Bo Strandberg

• Associate Professor, PhD
• Lund University

Objective Communities exposed to smoke and ash from severe industrial fires often express concern that chemicals from the fire episode pose an ongoing risk to their health by persisting in and around the home environment. While previous studies have utilised house dust and soil samples to estimate exposure to contaminants resulting from fire and in...

Air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were measured in a Norway spruce (Picea abies) stand at four different distances from a major traffic route near Gothenburg, Sweden, during summer and winter 2019, using passive samplers. In total, the concentrations of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and six dibenzothiophenes (D...

Background There is insufficient knowledge about the systemic health effects of exposure to fine (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles emitted from typical indoor sources, including cooking and candlelight burning. We examined whether short-term exposure to emissions from cooking and burning candles cause inflammatory changes in young individuals with mi...

Coal tar creosote, or creosote, is a by-product of the carbonization of coal to produce coke and has been used as a wood preservative since the late 19th century. Creosote is a mixture of many different compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)s, phenols and cresols. Even though several PAHs are carcinogenic to humans, creosote is st...

The overall aim of our research is to study chimney sweeps exposure to soot to be able to give recommendations on how to effectively reduce the exposure. To do this a suitable method to study soot exposure is required. In this study we use a new method to study the personal airborne exposure to soot measured as black carbon (BC). BC is measured wit...

Antimony (Sb) is a toxic metalloid, which has been increasingly used in the brake lining of vehicles, and increased concentrations have been found in soils near abundant traffic. However, since very few investigations of Sb accumulation in urban vegetation have been undertaken there exists a knowledge gap. We studied the concentrations of Sb in lea...

We spend most of our time indoors; however, little is known about the effects of exposure to aerosol particles indoors. We aimed to determine differences in relative toxicity and physicochemical properties of PM2.5 collected simultaneously indoors (PM2.5 INDOOR) and outdoors (PM2.5 OUTDOOR) in 15 occupied homes in southern Sweden. Collected particl...

PACs (polycylic aromatic compounds) are air pollutants formed in incomplete combustion, e.g., in vehicle engines. Vegetation can potentially remove substantial amounts and act as bioindicators of these pollutants. Increased knowledge of the pollutant removal efficiencies of different tree species is essential for understanding the potential benefit...

This study presents indoor and outdoor levels of airborne fine particles (PM2.5), particle bound polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) including parent-, alkylated-, nitro-, and oxy-PAHs. Week-long simultaneous measurements were conducted inside and outside 15 occupied homes in southern Sweden during wintertime. The homes were single-family houses o...

Purpose Underground diesel exhaust exposure is an occupational health risk. It is not known how recent intensified emission legislation and use of renewable fuels have reduced or altered occupational exposures. We characterized these effects on multipollutant personal exposure to diesel exhaust and underground ambient air concentrations in an under...

Background Diesel engine exhaust causes adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the impact of renewable diesel exhaust, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), on human health is less known. Nineteen healthy volunteers were exposed to HVO exhaust for 3 h in a chamber with a double-blind, randomized setup. Exposure scenarios comprised of HVO exhaust fr...

Trees have the potential to improve urban air quality as leaves and needles capture air pollutants from the air, but further empirical data has been requested to quantify these effects. We measured the concentration of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leaves of pin oak (Quercus palustris) and needles of black pine (Pinus nigra) in the...

Burning candles release a variety of pollutants to indoor air, some of which are of concern for human health. We studied emissions of particles and gases from the stressed burning of five types of pillar candles with different wax and wick compositions. The stressed burning was introduced by controlled fluctuating air velocities in a 21.6 m3 labora...

Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) is a renewable diesel fuel used to replace petroleum diesel. The organic compounds in HVO are poorly characterized; therefore, toxicological properties could be different from petroleum diesel exhaust. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure and effective biomarkers in 18 individuals after short-term (3 h...

Background: Diesel engine exhaust causes adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the impact of renewable diesel exhaust on human health is less known. In this study, nasal patency, pulmonary function, and self-rated symptoms were assessed in 19 healthy volunteers after two separate 3-hour exposures to renewable diesel (hydrotreated vegetable oil [HVO])...

Renewable diesel fuels have the potential to reduce net CO2 emissions, and simultaneously decrease particulate matter (PM) emissions. This study characterized engine-out PM emissions and PM-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation potential. Emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine without external aftertreatment devices, and fueled...

