Bodo Melnik

Universität Osnabrück | UOS · Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory

This review on acne transcriptomics allows for deeper insights into the pathogenesis of acne and isotretinoin’s mode of action. Puberty-induced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin and androgen signaling activate the kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). A Western diet (hyperglycemic carbohydrates and milk/dair...

Petrasca et al.¹ recently demonstrated that the antidiabetic drug metformin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and induces immunometabolic reprogramming in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) via attenuation of inflammatory and glycolytic pathways. Metformin also exerts beneficial effects in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris and acne vulgaris,² which a...

Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes are small-sized, bilayered extracellular biovesicles generated by almost every cell and released into the surrounding body fluids upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. Based on their origin, they are enriched with a variety of biologically active components including proteins, lipi...

Epidemiological evidence supports an association between cow’s milk consumption and the risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. This narrative review intends to elucidate the potential impact of milk-related agents, predominantly milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) and their microRNAs (miRs) in lympho...

Purpose of Review This review evaluates cow milk’s impact on breast carcinogenesis by linking recent epidemiological evidence and new insights into the molecular signaling of milk and its constituents in breast cancer (BCa) pathogenesis. Recent Findings Recent prospective cohort studies support the association between cow’s milk consumption and th...

Background and Objective: Milk exosomes (MEX) and their inherent microRNAs (miRs) were recently promoted as promising effectors and drug carrier systems for the treatment of various chronic human diseases. This review intends to provide a comprehensive view on the potential beneficial and adverse health effects of MEX miRs. Methods: English literat...

Pancreatic β cell expansion and functional maturation during the birth-to-weaning period is driven by epigenetic programs primarily triggered by growth factors, hormones, and nutrients provided by human milk. As shown recently, exosomes derived from various origins interact with β cells. This review elucidates the potential role of milk-derived exo...

This review analyzes the potential impact of milk-induced signal transduction on the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). Articles in PubMed until November 2021 reporting on milk intake and PCa were reviewed. Epidemiological studies identified commercial cow milk consumption as a potential risk factor of PCa. The potential impact of cow milk cons...

With the first verifiable appearance of the nomenclature dated back to Robert Degos from France in 1973, Morbihan disease remains obscure regarding its epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis. Characteristic is the solid woody-hard nonpitting edema in the mid third of the face persisting ad infinitum. The histopathology is nonspeci...

Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid), a derivative of vitamin A, is used in the treatment of severe acne resulting in sebum suppression induced by sebocyte apoptosis. Isotretinoin treatment is associated with several adverse effects including teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity, and dyslipidemia. Isotretinoin´s effects on endocrine systems and its potent...

Multiple biologically active components of human milk support infant growth, health and development. Milk provides a wide spectrum of mammary epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) for the infant. Although the whole spectrum of MEVs appears to be of functional importance for the growing infant, the majority of recent studies report o...

Background: Recent epidemiological studies associate the consumption of non-fermented cow's milk, but not fermented milk products, with an increased risk of diseases of civilization. Objectives: Presentation of epidemiological and pathophysiological data on health risks associated with milk consumption. Method: Selective PubMed surveys between...

The consumption of cow’s milk is a part of the basic nutritional habits of Western industrialized countries. Recent epidemiological studies associate the intake of cow’s milk with an increased risk of diseases, which are associated with overactivated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. This review presents current epidemio...

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting apocrine gland-bearing skin in the axilla, groin and under the breasts. Mutations of the gamma secretase gene complex, which is essential in the activation of Notch signalling pathways, were shown in some families with HS and in a few sporadic cases. Although an...

Recent epidemiological studies in Sweden, a country with traditionally high milk consumption, revealed that the intake of non-fermented pasteurized milk increased all-cause mortality in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the majority of epidemiological and clinical studies report beneficial health effects of fermented milk products, especially o...

Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregati...

DNA mutation-induced activation of RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling associated with intermittent or chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation cannot exclusively explain the excessive increase of malignant melanoma (MM) incidence since the 1950s. Malignant conversion of a melanocyte to an MM cell and metastatic MM is associated with a steady increase in microR...

Background: Milk is rich in nutrients and anabolic mediators rendering it essential for postnatal growth and metabolic programming. However, in adults, excessive consumption of milk is controversial as civilization disorders such as diabetes or prostate cancer may be promoted. A cytoprotective effect of milk could be utilized in inflammatory condi...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) steadily increases in prevalence since the 1950’s, the period of widespread distribution of refrigerated pasteurized cow’s milk. Whereas breastfeeding protects against the development of T2DM in later life, accumulating epidemiological evidence underlines the role of cow’s milk consumption in T2DM. Recent studies in...

