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Introduction
1. 1996-2002, I found that the charge distribution of electrostatic equilibrium does not satisfy the thermodynamic equilibrium (Boltzmann formula).
2，2009-2018, in the gravity field, the gas density is not uniform, and there is the average potential energy U (h) in space. According to Einstein's understanding of convection balance, the relationship between the equation of state and the internal energy is established.
3，2018-2020, statistical mechanics with density as parameter.
Publications
Publications (144)
(1) This article studies the asymmetric harmonic oscillator with four degrees of freedom. Solve the mode (resonance state) to obtain the relative amplitude of each particle, and the ratio of vibration kinetic energy is equal to the ratio of the square of the relative amplitude. At the moment of thermal equilibrium of the oscillator, the total vibra...
（1）本文研究了刚度不对称谐振子，包含4个自由度。求解模态（共振态），得到各个质点的相对振幅，振动动能之比等于相对振幅的平方之比。振子热平衡时刻，每个模态的总振动动能为0.5kT。这样可以得到每一质点在每个模态下的振动动能，对每一质点在各个模态下的振动动能求和，得到每个质点的振动动能是不同的，即谐振子各个位置存在温差。这违反热力学第2和第0定律。（2）将不对称谐振子置于一维气体中间，通过分子动力学分析，两侧气体的平均动能之比=1.41，与这违反热力学第2和第0定律。能量分布与模态平均不同，主要是分子与振子碰撞时短时作用，高频率占比较大，使得振子高阶模态占比较大，这与微正则的等几率原则不符。这动摇了统计力学的基石。统计物理认为系统状态的几率只与状态能量有关，通过分子动力学分析，动力学过程也会影...
分子量1和2的两种一维气体，初始温度相同，边界分子用弹簧连接。边界分子振动动能满足：Ek1=2*Ek2。边界分子与内部分子相碰，交换速度，改变振子振动动能和平动动能分配，振动动能满足：Ek1=2*Ek2。通过不对称谐振子，实现热量转移，而不消耗外界功。最终平衡为：Ta=2*Tb,Pa=Pb.这样的平衡态以及热量输送是违反热力学第2定律，满足牛顿力学，显然热力学第2定律是错误的。
1，The uncertainty of equilibrium states and the second law of thermodynamics cannot determine the direction of thermodynamics.
The number of intersection points between the triple point isotherm and the adiabatic line of water is n>2, according to the second law of thermodynamics: n<2。
The regular statistics described in this article only use molecular volume as a parameter, and calculate the probability of each phase point through a set of molecular volume and pressure as points in the phase space. Starting from this, calculate the average values of macroscopic pressure and potential energy, as well as thermodynamic relationship...
本文所描述的正则统计只使用分子体积作为参量，通过一组分子体积和压强作为相空间的点，计算各个相点的几率。由此出发，计算宏观压强和势能的平均值，以及热力学关系。
1,Carnot efficiency is independent of the working fluid, which means that physical concepts are detached from physical entities.
2,Thermal engine system: Pistons, containers, heat sources, etc. are all designed to serve the working fluid, and studying thermal engines is studying the working fluid. The Carnot efficiency is independent of the working...
运用分子体积为参量的统计力学计算气体状态方程，形式是压强对体积和温度的级数展开。并给出了各级维里系数和相互作用势能的关系。注意，在相互作用势随密度变化的，从实验得到的各级系数对应的势能是变化的。
Using statistical mechanics with molecular volume as a parameter to calculate the second virial coefficient of gases can accurately fit the second virial coefficient of argon. For the dilute gas Ar at a temperature of 75 K, the volume occupied by the nearest neighboring state of molecules is 45.08 cm³/mol. While for liquid argon at a temperature of...
运用分子体积为参量的统计力学计算气体的第2维里系数，可以很精确拟合氩气的第2维里系数。稀薄气体Ar，温度：75K，分子最邻近状态占有体积是45.08cm^3/mol,而液氩在83.8K温度下，体积：28.2[cm^3/mol]，说明在密度增加时，邻近分子的相互作用是变化的：分子吸引在增加，这是气体液化的原因。
The calculation results of the first and second laws of thermodynamics are different.
The calculation method of the second law of thermodynamics involves data piecing together, resulting in a compromise between theory and experiment. It is believed to cause differences between the two, and this method is widely adopted.
Two suns appear in the therm...
In the second law of thermodynamics, there are two "dQ": dQh is only related to the temperature (Th) of the heat source, and dQm is only related to the physical properties of the working medium state (volume Vm and temperature Tm). During theoretical derivation, these two "dQ" cannot be switched casually.