Environmental considerations, concerning the negative impacts of ship exhaust gases and particles on ambient air quality, are behind the requirements of cleaner marine fuels currently applied in designated emission control areas (ECAs). We investigated the impact of a ship operating on two types of fuel on the indoor air quality onboard. Gaseous an...

The ongoing transition to renewable fuel sources has led to increased use of wood and other biomass fuels. The physiochemical characteristics of biomass combustion derived aerosols depends on appliances, fuel and operation procedures, and particles generated during incomplete combustion are linked to toxicity. Frequent indoor wood burning is relate...

The aim of this study was to test the usefulness of polyurethane foam (PUF) passive air samplers as stationary, and, for the first time, as personal samplers for one week’s sampling period of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in occupational air. Routine monitoring of workplace exposure is commonly performed with active sampling. However, act...

Objective: Epidemiological studies have found air pollution to be a driver of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including gestational diabetes, low term birth weight and preeclampsia. It is unknown what biological mechanisms are involved in this process. A first trimester trophoblast cell line (HTR-8/SVneo) was exposed to various concentrations of PM2.5...

Ambient air pollution is considered a major environmental health threat to pregnant women. Our previous work has shown an association between exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) and an increased risk of developing pre-eclamspia. It is now recognized that many pregnancy complications are due to underlying placental dysfunction, and this tis...

Aims: The main aim of this study was to assess dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and airway exposure to PAHs, volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene and 1,3-butadiene), and particles among firefighters (FFs) and police forensic investigators (PFIs) in Sweden. Methods: Active (pump with a filter and sorbent tube) and p...

Objectives Firefighters (FFs) and police forensic investigators (PFI) may be exposed to a wide range of particles and combustion products, such as the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the dermal exposure to 32 different PAHs for FFs and PFIs. Methods The skin was s...

The risk among asphalt workers of developing adverse health effects may increase due to their occupational exposure. One area of special concern arises when rubber granules are mixed into bitumen to enhance asphalt properties. This research characterizes and compares bitumen and rubber bitumen regarding the emissions of and workers' exposure to par...

The purpose of the project presented in this report was to map the personal exposure of the toxic substances benzene, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), all of which can be traced to the marine fuel and/or diesel exhaust emissions. The measured exposure has been analysed to identify any differences in exposure betwe...

Background Controversy exists as to the health effects of exposure to asphalt and crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt, which contains recycled rubber tyres. Objective To assess exposures and effects on airway symptoms, lung function and inflammation biomarkers in conventional and CRM asphalt road pavers. Methods 116 conventional asphalt workers,...

Background: Adverse health effects of particulate matter (PM) vary with chemical composition; however, evidence regarding which elements are the most detrimental is limited. The roof space area provides an open and stable environment for outdoor PM to settle and deposit. Therefore, this study used roof space PM samples as a proxy of residential cu...

Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed to the skin can be sampled by tape-stripping, but...

Air pollution levels (NO2, PAHs, O3) were investigated, before (BLE) and after (ALE) leaf emergence, in the urban landscape of Gothenburg, Sweden. The aims were to study the 1) spatial and temporal variation in pollution levels between urban green areas, 2) effect of urban vegetation on air pollution levels at the same distance from a major emissio...

Purpose: Petroleum refinery workers are exposed to the carcinogens benzene and 1,3-butadiene. Declining exposures have been reported internationally but information on current exposure in the Swedish refinery industry is limited. The aim was to examine refinery workers' personal exposure to benzene and 1,3-butadiene and increase awareness of expos...

Routine monitoring of workplace exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is performed mainly via active sampling. However, active samplers have several drawbacks and, in some cases, may even be unusable. Polyurethane foam (PUF) as personal passive air samplers constitute good alternatives for PAH monitoring in occupational air (8 h). How...

Aims The aim of this study was to measure the exposure to total dust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) of kitchen workers in four different types of restaurants in Sweden (Large scale, European, Fast food, and Asian). Methods One hundred full work-shift (8 h) personal exposure samples were taken from 36 workers i...

PurposePetroleum refinery workers’ exposure to the carcinogens benzene and 1,3-butadiene has decreased during normal operations. However, certain occupational groups or events at the refineries still involve a risk of higher exposures. The aim of this study was to examine the personal exposure to benzene and 1,3-butadiene at refinery turnarounds an...

Organophosphates are used in a wide range of materials and consumer products and are ubiquitous in indoor environments. Certain organophosphates have been associated with various adverse health effects. The present paper reports mass fractions of organophosphates in dust samples collected from 500 bedrooms and 151 daycare centers of children living...