Background: Milk and sugar are excessively consumed in a Western diet. There is increasing epidemiological evidence that the intake of unfermented pasteurized cow´s milk is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). It is the intention of this review to provide translational biochemical evidence for milk´s diabetogenic mod...

For a deeper understanding of acne and sebaceous gland-related diseases, it is important to be familiar with the anatomy and physiology of sebaceous follicles. This chapter provides information about sebaceous gland structure and sebaceous lipogenesis. The secretory end product of sebaceous glands is sebum, which plays a key role in the pathogenesi...

Rosacea is a chronic disorder affecting the central parts of the face, characterized by frequent flushing, persistent erythema, and telangiectasia and interspersed with episodes of inflammation during which swelling, papules and pustules, and rarely nodules are evident. The word rosacea is derived from the Latin adjective meaning like roses. The te...

The comedo is the initial, primary lesion of acne. It is an impaction of corneocytes within sebaceous follicles. Comedones develop through the following stages.

Daniel Turner (1667–1741) of London was the first to emphasize dietary restrictions for acne therapy. Joseph Jakob Plenck (1735–1807) of Vienna related the frequency of acne in young people to a rich diet. Since then acne and diet has been a continuing debating issue. Over the last five decades, diet has been declined to play a role in acne pathoge...

Four major factors are involved in the pathogenesis of acne: (1) increased sebum production with altered lipid composition, (2) metagenomic modifications of the P. acnes microbiome favoring P. acnes biofilm, (3) deviated acroinfundibular keratinization leading to comedogenesis, and (4) inflammasome activation with infiltration of inflammatory cells...

Avoidance of rosacea trigger factors and appropriate skin care such as sunscreens and moisturizing agents are important first steps for rosacea treatment and prevention. Pharmacologic interventions range from topical to systemic medications, with the ideal medication choice dependent on the symptoms and severity of each individual patient. The endo...

What we today name dissecting terminal hair folliculitis (DTHF) has lurked in the literature under several synonyms, namely, Velpeau’s disease (1839), Verneuil’s disease (1854), hidradenitis destruens suppurativa (Pollitzer 1892), follicular occlusion triad (Pillibury, Shelley, and Kligman 1956), acne tetrad (Plewig and Kligman 1975), acne inversa...

There is substantial evidence that hereditary factors play an important role in acne pathogenesis. They enhance the risk for disease or aggravate its course and outcome and modify the time of onset, persistence after puberty, response to treatment, tissue remodeling and healing, the extent of scaring, and the disposition for keloid. Acne genetics h...

We generally think of acne as a disease which begins in adolescence. Its presentation in the neonatal period or during infancy is disturbing but rarely serious. The following synopsis of acne shows the great spectrum of acne diversities and variations.

Acne vulgaris can be considered as an inflammasomopathy of the sebaceous follicle, which is associated with increased seboglandular production of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-β1. Sebocytes have been demonstrated to actively contribute to certain inflammatory processes in the skin by recruitment of immune cells into the skin and by skewing T-cell d...

Multiple factors are involved in rosacea pathogenesis such as disturbed epidermal barrier function, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP)-mediated inflammation with inflammasome activation, aberrations of vascular reactivity, enhanced innate immunity, neurogenic inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and Demodex mite hypercolonization. The lack...

This chapter provides a unifying model for acne therapy on the basis of transcriptomic regulation. Evidence from the literature will be presented that treatment-induced overexpression of the transcription factor p53, known as the guardian of the genome, is the critical effector of anti-acne therapies, which controls IGF-1 and androgen signaling, se...

Genuine acne is a disease singular to man and practically does not occur in animals. There are a few exceptions to this rule. Except for minor forms in dogs and cats, acne does not occur spontaneously in any animal species. Acne is a uniquely human disorder. Certain species possess sebaceous-like follicles and are suitable for assessing the comedog...

In this chapter, dealing with a variety of diseases looking like acne, a number of terminologies are used in the international literature, including acneiform, acneform, acne-like, and acne mimicking, in an analogous way.

Human skin provides a favorable habitat for the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mites. These are mostly commensals; they nourish themselves on and flourish in hair follicles, but curiously not within sweat glands and their acrosyringa, where the secretion of IgA into the acrosyringium and the constitutive expression of antimicrobial peptides like d...

Nosology does not rank high among the interests of acne researchers. Yet the lack of a common international standard for classifying and grading the severity of acne has been a distressing source of confusion and controversy. The result is that epidemiological data and classifications from different sources cannot be compared because the criteria a...