Using mathematics to prove that the entropy change of a dual gas cycle is not equal to 0
There is heat exchange between two real gases at the same temperature. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the temperature changes of V1 and V2 in adiabatic cycles are not equal to 0. When the temperature change of the cycle is less than 0, thermal work conversion is achieved. Set a single heat source and restore the initial temperature T...
两种真实气体之间存在热交换，温度相同。根据热力学第1定律计算V1，V2变化,，绝热循环的温度变化不等于0。当循环的温度变化小于0，就实现热功转化。设置单一热源，恢复系统初始温度T0,这便是第2类型永动机。
Using statistical mechanics with molecular volume as a parameter, the volume change of a liquid near the triple point can be calculated. In the computational domain, molecular interactions can be simplified as modified harmonic oscillators. Through appropriate simplification, the differential of volume with respect to pressure and temperature can b...
运用以分子体积为参量的统计力学计算液体在三相点附近的体积变化，在计算域内，分子相互作用可以简化为修正的谐振子，通过适当简化，得到体积对压强和温度的微分已经它们之间的关系。
A，用热力学第1定律代替热力学第2定律计算热功转化的好处：
A1，提高了适用范围：由卡诺热机变为任意热机。A2，更全面的输出：由单一卡诺效率变为全部的热力学量（E,P,W,Q,η...）。A3，由经验猜测变为纯粹数学计算。B：卡诺错误在于：卡诺效率只与T1，T2（方程边界）有关，而方程无关。C：耗散实验和卡诺效率无关。D：不用熵S来判断热力学方向，改用自由能G来判断热力学方向。
A， The benefits of using the first law of thermodynamics instead of the second law of thermodynamics to calculate the conversion of thermal work:A1， Improved applicability: from Carnot heat engine to any heat engine. A2， More comprehensive output: from a single Carnot efficiency to all thermodynamic quantities (E, P,W,Q,η...）。A3， From empirical spe...
By modifying the constant in the harmonic oscillator wave function in a stable electric field to a to-be-determined function that only contains time and substituting it into the Schrödinger equation, which contains polynomials of the X coordinate, the coefficients of each polynomial are 0, and only the to-be-determined function is included. Through...
将稳定电场中的谐振子波函数中常数修改为待定只包含时间的函数，代入薛定谔方程，其中包含X坐标的多项式，各个多项式的系数为0，其中只包含待定的函数，通过这些方程，得到交变电场中的谐振子波函数。运用这样方法，求解了0级交变电场中的谐振子波函数。得到粒子中心点的受迫位移与宏观受迫位移存在差异，当交变电场频率与振子固有频率一致时，波函数就会发生发散。
Radiation is remote and macroscopic energy transfer, which is easy for humans to control, thus achieving type 2 perpetual motion machines.
如图所示：
两个相同的小桶对称布置，开口相对。桶底部辐射率ε=1，其余ε=0。
两底部相互辐射能量，吸收辐射，功率为：q=εσT^4*S。
小桶受到的力：F=2εσT^4*S/C。
小桶的速度增加，动能增加，温度降低。
热功转化没有热力学第2定律的限制，热力学第2定律失效。
As shown in the figure:
1,Two identical small buckets are arranged symmetrically, with openings facing each other. The radiation rate at the bottom of the bucket is ε=1, and the rest is ε=0.
2,The two bottoms radiate energy and absorb radiation:q=ε σT^4*S.
3,The force acting on the small bucket is: F=2εσT^4*S/C.
4,The speed of the small bucket incr...
容器内有气体：CO，O2，CO2，以及固态C，其中的方程有4个：化学平衡方程3个，元素守恒方程1个，但是变量数只有3个：3种气体的密度。这样，方程数多于变量数，没有解，一个孤立体系没有平衡态，热力学第2定律失效。
容器内有气体：N0，NO2，CO，CO2，O2， 由于O2可以同时参与两个化学反应，可以产生5个关联的方程，化简后得到一元九次方程，就会有多个平衡解，而热力学第2定律要求平衡态是唯一的，系统会处于非平衡的化学状态。
Four Dirac first-order differential equations and quantum commutation relationships are reduced to an 8-order differential equation.
Gas radiation and absorption occur throughout the entire space, and gases at different locations absorb energy from remote radiation. Different amounts of radiation absorbed by gases at different locations result in temperature differences. The second law of thermodynamics is invalid.
