried out in order to determine concrete mixture where recycled concrete and recycled brick aggregate would be used as a replac...

Today's education programs do not sufficiently include topics of energy efficiency and sustainable construction. These deficiencies were recognized by the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Zagreb and the Croatian Engineering Association, and within the framework of several EU projects they developed a training system on energy efficiency and sustaina...

Rezime: Projekt sanacije napuštene graĊevine je zamišljen kao zajedniĉki diplomski rad šest studenata. Projektni je zadatak obuhvaćao izradu projektne dokumentacije za prenamjenu zapuštenog paviljona u muzej kao zgradu gotovo nulte energije. Simuliran je rad u timu koji studente oĉekuje u realnom sektoru te raspodjela rada i odgovornosti za aktivno...

The growing trend of using biomass as a renewable energy source (RES) results in a growth of the wood biomass ash (WBA) as a by-product. Considering the increasing amount of WBA as well as the costs of its disposal, it is necessary to establish its sustainable management. The WBA quality varies depending on the biomass used in power plants, combust...

The growing trend of using biomass as a renewable energy source (RES) results in a growth of the wood biomass ash (WBA) as a by-product. Considering the increasing amount of WBA as well as the costs of its disposal, it is necessary to establish its sustainable management. The WBA quality varies depending on the biomass used in power plants, combust...

Potential of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has already been acknowledged by many researchers, but the focus was primarily on its mechanical and durability properties at material level. If the focus is shifted to element and whole building level, then the question can be raised; how building envelopes made from RAC behave when exposed to real en...

One of the most important parameters for calculating heat losses in buildings is definitely heat transfer coefficient, U, and linear thermal transmittance, Ψ. This paper proposes a method based on infrared thermography (IRT) for calculating Ψ value for existing buildings and real impact of thermal bridges. Result of measurement is a thermogram from...

One of the most important parameters for calculating the heat losses through the building's external envelope is the heat transfer coefficient (U-value) and the linear thermal transmittance (Ψ-value). This paper proposes a method based on the infrared thermography (IRT) for calculating the Ψ-value for existing buildings and the real impact of the t...

Control volume approach for numerical models of point thermal bridges using analogy with electrical circuits.

As part of a thermal assessment of the building envelope, heat losses due to penetrations or similar local effects have to be calculated and where necessary minimized, so that the thermal efficiency of the building envelope is within acceptable limits. There are two types of thermal bridges: linear and point (singular) thermal bridges. Usually they...

The work was presented to students of the TU Wien during the course titled Life cycle cost assessment. It describes the idea of ECO-SANDWICH, its properties and production technology.

A comparison between full‐scale façade fire tests where SP Fire 105 and BS 8414‐1 were used regarding repeatability and the use of modeling to discern changes in the setups is presented. Two test series according to BS 8414‐1 were repeated outside using the same façade systems on 2 different days, whereas for the SP Fire 105 a set of common façade...

SAŽETAK Na razini Europe uočena je potreba za kontinuiranom edukacijom i usavršavanjem osoba koje obavljaju poslove energetske učinkovitosti u graditeljstvu. Zbog navede-nog, pokrenuta je BUILD UP Skills inicijativa kao dio programa Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) čiji je osnovni cilj povećanje broja stručno osposobljenih građevinskih radnika na tr...