The roots of history were and still are the springs of our current knowledge and concepts in medicine. We owe this veneration to the forefathers of our specialty dermatology. To read, review, and understand their paths of earlier writings and illustrations in books, journals, and dissertations open our eyes to understand the slow but careful deline...

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects approximately 16 million US Americans. Considering the prevalence of rosacea in a US community setting, 6% of individuals had rosacea. Older, white individuals with fairer skin types (Fitzpatrick skin types I–III) were more likely to have rosacea. The largest epidemiological study of ros...

Acne vulgaris ist die häufigste entzündliche Hauterkrankung in industrialisierten Ländern mit einer Prävalenz von 85 % während der Adoleszenz. Das epidemische Auftreten spricht gegen den vorherrschenden Einfluss genetischer Faktoren. Stattdessen steht die westliche Ernährungsweise mit überhöhter glykämischer Last und erhöhtem Konsum von Milch und M...

Milk consumption is a hallmark of western diet. According to common believes, milk consumption has beneficial effects for human health. Pasteurization of cow’s milk protects thermolabile vitamins and other organic compounds including bioactive and bioavailable exosomes and extracellular vesicles in the range of 40–120 nm, which are pivotal mediator...

This book is a richly illustrated account of the clinical features, microscopic anatomy, and management of acne, acne-like disorders, and rosacea. The coverage includes all aspects of these diseases, from physiology to pathology, bacteriology, and endocrinology; special emphasis is placed on histopathology. Moreover, the full spectrum of pharmacolo...

in their recently published Research Letter, Burney et al.¹ reported that the short‐term exposure of cultured SEB‐1 immortalized sebocytes to isotretinoin (13‐cis retinoic acid), the most powerful sebum‐suppressive drug promoting sebocyte apoptosis in acne patients, paradoxically increased lipogenesis and upregulated the expression of sterol regula...

We read with interest the paper by Vilanova et al.¹ reporting that the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) was significantly higher in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) patients compared with healthy controls. These results confirm the findings previously published by one of us (VDV) in the 2016 September Issue of JEADV.² The authors also discussed a...

Oral isotretinoin is the most effective anti‐acne drug with the strongest sebum‐suppressive effect caused by sebocyte apoptosis. It has been hypothesized that upregulation of nuclear FoxO transcription factors and p53 mediate isotretinoin‐induced sebocyte apoptosis in vivo. It is the aim of our study to analyse the distribution of the pro‐apoptotic...

Lipidstoffwechselstörungen sind in allen Industrienationen sehr häufig. Sie sind multifaktoriell bedingt: Ursache ist die Kombination von genetischen Faktoren, erhöhter Kalorienzufuhr bzw. hyperinsulinotroper Ernährung, zu wenig Bewegung, Rauchen, Alkoholkonsum sowie Erkrankungen wie Diabetes mellitus oder metabolisches Syndrom; auch zahlreiche Arz...

Akne und Rosazea zählen zu den häufigsten entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen, die eine konsequente Behandlung erfordern. Aktuelle pathogenetische Erkenntnisse erklären neue präventive und innovative Therapienansätze. Bei Acne vulgaris wurden Ernährungsfaktoren als wichtige Auslöser gesichert wie vermehrter Konsum von Milch und Kohlenhydraten, die den m...

Background Disintegration of the infundibula of terminal hair follicles (HF) in intertriginous skin areas exhibits the histological hallmark of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)/acne inversa, featuring a dissecting terminal hair folliculitis. Elevated serum levels of interleukin 17 and local increase in the ratio of proinflammatory Th17 cells and antii...

Background: The perception of milk has changed from a “simple food” to a more sophisticated bioactive functional signaling system that promotes mTORC1-driven postnatal anabolism, growth, and development of the newborn infant. Accumulating evidence supports the view that milk´s miRNAs significantly contribute to these processes. The most abundant mi...

This review based on translational research predicts that the transcription factor p53 is the key effector of all anti-acne therapies. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) enhance p53 expression. Tetracyclines and macrolides via inhibiting p450 enzymes attenuate ATRA degradation, thereby increase p53. Benzoyl perox...

Acne vulgaris is an epidemic inflammatory disease of the human sebaceous follicle and represents the most common skin disease affecting about 85% of adolescents in Westernized populations. Acne vulgaris is primarily a disease of wealthy countries and exhibits higher prevalence rates in developed compared with developing countries. No acne has been...

The precise molecular basis of retinoid embryopathy is yet unknown. This hypothesis predicts that isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid), the prodrug of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), exaggerates neural crest cell (NCC) apoptosis via upregulation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor p53, the guardian of the genome. Increased p53 signaling is ass...