: 1）气体的辐射和吸收是在整个空间进行，定义体辐射强度、体吸收强度、面辐射强度。2）根据爱因斯坦辐射理论推出：气体的体辐射强度随着密度和温度的增加而增加。气体的体吸收强度随着温度的增加而减少。这种相反的变化意味气体辐射不能套用基尔霍夫公式。3）辐射是远程的能量传递：气体内部的面辐射强度与空间位置有关，进而造成体吸收强度随空间位置变化，辐射的远程能量传递造成温差，孤立体系不能达到热平衡，热力学第2定律失效。
Gas radiation and absorption occur throughout the entire space, and gases at different locations absorb energy from remote radiation. Different amounts of radiation absorbed by gases at different locations result in temperature differences. The second law of thermodynamics is invalid.
1）黑体空腔中有辐射气体（CO2），可以吸收和辐射特定的光谱，进而影响黑体辐射的强度，当温度较低时刻，气体吸收大于辐射，辐射强度小于普朗克公式计算值；温度较高时刻，气体辐射大于吸收，辐射强度小于普朗克公式计算值。辐射的平衡理论是以黑体辐射为坐标原点，黑体空腔内气体可以改变黑体辐射强度，辐射的热平衡无法建立，基尔霍夫辐射理论就是错的，辐射不能建立热平衡，热力学第2定律和第0定律都是错的。2）气体辐射的强度随空间变化，能级几率比随空间位置变化，热力学平衡的能级分布是唯一的，平衡的能级分布被破坏，热力学平衡不可建立，再次否定热力学第2定律的平衡理论。
There is a radiating gas (CO2) in the blackbody cavity, which can absorb and radiate specific spectra, thereby affecting the intensity of blackbody radiation. When the temperature is low, the gas absorbs more radiation and the radiation intensity is less than the value calculated by the Planck formula; At high temperatures, gas radiation is greater...
There are two types of real gases (1,2) inside the container, which are separated by a piston. There is heat transfer between the gases, with the same temperature and pressure. The ratio of volume 1 to 2 derivatives is not 0, which will make the cyclic integral of entropy not 0 and entropy lose its thermodynamic meaning. The entire second law of th...
容器内有两种真实气体（1,2），气体用活塞隔开，气体之间存在热传递，温度相同，压强相同，体积1,2微分之比对温度导数不为0，将会使得熵的循环积分不为0，熵失去热力学意义，整个热力学第2定律错误。
1,Non conservation of particles leads to the failure of the second law of thermodynamics.
2,Does non conservation of particles require an energy cost? No need.
3,These particles are photons.
4,Photon non conservation is a content of quantum mechanics, can the second law of thermodynamics outperform quantum mechanics?
See image for details
Contain...
This article introduces a new statistical method: first, molecular gases are grouped according to their molecular distances, and each gas molecule in the group occupies the same volume. The micro entropy of each gas group is mainly determined by the number of molecules. Considering energy constraints, particle number constraints, and molecular volu...
本文介绍了一种新的统计方法：首先将分子气体按照分子距离进行分组，组内每个气体分子占有的体积相同。每组气体的微熵主要决定于分子数目，考虑能量约束，粒子数约束，分子体积约束，按照熵极大（最可几率）原则，得到以分子体积为参量的统计力学。对于分子相互作用势能：两个分子A，B之间的势能为u, A和B各自具有的势能为u/2。每个分子周围有16个分子，每个分子具有势能为8u.这一统计力学可以推出以下和试验符合结论：钢球模型气体压强：
This article uses molecular distance as a parameter to measure the pressure and internal energy of ideal gases, steel ball model gases, and square well gases, which meets theoretical expectations and experiments. The pressure of the gas in the steel ball model is P=RT/(V-b), while existing statistical theories have obtained P=RT/(V-4b), which is su...
本文用分子距离作为参量理想气体，钢球模型气体，方势阱气体的压强和内能，符合理论预期和试验。其中钢球模型气体的压强：P=RT/(V-b),而现有统计理论得到P=RT/(V-4*b)，本理论优于现有理论。
对不同密度气体的相互辐射进行仿真，由于气体密度较小，吸收系数，辐射强度和密度呈正比。计算得到：气体密度大处，辐射强度大，温度低，而气体密度小处，辐射强度小，温度高。温差达到0.93K，热力学第2定律是错误的。本文从一般数学解析角度，得到不同密度气体在其边界处的相互辐射的强度与密度有关。上述仿真结构可以串联放大，可以在工程上实现制冷和制热而不消耗外界功，而且结构简单，成本低廉，可以淘汰现有冰箱空调。
Simulate the mutual radiation of gases with different densities. Due to the small gas density, absorption coefficient, radiation intensity, and density are proportional. Calculations show that areas with high gas density have high radiation intensity and low temperature, while areas with low gas density have low radiation intensity and high tempera...