Abstract Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated as possible biomarkers of exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in two controlled-chamber studies. We report levels of 14 PAHs from 28 subjects in urine that were collected before, immediately after and the morning after exposure. Using linear mixed-effects models, we tested for effe...

Several diesel exhaust (DE) characteristics, comprising both particle and gas phase, recognized as important when linking with health effects, are not reported in human chamber exposure studies. In order to understand effects of DE on humans there is a need for better characterization of DE when performing exposure studies. The aim of this study wa...

1,3-Butadiene and benzene are common pollutants in both workplace and ambient air and have received attention for their adverse effects on human health. In exposure studies, simple and sensitive personal monitoring methods are preferable. Thermal desorption passive samplers seem optimal for this purpose, although in occupational studies chemical de...

Exposure to particulate air pollution increases respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly, possibly through inflammation and vascular dysfunction. We examined potential beneficial effects of indoor air filtration in the homes of elderly, including people taking vasoactive drugs.Forty-eight nonsmoking subjects (51...

This study investigated the exposure of cooks to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), higher mutagenic aldehydes, total particles, and ultrafine particles during cooking. Experiments were performed by pan frying fresh and smoked bacon on both electric and gas stoves, and with the gas alone. Detailed analyses of PAHs were performed, with analyse...

Air pollution causes respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disease. Airway inflammation may be involved in the mechanism also for cardiovascular disease. Wood smoke is a significant contributor to air pollution, with complex and varying composition. We examined airway effects of two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study. Thirteen subjects were expose...

Winter street sanding activities in northern countries are often associated with elevated pollution by particulate matter. There are indications that street dust may act as a source of particle-bound PAHs. However, very few studies have addressed the resuspension potential of PAHs from street dust. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively as...

This complex study presents indoor and outdoor levels of air-borne fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and VOCs at two urban locations in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, and considers possible sources of pollution. Two sampling campaigns were performed in January-February and March-April 2009. The mean outdoor PM(2.5) concentration at Location 1 in...

New sampling methods are needed to simplify and enable frequent monitoring of workers' exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The sampler needs to fulfil some key operational requirements for occupational exposure assessments: (i) be usable as a personal sampler; (ii) work over 8 h exposure time; (iii) sequester PAHs both in gas and p...

There is a need for simple air sampling techniques to enable routine monitoring of the occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in compliance with occupational exposure limits. Other gas-phase contaminants can be monitored in workplaces using passive samplers but this is currently not the case for PAHs. Here, polyurethane fo...

The exchange of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) between different compartments of a typical mature boreal forest was investigated. The study focused on fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between the atmosphere, vegetation and soil, and within the soil to assess whether this type of forest acts as a final sink or temporary repository fo...

Depuration compounds (DCs) are added to passive air samplers (PAS) prior to deployment to account for the wind-dependency of the sampling rate for gas-phase compounds. This correction is particularly useful for providing comparable data for samplers that are deployed in different environments and subject to different meteorological conditions such...

Fine particles are formed in a variety of processes, both natural and anthropogenic. Epidemiological studies have shown an association between exposure to particulate matter and adverse health effects. Airborne particles contain a variety of compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and several of the PAHs are known or suspected...

Air quality data of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) indoors and outdoors are sparse or lacking in several parts of the world, often hampered by the cost and inconvenience of active sampling techniques. Cheap and easy passive air sampling techniques are therefore helpful for reconnaissance surveys. As a part of the Megacity Initiative: Local an...

Anesthetic gases such as desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane are used on a daily basis in operating theaters. Active sampling has historically been used to control the level of exposure to personnel. SKC 575-002 is a diffusive passive sampler filled with Anasorb 747. We validated this sampler in both laboratory and field e...

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and related compounds such as PCBs, brominated flame retardants, organochlorine pesticides and PAHs is regarded as an important environmental risk factor for humans. Recently concerns about POPs resulted in the international protocol called the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Air quality standards (ind...

The aim of this study was to quantify personal exposure and indoor levels of the suspected or known carcinogenic compounds 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in a small Swedish town where wood burning for space heating is common. Subjects (wood burners, n = 14), living in homes with daily use of wood-burning appliances were compa...

Two types of diffusive samplers, both of which are compatible with thermal desorption, but differ in their geometry—SKC-Ultra (badge-type) and Radiello (radial symmetry-type)—were evaluated indoors and outdoors under varying temperature, humidity and wind speed conditions, using the graphitized adsorbents Carbopack X or Carbograph 5 to measure 1,3-...