There is accumulating evidence that milk shapes the postnatal metabolic environment of the newborn infant. Based on translational research, this perspective article provides a novel mechanistic link between milk intake and milk miRNA-regulated gene expression of the transcription factor p53 and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), two guardians of the...

Hunt et al. show that olumacostat glasaretil, an inhibitor of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, reduces saturated and monounsaturated fatty acyl chains in sebaceous lipids. Topical olumacostat glasaretil application decreases hamster ear sebaceous gland size and shows efficacy in treating patients with acne vulgaris. Olumacostat glasaretil-mediated se...

It is the intention of this review to characterize milk’s role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic “doping system” of mammalian development. Milk exosome-derived micro-ribonucle...

Background Breastfeeding has protective effects for the development of allergies and atopy. Recent evidence underlines that consumption of unboiled farm milk in early life is a key factor preventing the development of atopic diseases. Farm milk intake has been associated with increased demethylation of FOXP3 and increased numbers of regulatory T ce...

Isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) is the most effective sebum-suppressive drug for the treatment of severe acne. Its effect depends on sebocyte apoptosis, which results from isotretinoin-induced expression of the apoptotic protein tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and neutrophil...

During terminal differentiation sebocytes accumulate abundant lipids, exhibit degeneration of their nuclei eventually leading to programmed cell death followed by holocrine secretion of sebum (s1). Epidermal keratinocytes undergo a unique form of terminal differentiation including programmed cell death, called cornification (1). Cyclic apoptosis is...

Milk is rich in miRNAs that appear to play important roles in the postnatal development of all mammals. Currently, two competing hypotheses exist: the functional hypothesis, which proposes that milk miRNAs are transferred to the offspring and exert physiological regulatory functions, and the nutritional hypothesis, which suggests that these molecul...

Linked Article: Agamia et al. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174: 1299–1307.

The placenta regulates nutrient transfer to the fetus for fetal growth. Cell growth is orchestrated by the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). mTORC1 is activated by growth factors such as insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), amino acids, predominantly leucine and glutamine, glucose, and satura...

Since the introduction of isotretinoin for the treatment of severe forms acne, it took nearly four decades to understand isotretinoin's mode of action, which is related to the drug's sebum suppressive effect (s1,s2). Isotretinoin-induced sebum reduction depends primarily on sebocyte apoptosis (1,2,s3). Decreased FoxO1 activity in sebocytes of acne...

Lipidstoffwechselstörungen sind in allen Industrienationen sehr häufig. Sie sind multifaktoriell bedingt: Ursache ist die Kombination von genetischen Faktoren, erhöhter Kalorienzufuhr bzw. hyperinsulinotroper Ernährung, zu wenig Bewegung, Rauchen, Alkoholkonsum sowie Erkrankungen wie Diabetes mellitus oder metabolisches Syndrom; auch zahlreiche Arz...

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within intron 1 of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with enhanced FTO expression, increased body weight, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase FTO plays a pivotal regulatory role for postnatal growth and energy expenditure. The purpose of th...

Sebocytes in acne and adipocytes in visceral obesity share up-regulated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling that is closely associated with increased lipogenesis and inflammation. Western diet, characterized by excessive intake of hyperglycemic carbohydrates, milk and saturated fats has been related to the induction or aggr...

Western diet has been linked to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris that is associated with high intake of hyperglycemic carbohydrates, milk, and saturated fats (1-3,s1). In 2010, I have proposed that nutrient signaling in acne may reduce the nuclear activity of the metabolic transcription factor FoxO1 (4). In 2012, I have suggested that acne may be...

Increased expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) is related to the pathogenesis of rosacea. CAMP plays a crucial role in antimicrobial defences, such as the killing of mycobacteria. CAMP gene expression is regulated by vitamin D-dependent (VDR) and vitamin D-independent (C/EBPα) transcription factors. VDR-dependent CAMP expression...

Based on own translational research of the biochemical and hormonal effects of cow's milk consumption in humans, this review presents milk as a signaling system of mammalian evolution that activates the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the pivotal regulator of translation. Milk, a mammary gland-derived s...

Acne vulgaris, an epidemic inflammatory skin disease of adolescence, is closely related to Western diet. Three major food classes that promote acne are: 1) hyperglycemic carbohydrates, 2) milk and dairy products, 3) saturated fats including trans-fats and deficient ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Diet-induced insulin/insulin-like growth fa...

Since the mid-1950's, melanoma incidence has been rising steadily in industrialized Caucasian populations, thereby pointing to the pivotal involvement of environmental factors in melanomagenesis. Recent evidence underlines the crucial role of microRNA (miR) signaling in cancer initiation and progression. Increased miR-21 expression has been observe...