The radiation power f * T^4 [W/m3], 1.2 * f * T^4 [W/m3], absorption rates of 0.2 [1/m], 0.1 [1/m], wall temperature of 293.15K, emissivity=0 in two calculation domains,The thermal conductivity of two media is equal to 1 [w/m2K]. and there is a temperature difference in the calculation system: the temperature in areas with strong radiation is lower...
两个计算域的辐射功率f*T^4[W/m3], 1.2*f*T^4[W/m3],吸收率为0.2[1/m],0.1[1/m],器壁温度293.15K，发射率=0，计算系统存在温差：辐射强的区域温度较低，辐射强的区域温度较低，温差10K以上。热力学第0定律和第2定律都是错误的。这样现象是客观存在的：比如相同条件下，二氧化碳和水蒸气的辐射功率会大于氧气和氦气。这种不对称的辐射条件是任意工程设置的，不受热力学第2定律的和第0定律的约束。
Using molecular distance as a parameter to calculate the potential energy of non-polar low-temperature liquids, due to the low temperature, the molecules are mainly distributed at the lowest potential energy, and the interaction is approximately linear oscillator. There are 16 molecules around a molecule, with an average of 8 interaction potential...
用分子距离作为参量计算非极性低温液体势能，由于温度较低，分子主要分布在势能最低处，相互作用近似为线性振子，一个分子周围有16个分子，平均每个分子有8个相互作用势能，相互作用势对比热的贡献为4R，则在3相点附近，单原子液体定压比热为5.5R，双原子液体定压比热为6.5R。Ar，Kr，Xe，O2，N2，F2等低温液体符合这一结论。
用试验证明：铁磁流体是不稳定的，非平衡的，周围的磁场是变化的（测得磁场变化：542.5 ~ 544.3uT），变化的磁场可以对外辐射能量，铁磁流体温度降低，这一热传递不需要温差条件，热力学第2定律失效。
Discontinuity (artificially) of The Thermophysical Properties of NIST affects the second law of thermodynamics：
1) Scientists create Type 2 perpetual motion machines;
2) Scientists have discovered new laws of phase transition.
3) Scientists don't need to create a bunch of fake things for the second law of thermodynamics.
Sudden change of wetting angle destroys Hydrostatic equilibrium of capillary liquid column, and the second law of thermodynamics fails.
1,In Figure 1, glass is hydrophilic, water tends to move upwards, paraffin is hydrophobic, and water tends to move downwards, forming convection.
2,The liquid level at point A is concave, and that at point B is co...
1,图1中，玻璃亲水，水有向上运动的趋势，石蜡疏水，水有向下运动的趋势，就会形成对流。浸润角突变破坏毛细液柱流体静力平衡，热力学第2定律失效
2,A处液面内凹，B处外凸，蒸气压Pa<Pb,就会发生气体在B处蒸发，A凝结。形成相变对流。
根据试验拟合得到状态方程第2维里系数为：B=(b+c)RT-cRT*exp(Ea/(RT)),这一公式对于Ar,CO,CO2,H2O,CCl2F2都有较高的精度,说明这一公式可以适用于极性和非极性气体，具有通用性。再用等效体积法推出这一公式。然后将等效体积法推广，得到一般的状态方程。
According to the test fitting, the second Virial coefficient of the Equation of state is: B=(b+c) RT-cRT*exp (Ea/(RT)). This formula has high precision for Ar, CO, CO2, H2O, CCl2F2, which indicates that this formula can be applied to polar and non-polar gases, and has universality. Use the equivalent volume method to derive this formula.Then the eq...
根据试验拟合得到状态方程第2维里系数为：
B=(b+c)RT-cRT*exp(Ea/(RT)),这一公式对于Ar,CO,CO2,H2O,CCl2F2都有较高的精度,说明这一公式可以适用于极性和非极性气体，具有通用性。再用等效体积法推出这一公式。
According to the test fitting, the second Virial coefficient of the Equation of state is:
B=(b+c) RT-cRT*exp (Ea/(RT)). This formula has high precision for Ar, CO, CO2, H2O, CCl2F2, which indicates that this formula can be applied to polar and non-polar gases, and has universality. Use the equivalent volume method to derive this formula.