Experimental studies are used to evaluate effects of human exposure to diesel exhaust and concentrated ambient particles. This article describes a system for studying exposure of humans to wood smoke. Wood smoke was generated using a wood stove placed outside an exposure chamber that can hold at least 10 subjects. A partial flow of the generated wo...

In the study reported here semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were used to sample 28 PAHs and 19 PCBs in the gas phase in 15 single-family houses located in an area where domestic wood burning is widespread. Eight of the households used wood burning appliances whereas the others used other systems for residential heating. Most of the studied co...

1,3-Butadiene and benzene are common air pollutants, the former being a suspected and the latter an established carcinogen. Road traffic and industry emissions are sources of these compounds. In order to assess the risk posed to the general population by ambient levels of these pollutants, diffusive samplers capable of monitoring them over both lon...

Concentrations and profiles of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), pentachlorobenzene (PCBz), hexachlorobenzene (HCBz), DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), tris(4-chlorophnyl)methane (TCPM-H), tris(4-chlorophnyl)methanol (TCPM-H), chlordane (CHLs), aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin, endrin, endosulfan 1, endosulfan 2, mirex, PCBs and PCNs were determined using isot...

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a disease of unknown etiology, which has been diagnosed in a variety of birds from surface water reservoirs in the southeastern United States. Pathology suggests a natural or anthropogenic compound may be the cause of this disease. With the goal of identifying the toxicant that causes AVM, we qualitatively analy...

The concentration, pattern, bioaccumulation and biomagnification features of many chlorobiphenyl congeners including non- and mono-ortho chlorine substituted members have been determined in a pelagic food chain including mixed phyto- and zooplankton, herring (Clupea harengus), harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and black cormorants (Phalacrocorax...

Concentrations, composition profiles and biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls non-ortho (IUPAC nos 77, 126, 169), mono-ortho (105, 114, 118, 123, 156, 157, 167, 189) and total PCBs were investigated in black cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) breeding at the coast of the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea. Total PCB concentrations in birds...

Fish from four lakes, two small lakes in the northeastern United States and two of the Great Lakes, were analyzed to determine the concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in this region. Three of the lakes were considered to have background levels of PBDEs; one lake was close to a suspected source. The PBDE co...

Earthworms (Eisenia foetida) were given food contaminated with hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and 20 tetra- to heptachlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCBs were selected to cover a wide range of physicochemical properties. The uptake efficiencies, uptake rate constants, and elimination rate constants in worms varied between the 20 PCBs. The uptake effici...

Wine corks were extracted and analyzed for 23 organochlorine pesticides, including α-, β-, and γ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), hexachlorobenzene, DDT, DDE and DDD, chlordane, endosulfan, dieldrin, aldrin, and endrin. This was done to investigate the occurrence, concentrations, composition profiles, and possible sources of organochlorine contaminati...

Air samples were analyzed from urban, rural, and remote sites near the Great Lakes to investigate the occurrence, concentrations, and spatial and temporal differences of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in air. The concentrations of PBDEs were compared to those of other organohalogen compounds such as PCBs and organochlorine pesticides. The sa...

Surface sediment, amphipods (Monoporeia affinis), isopods (Saduria entomon) and fourhorn sculpins (Oncocottus quadricornis) were collected at two coastal stations in the Gulf of Bothnia, one in the Bothnian Bay and the other in the Bothnian Sea. The objective was to study the concentrations, composition profiles, bioaccumulation features and spatia...

Concentrations, composition and spatial variations of the residues of the pesticide Chlordane were determined in several species of fish caught in Gulf of Gdańsk. The residues of Chlordane (cis-i trans-chlordane, cis-i trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, MC4, MC5, MC6, MC7, U82 and U83) were found in all fish examined, ho...

Fish (herring, cod, eelpout, round goby, flounder, perch, lamprey, pikeperch, sand eel and lesser sand eel) caught in the Gulf of Gdansk in 1992 contained the residues of penta- (PCBz) and hexachlorobenzene (HCBz) in concentrations from 0.09 to 0.75 and from 0.36 to 3.7 ng/g wet weight (3.3-14 and 6.5-41 ng/g lipid weight), respectively. Both compo...

Three indoor, household composts and the earthworms living in them were analyzed for their congener-specific content of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides, including DDTs, chlordanes, dieldrin, and penta- and hexachlorobenzene. The concentrations of the chlordanes were 0.01 to 0.2 ng/g dry weight (dw) in compost and 0.03...