Antenatal dietary lifestyle intervention and nutrition during pregnancy and early postnatal life are important for appropriate lifelong metabolic programming. Epidemiological evidence underlines the crucial role of increased birth weight as a risk factor for the development of chronic diseases of civilization such as obesity, diabetes and cancer. O...

Milk, the secretory product of the lactation genome, promotes growth of the newborn mammal. Milk delivers insulinotropic amino acids, thus maintains a molecular crosstalk with the pancreatic β-cell of the milk recipient. Homeostasis of β-cells and insulin production depend on the appropriate magnitude of mTORC1 signaling. mTORC1 is activated by bra...

Um die Pathogenese der Acne vulgaris zu verstehen, ist es wichtig, die maßgeblichen endokrinen Signalwege zu kennen. Der Einfluss der westlichen Ernährung auf das Pubertätshormon Insulin-artiger Wachstumsfaktor-1 (IGF-1) ist dabei von zentraler Bedeutung.

IGF-1, key hormone of puberty, which activates androgen signaling and the master regulator of growth, the nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORCI, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acne. Hyperglycemic carbohydrates, milk and milk products as well as saturated fats induce acne either by over-stimulation of IGF-1 or mTORCI. Nutrition therapy of ac...

This article provides a new view of the cellular mechanisms that have been proposed to explain the links between infant formula feeding and the development of atopy and obesity. Epidemiological evidence points to an allergy- and obesity-preventive effect of breastfeeding. Both allergy and obesity development have been traced back to accelerated gro...

Recent scientific interest in the pathogenesis of rosacea focuses on abnormally high facial skin levels of cathelicidin and the trypsin-like serine protease kallikrein 5 (KLK5) that cleaves the cathelicidin precursor protein into the bioactive fragment LL-37, which exerts crucial proinflammatory, angiogenic and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore...

This review presents recent evidence of impaired Notch signalling in atopic dermatitis (AD), which is proposed to represent the "a-topic" defect linking both epidermal and immunological barrier dysfunctions in AD. AD epidermis exhibits a marked deficiency of Notch receptors. Mouse models with genetically suppressed Notch signalling exhibit dry skin...

This viewpoint presents a unifying concept for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) that is based on the improvement of deficient Notch signaling, which appears to represent the fundamental epithelial defect of AD resulting in epidermal and immunological barrier dysfunction. One study of AD patients demonstrated a marked epidermal deficiency of...

Crucial obesity, diabetes, hypertension and allergy trajectories are set early in life. Rapid postnatal growth and weight gain in early infancy are acknowledged risk factors for later development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipoproteninaemia, and allergic diseases. It is the purpose of this chapter to provide tra...

In this issue Hellmann-Regen et al. suggested that antiacne effects of erythromycin and tetracyclines may be related to their inhibitory effect of cytochrome P450-mediated degradation of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). We have recently proposed that all antiacne agents function by attenuation of increased mTORC1-signaling. This commentary links the...

Epidemiological evidence confirmed that raw cow’s milk consumption in the first year of life protects against the development of atopic diseases and increases the number of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). However, milk’s atopy-protective mode of action remains elusive. This review supported by translational research proposes that milk-derived microRNAs...

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease in industrialized countries with Western diet characterized by high glycemic load and milk consumption. Accumulating evidence underlines the role of Western diet as a major cause of enhanced nutrient-mediated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling that may over-stimulate sebocyte growth a...

Hecht [1] was the first who studied the role of heredity in acne. Neonatal, nodulocystic, and conglobate acne have proven genetic influences [2]. Postadolescent acne is related with a first-degree relative with the condition in 50 % of the cases. Chromosomal abnormalities, HLA phenotypes, and polymorphisms of various genes have been associated with...

Milk protein intake has recently been suggested to improve metabolic health. This Perspective provides evidence that metabolic effects of milk protein intake have to be regarded in the context of the individual's pre-existing metabolic and exercise status. Milk proteins provide abundant branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and glutamine. Plasma BCAAs...

Nutrition has long been associated with skin health, beauty, integrity and aging through multiple pathways and cofactors implicated in skin biology. The onset and clinical course of various common skin diseases, especially acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and hair loss, have been suggested to be critically affected by nutrition patterns and habi...

Acne appears to represent a visible indicator disease of over-activated mTORC1 signalling, an unfavour-able metabolic deviation on the road to serious common Western diseases of civilisation associated with increased body mass index and insulin resistance. Exaggerated mTORC1 signalling by Western diet explains the association of acne with increased...