Two different Real gas (A, B) participate in the Thermodynamic cycle. There is heat transfer between gases, maintaining the same temperature. There are three variables to describe the system Va, Vb, T, and Thermodynamic process will be carried out in three-dimensional space. Due to the cyclic integral of entropy being 0, it will result in 3 differe...
两种不同的实际气体（A，B）参与热力学循环循环。气体之间存在热传递，保持相同温度。描述系统的变量有三个Va,Vb,T，热力学过程将在三维空间中进行。由于熵的循环积分为0，将会导致3个微分方程（气体数为N，约束方程数为(N+1)*N/2个）。添加工程约束方程，得到新增的热物性方程，包含工程约束方程，显然不成立。举例：双气体做功定义为：dW=0,气体对外只有传热的功能，按照卡诺循环，可以实现热量从低温处传递到高温处，而不消耗外界能量。
Double gas Thermodynamic cycle achieves 100% efficiency of heat engine
There are three physical variables in the two gas Thermodynamic cycle. The Thermodynamic cycle is carried out in a three-dimensional space, which requires multivariate functions and the first law of thermodynamics. It is smooth in logic reasoning in Mathematical physics and simp...
双气体热力学循环实现热机效率100%
关键词：熵，热力学第2定律，自由能，凝聚态物理学，理论物理。
Keywords: entropy, the second law of thermodynamics, free energy, Condensed matter physics, theoretical physics.
This is a two gas Thermodynamic cycle designed by me, which includes two Adiabatic process and one Isothermal process, and the heat engine efficiency is 100%。
两种不同的真实气体（A，B）参与热力学循环。气体之间有热传递，保持相同的温度。两个绝热过程：1）只有气体A膨胀，Va1->Va2，T1->T2，（S0S1）2）只有气体B膨胀，Vb1->Vb2，T1->T2，（S0S2）绝热线S0S1和S0S2相交违反热力学第二定律。S1S2过程是一个等温过程，它与热源T2进行热交换。热力学循环S0S1S2可以将从单个热源吸收的热量转化为功。
Two real gases participate in the Carnot cycle, and their work satisfies equation (1): dW=P1 * dV1+P2 * dV2=0. The first law of thermodynamics is transformed into: dE=dQ There are differences in the internal energy of the two gases. In the isothermal process, heat can be absorbed or released, and in the adiabatic process, temperature change can be...
Two different working fluids (two containers) participate in the Carnot cycle: including high-temperature isothermal change, low-temperature isothermal change, and two adiabatic process. During the cycling process, there is heat exchange between working fluids to ensure the same temperature. The method of doing work is artificially set (dW=Pa * dVa...
2种不同的工质（两个容器）参与卡诺循环：包含高温等温变化，低温等温变化，和两个绝热过程。循环过程中，工质之间存在热量交换，以保证相同的温度。做功的方式是人为设定的（dW=Pa*dVa+Pb*dVb=0），工质的属性的差异会导致违反热力学第2定律的现象：热从低温处传递到高温处，而不消耗外界能量。运用格林公式，证明双气体循环：熵的可逆积分不为0。热力学第2定律完全错误。
The Dirac equation has the same form of rotation transformation and isospin transformation in space. The interaction behind the local rotation transformation of Dirac equation is constructed by using the method of Young Mills theory. The characteristics of particles correspond to interactions: mass corresponds to gravitational field, charge corresp...
狄拉克方程在空间转动变换的形式和同位旋变换存在相同的形式，借用杨-米尔斯理论的方法，构造狄拉克方程局域转动变换背后的相互作用。粒子的特性对应相互作用：质量对应引力场，电荷对应电场，同位旋对应同位旋场，粒子自旋可能对应一种未知相互作用，宇宙空间的暗物质可能是这一相互作用的表现。
2种不同的工质（两个容器）参与卡诺循环：包含高温等温变化，低温等温变化，和两个绝热过程。循环过程中，工质之间存在热量交换，以保证相同的温度。做功的方式是人为设定的（dW=Pa*dVa+Pb*dVb=0），工质的属性的差异会导致违反热力学第2定律的现象：热从低温处传递到高温处，而不消耗外界能量。
Two real gases participate in the Carnot cycle, and their work satisfies equation (1): dW=P1 * dV1+P2 * dV2=0. The first law of thermodynamics is transformed into: dE=dQ There are differences in the internal energy of the two gases. In the isothermal process, heat can be absorbed or released, and in the adiabatic process, temperature change can be...
The second law of thermodynamics is not strictly closed and definite，Various interpretations can be produced.