The residues of DDT and its metabolites (DDTs; p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDE i p,p'-DDMU) has been determined in ten species of edible fish caught in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 1992. The method of measurement was capillary gas chromatography and low resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/LRMS) after a nondestructive extraction a...

The residues of dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, isodrin, endosulfan 1 and 2 has been determined in a several species of fish caught in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 1992. The method of measurement was capillary gas chromatograph and low resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/LRMS) after a nondestructive extraction and clean-up step with a further fractionation of th...

We have studied the kinetics of lipid removal using the semipermeable membrane technique (SPM) during preparation of fat rich environmental samples for analysis of lipophilic substances such as dioxins. This is a useful alternative to the conventional methodologies (both destructive and non-destructive). For herring fat, the dialysis was found to b...

Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPM-H) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPM-OH) were identified and quantified in fishes (4.1−37 ng/g lipids), fish-eating birds (120−630 ng/g), and marine mammals (13−31 ng/g) from the southern part of the Baltic Sea as well as in the egg and tissues of white-tailed sea eagles from the Baltic coastal (<13−130 000 ng...

During January 1995, a severe flooding event in central and western Europe caused a significant outflow of contaminated freshwater into the Northern Sea and to Skagerrak. This water reached the Swedish west coast in mid-March. During this time, SPMD (semipermeable membrane device) sampling was performed directly in the plume. Depending on the salin...

The congener-specific data of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are presented for the three-spined stickleback collected from four spatially distant sites in the beach zone in the south-western part of the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea. The lipid weight normalised concentration of total PCNs in stickleback ranged from 35 to 130 ng/g. Tetra-CNs (54–6...

Four species of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and one herring (Clupea harengus) sample from the southern Baltic Sea were analysed in an attent to study the concentration and biomagnification of 17 chlordane related compounds (CHLs) including 12 components present in technical chlordane, the toxic metabolites oxychlordane and cis-heptachlorep...

Zooplankton, mysis (Mysis sp.) and herring (Clupea harengus) were collected at two pelagic locations in the northern part of the Baltic Sea, one in Bothnian Bay (BB) and the other in the Bothnian Sea (BS), in order to investigate concentrations, composition profiles, biomagnification features and spatial differences of organochlorine contaminants....

Sediment trap sampling of settling particulate matter (SPM) was carried out in remote coastal and offshore stations in the Bothnian Bay (BB) and the Bothnian Sea (BS) located in the northern Baltic Sea. This was done to investigate occurrence, composition profiles, sedimentation, and spatial differences of PCBs, HCHs, hexachlorobenzene, DDTs, chlor...

Herring (Clupea harengus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) were collected in the northern and southern Baltic Sea and analyzed for the presence of the cyclodiene pesticides chlordane (CHL), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin, endosulfan and mirex, as well as other organochlorine contaminants, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, hexachlorob...

Twelve chlordane (CHLs) components and their metabolites (heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, U82, MC4, trans-chlordane, MC5, cis-chlordane, MC7, oxychlordane, MC6, trans- and cis-nonachlor) and aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin, endosulfan 1, endosulfan 2, and mirex were quantified in mixed subsurface phyto- and zooplankton collected at four spatially...

Herein is a procedure described using a semipermeable membrane (SPM) for enrichment of organic chemicals from lipid-containing samples. Dialysis with SPMs in an organic solvent can separate organochlorine contaminants such as non-, mono-, and di-o-PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, PCDTs, PCNs, pesticides, and PAHs from lipids. The method is nondestructive and mo...

INTRODUCTION PCBs have low vapour pressure but since the water solubility is low, they evaporate and are found in and spread by air (1). The emission of PCBs to indoor air from primary sources like PCB sealants have been studied by e.g. Balfanz et al. using filter and foam (2). Passive sampling devices, Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs), has b...

Black cormorants, Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (the breast muscles and liver) originating from the colony near Katy Rybackie on the south coast of the Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea, were collected in 1992 and analysed for polychlorinated naphthalenes. PCNs were determined employing a multi-residue procedure including a non-destructive wide-bore open-t...

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are polymeric membranes enclosing a thin film (1 mL) of a synthetic lipid. Herein, SPMDs are used to sample bioavailable persistent organochlorine contaminants, viz. PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes, lindane, chlorobenzenes, and dieldrin, in composts. The study comprises three different indoor household composts and one...