1）本文首先确定自由能作为热力学几率计算的参量。2）根据体积涨落计算绝热弹性涨落能。3）涨落能随气体的密度，温度，组分在空间中分布不同，导致弹性涨落能的差异，其传递的方式是声音的传播。涨落能能量传递密度正比于音速与涨落能密度梯度的乘积。4）涨落能的能量传递不依赖于温度梯度，这就突破了热力学第2定律的限制。
1) In this paper, the free energy is determined as the parameter of thermodynamic probability calculation. 2) Calculate the elastic fluctuation energy according to the volume fluctuation. 3) Fluctuation energy varies with the density, temperature and composition of gas in space, resulting in the difference of elastic fluctuation energy. Its transmi...
The helium and carbon dioxide in the container are mainly carbon dioxide in the lower part of the container, and are near its critical point, so the fluctuation energy of the gas is large. The upper half of the container is mainly composed of helium, which is a conventional gas with small fluctuation energy. The fluctuation energy of the lower part...
"ds=0", the equilibrium state can be found.；"d2s", the fluctuation size can be calculated.Different substances make up the research object, and the fluctuation of each position is different, which will cause the movement of fluctuation energy, and then lead to the temperature difference and destroy the so-called thermodynamic equilibrium. This fluc...
容器内的氢气和二氧化碳用薄膜隔开，两边的气体温度和压强相等，但是涨落强度取决于气体的压缩率，导致：二氧化碳的涨落能会大于氢气的涨落能，二氧化碳的涨落能通过薄膜传递给氢气，最终导致氢气温度大于二氧化碳。当温度和压强为二氧化碳临界点状态时，这种效应将会变得很大。热力学第2定律失效。
The second law of thermodynamics is not consistent with the experiment, but scientists believe that the second law of thermodynamics is correct. Scientists have been kidnapped by the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics is subjective correctness, not objective correctness. This subjective accuracy is reflected in the arran...
本文介绍了一种新的统计方法：首先将分子气体按照分子距离进行分组，组内每个气体分子占有的体积相同，每组气体的微熵主要决定于分子数目，考虑能量约束，粒子数约束，分子体积约束，按照熵极大（最可几率）原则，得到以分子体积为参量气体的统计密度。以此为基础，计算气体的宏观体积，压强，以及内能，并求得他们之间的微分关系。最后计算方势阱，钢球模型气体的压强，其中钢球模型气体的结果比现有理论更符合理论预期。
This paper introduces a new statistical method: firstly, molecular gases are grouped according to the molecular distance. Each gas molecule in the group occupies the same volume. The microentropy of each group of gases is mainly determined by the number of molecules. Considering energy constraints, particle number constraints, and molecular volume...
用Matlab生成均匀分布的随机数，用相邻数之差表征分子之间的随机距离，通过对随机距离进行统计，得到一维气体分子距离的概率密度分布，经过推广，得到三维气体体密度的概率密度分布。借助一维钢球模型气体的体积计算，得到压强和气体距离特征值的关系，并计算了方势阱气体模型的第2维里系数。（借助重力场来求得气体压强的变化）
Figure 1.1 is just a screenshot of the obvious literature, and the discrepancy between the second law of thermodynamics and experiments is widespread. Physicists did not give a solution, leaving the wound of the second law of thermodynamics to exist. Scientists are obsessed with the repeatability of empirical phenomena described in the second law o...
1. Worship of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
2. Correctly evaluate science:2.1.Rational appreciation，2.2. Instrumentalism
3. The theoretical defects of the second law of thermodynamics
4. The second law of thermodynamics is inconsistent with the experiment.
5. The quantitative calculation of the second law of thermodynamics mostly increases...
1.The second law of thermodynamics lacks stability
2.The entropy conservation of thermodynamics lacks symmetry support.
3.The second law of thermodynamics does not agree with the test
用Matlab生成均匀分布的随机数，用相邻数之差表征分子之间的随机距离，通过对随机距离进行统计，得到一维气体分子距离的概率密度分布，经过推广，得到三维气体体密度的概率密度分布。借助一维钢球模型气体的体积计算，得到压强和气体距离特征值的关系，并计算了方势阱气体模型的第2维里系数。（主要更新3维统计，使得计算逻辑畅）
The prolonged and unusual drought in many habitable areas in 2022 is a wake-up call that humanity must accelerate the transition to energy use. At this time, the second law of thermodynamics is still restricting people's thinking. The following is an analysis of the difficulties of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamic...
摘 要：用Matlab生成均匀分布的随机数，用相邻数之差表征分子之间的随机距离，通过对随机距离进行统计，得到一维气体分子距离的概率密度分布，经过推广，得到三维气体体密度的概率密度分布。借助一维钢球模型气体的体积计算，得到压强和气体距离特征值的关系。(主要更新3维分子几率分布)
概括了分子距离为参量的统计力学的发展。以此为基础利用方势阱计算状态方程第2维里系数公式，氩气和一氧化碳的第2维里系数实验数据很准确符合公式，推算出氩气的刚性直径是2.23e-10m.根据第2维里系数的公式修改RK方程，
The development of statistical mechanics with molecular distance as a parameter is summarized. On this basis, the formula of the second virial coefficient of the equation of state is calculated by using the square potential well. The experimental data of the second virial coefficient of argon and carbon monoxide are very accurate and conform to the...
用爱因斯坦方法分析了一维理想气体的位置涨落（位置分布），得到其方差分布呈现抛物线分布：中间大，边缘小。用Matlab生成均匀分布的分子位置分布，其方差分布与理论推测完成一致。对于实际气体，其涨落也满足抛物线分布。近临界点二氧化碳的光线散射呈现中间强，边缘弱，证明这一推导是正确的。
The position fluctuation (position distribution) of one-dimensional ideal gas is analyzed by Einstein method, and the variance distribution shows a parabola distribution: large in the middle, small at the edge. Matlab is used to generate the molecular position distribution with uniform distribution, and its variance distribution is consistent with...
用爱因斯坦方法分析了一维理想气体的位置涨落（位置分布），得到其方差分布呈现抛物线分布：中间大，边缘小。用Matlab生成均匀分布的分子位置分布，其方差分布与理论推测完成一致。分析一维相互作用气体的涨落分布，得到其方差分布呈现抛物线分布，气体中间的温度高于边缘，系统存在温差，处于非平衡状态。这样得到热力学第2定律和热力学第0定律都是错误的。建立分子位置方差和距离方差之间的关系，仿真结果与理论值偏差8.2%，可能是非平衡造成的。
The position fluctuation (position distribution) of one-dimensional ideal gas is analyzed by Einstein's method, and its variance distribution shows a parabola distribution: large in the middle, small at the edge. Matlab is used to generate the molecular position distribution with uniform distribution, and its variance distribution is consistent wit...
用爱因斯坦方法分析了一维理想气体的位置涨落（位置分布），得到其方差分布呈现抛物线分布：中间大，边缘小。用Matlab生成均匀分布的分子位置分布，其方差分布与理论推测完成一致。分析一维相互作用气体的涨落分布，得到其方差分布呈现抛物线分布，气体中间的温度高于边缘，系统存在温差，处于非平衡状态。这样得到热力学第2定律和热力学第0定律都是错误的
1）Mathematical treatment of Carnot heat engine: the properties of working medium are physical equations, and the temperature of heat source is the mathematical boundary of the equation.
2）Carnot's law is expressed as: The result (efficiency) of a thermophysical equation (heat engine) is only related to the boundary (heat source temperature) of the...
1) 把卡诺热机数学处理：工质属性，规律是物理方程，热源的温度是方程的数学边界。
卡诺定律表述为：
2) 一个热物理方程（热机）的结果（效率），只与方程的边界（热源温度）有关，与工质属性（方程本身）无关。
3) 卡诺定律变成低级的数学错误。由此建立的热力学理论自然错误。下节是实验案例。
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical disaster
1，The second law of thermodynamics violates the Physical requirements of "symmetry and conservation"
2,Entropy increase Negates the Physical Basis Of Entropy conservation.（Who would believe that physical quantities are not conserved for a while and conserved for a while?）
3，The second law of t...
H=U+PV
dH/dV=0 ==》dP/dT*T+dP/dV*V=0 (3)
P=RT/(V-b)-a/T^0.5/V/(V+b) (4)
公式（3）（4），得到曲线。
这个结果还是令人满意的。
用Matlab生成均匀分布的随机数，用相邻数之差表征分子之间的随机距离，通过对随机距离进行统计，得到一维气体分子距离的概率密度分布，经过推广，得到三维气体体密度的概率密度分布。借助一维钢球模型气体的体积计算，得到压强和气体距离特征值的关系，进而得到压强和密度的关系，以及内能和状态方程的关系。使用Ls-dyna软件对一维简单相互气体进行分子动力学仿真，分子距离的几率分布符合理论预测：能量因子和压强因子接近于理论预测值2，最大偏差率5.5%。
本文研究了一维相互作用气体，分子作用势：分子距离<9长度单位,分子作用力为常压缩力，分子距离>10长度单位,分子作用力=0。按照这一力学势能构建608个分子的一维气体，施加不同的初始速度，计算结果符合理论预测：压强比例系数 ，和能量因子 位于2附近,其物理意义是Ek=0.5kT,和统计力学一致。
Questions
Questions (129)
Scientists believe that entropy is the direction that governs thermal motion, erasing the dominant role of classical physical science (determinism, entropy reduction).
1. Linear electromagnetic oscillator (LC circuit, CO2 molecule, H2O molecule): Energy storage and conversion have frequency characteristics. This depends on classical physical science, which to some extent governs the direction of thermal motion.
2. The spatial distribution of linear electromagnetic oscillators can be artificially arranged (in the technical field), affecting the spatial and temperature distribution of thermal energy (generating temperature differences), which violates the second and zero laws of thermodynamics.
3. Scientists believe that entropy is the direction that governs thermal motion, erasing the dominant role of classical physical science (determinism, entropy reduction).
4.See image for details
5.Mechanical oscillators can also generate temperature differences and entropy reductions, please refer to the link for details
The second type of perpetual motion machine is simpler and more practical than internal combustion engines.
1) When gas collides with an elastic oscillator, this energy exchange exhibits frequency selective characteristics (resonance). The vibrational kinetic energy of elastic molecules at different positions varies, leading to different kinetic energies of gas molecules and resulting in different temperatures. Please refer to Section 2 of the article for details.
Water is at the triple point, and the working fluid includes water, ice, and water vapor. The system volume remains unchanged, maintaining energy exchange with the large heat source while keeping the temperature constant. The equilibrium state has the following equation:
mg+ml+ms=m0
mg/ρg+ml/ρl+ms/ρs=V
There are two equations, three unknown variables,, and an infinite number of equilibrium solutions in a system. The three-phase distribution of matter cannot be determined, and thermodynamics requires that the equilibrium state of a system be unique, which is inconsistent with physical facts. The thermodynamic direction advocated by the second law of thermodynamics will also be lost, such as volume expansion, which cannot determine whether it is the evaporation of liquid water or the transformation of ice into water vapor.
- Screenshot from classic work: "Properties of Gases and Liquids"(See the picture for details.)
- Scientists use the second law of thermodynamics (Clapeyron equation) to calculate the heat of vaporization and directly use it as a test value, demonstrating their trust in the second law.
- Later, with precise experimental values, scientists found that the experimental values did not match the theoretical values. The second law betrays the trust of scientists.
- The theory does not match the experiment, and scientists dare not speak ill of the second law of thermodynamics. They are a bit afraid of the second law.
- Einstein: Entropy theory is the first law for the entire natural science. Scientists dare not criticize the second law, even if the theory and experiment do not match.
1,The second law of thermodynamics proves that isotherms and adiabatic lines cannot intersect at two points.
2. Water is at the triple point, and the working fluid includes water, ice, and water vapor. Adiabatic compression working fluid, water vapor liquefaction releases heat, ice melts into water, absorbs heat, and the temperature remains unchanged.
3. The above discussion indicates that isotherms and adiabatic lines are collinear and have countless intersection points,
4. The second law of thermodynamics is inconsistent with experiments and is incorrect.
Use the Carnot heat engine (son) to prove the equivalence of the two statements of the second law of thermodynamics (father). Is it logically reasonable? Students do not have a logical sense of seniority and take this seriously.
Quantum mechanics also has two forms, matrix mechanics and wave dynamics, and scientists use mathematical transformations to prove their equivalence.
Can the equivalence proof of the second law of thermodynamics be similar to quantum mechanics?
- Stanford University supports using the second law of thermodynamics to piece together data and teaches this method to students. The students are very happy to learn knowledge.
- What is the second law of thermodynamics for data scrape? As shown in the attached figure, it is to use the second law of thermodynamics to scrape experimental data for E and P, and output E and P that comply with the second law of thermodynamics. Scientists believe that E and P that comply with the second law of thermodynamics are the best. Please refer to the attached diagram for details.
- The attached figure also discusses the calculation of thermal work. Currently, there are two methods for calculating thermal work: 1) requires the first law of thermodynamics+E, P experimental data, and 2) requires the first law of thermodynamics+second law of thermodynamics+E, P experimental data. Scientists believe in the second method to obtain different calculation results. why? No reason was given.
E=E (V, T) - internal energy
P=P (V, T) - Pressure
