Bill Flack

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at Bucknell University

The consistently high prevalence of unwanted sexual experiences (USEs) on university campuses has led to increasing calls for evidence-based solutions to inform policies, training, and intervention development. However, Research Ethics Committees are often hesitant to approve sexual trauma research due to beliefs that asking participants about trau...

This paper was conducted in the context of a wider study examining the issue of USE and it's impacts on Northern Irish students. However, the current study assessed 469 Northern Irish university students' experiences of participating in research addressing USEs. Participants consisted of those who had a USE and those who had no victimisation experi...

Much of the debate on content warnings has occurred with little empirical data to inform it. In the past 5 years, this has started to change, and in this most recent study, 185 students completed trauma surveys and a PTSD Checklist and then read a passage that detailed a nonfiction account of a sexual assault of a female undergraduate. Participants...

While substantial prevalence rates of intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) have been found among university students for decades in North America, there is a specific gap in published studies on this issue in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The present analysis used data from a larger survey study of students in one Northern Irish university. Th...

This study explores how identifying with multiple minority groups relates to sexual harassment victimization (SHV) among students in higher education institutions in Ireland ( n = 6,002). Results show that gender nonconforming and female students were more likely than males to experience SHV. Bisexual or queer and gay or lesbian students were more...

Much of the debate on content warnings has occurred with little empirical data to inform it. In the past five years this has started to change and in this most recent study, 185 students completed trauma surveys and a PTSD checklist and then read a passage that detailed a nonfiction account of a sexual assault of a female undergraduate. Participant...

Sexual violence victimisation is common in college and first year presents a significant period of risk due to the navigation of alcohol, drugs and engaging in sexual intimacy. Cross-sectional data were analysed from 1,778 first-year college students, aged between 18 and 25 years. Experience of different forms of sexual violence victimisation and p...

Compared to US university students, far less is known about the scale of unwanted and non-consensual sexual experiences [USEs] faced by UK university students, particularly those in Northern Ireland [NI]. The Sexual Experiences Survey (Short Form [SEF-SFV]) is considered a popular tool for measuring USEs but has not been updated since 2007; there i...

Objective: The goal of this study was to assess students' responses to a potentially triggering passage from literature using differing trigger warnings. Participants and method: 123 undergraduates read a passage which contained depictions of physical and sexual assault. Students were randomly assigned to differing trigger warning conditions pri...

Introduction While trigger warnings have garnered significant debate, few studies have investigated how students typically respond to potentially triggering material. Method In this study, three hundred and fifty-five undergraduate students from four universities read a passage describing incidences of both physical and sexual assault. Longitudina...

Objective: In response to The White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault's recommendations, the Administrator-Researcher Campus Climate Collaborative (ARC3) has curated an empirically sound, no-cost campus climate survey for U.S. institutions of higher education. The ARC3 survey contains 19 modules that assess a range of Title...

Objective: The high prevalence of campus sexual assault (CSA) among college students in the United States is a chronic public health crisis. Some risk factors for CSA victimization, such as alcohol consumption and female gender, are firmly established, but the evidence for others is less robust. One factor that has received little attention in the...

Almost all research on sexual assault victimization among undergraduate university students pertains to incidents that occur on domestic college and university campuses. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of sexual assault victimization and related factors among undergraduates in the context of study-abroad programs....

Since 2007, more than 250,000 American students have studied abroad annually for a semester or more. While there are obvious benefits associated with study abroad programs, personal risks (including interpersonal victimization such as sexual and physical assault) occurring during the experience have been anecdotally reported but not systematically...

Research on emotions and cardiovascular (CV) functioning has focused mainly on reactivity, and suggests that different emotions result in different patterns of reactivity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different emotions are also associated with different patterns of CV recovery. A total of 32 participants wrote about angry, ha...

University and college health and counseling centers frequently warn female students about the red zone-a period early in a student's first year at college during which she may be at higher risk for unwanted sexual experiences (UWS). The authors designed this study to assess temporal risk for UWS in 1st- and 2nd-year college women. In March 2006, t...

Reviews the book, Who benefits from global violence and war: Uncovering a destructive system by Marc Pilisuk (see record 2008-00943-000 ). Marc Pilisuk (with Jennifer Achord Rountree) does our field a significant service in bringing together numerous disparate sources of information to make good on the promise of the book’s title. Topics range far...

The “red zone” usually refers to the first few weeks of the first semester at college, when female students are believed to be at greatest risk for experiencing unwanted sex. We tested this notion using data from a survey study of 207 first-and second-year students (121 women, 84 men) at a small, liberal arts university. Results demonstrated only o...

This is the first study of unwanted sexual experiences in the collegiate “hooking-up” culture. In a representative sample of 178 students at a small liberal arts university. Twenty-three percent of women and 7% of men surveyed reported one or more experiences of unwanted sexual intercourse. Seventy-eight percent of unwanted vaginal, anal, and oral...

The purpose of this study was to examine the feedback effects of three modalities of emotional expression on emotional experience. Facial expressions, bodily postures, and vocal expressions of anger, sadness, fear, and happiness were manipulated under disguised conditions in a sample of 52 undergraduate students. After each manipulation, participan...

Investigators have shown that hyperarousal is the best predictor of emotional numbing (EN), as compared with avoidance and reexperiencing. The aim of the present study was to extend this finding to the context of stressful civilian experiences among college students. Participants (N = 1,292) completed self-report checklists of stressful civilian ex...

Research on emotions and cardiovascular (CV) functioning has focused mainly on reactivity, and suggests that different emotions result in different patterns of reactivity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different emotions are also associated with different patterns of CV recovery. A total of 32 participants wrote about angry, ha...

Litz et al. (1997), theorizing that emotional numbing (EN) is the result of emotional depletion caused by chronic hyperarousal, demonstrated that a cluster of hyperarousal symptoms was a robust predictor of EN symptoms. In the present study, these findings were replicated and extended in two multiple regression analyses of data from a large, multis...

The results of numerous experimental studies have provided ample evidence for William James' theory that emotional conduct is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of emotional feelings. Two further questions are addressed in the study reported in this paper. First, critics have speculated that the effects of peripheral feedback from expressive...

The results of numerous experimental studies have provided ample evidence for William James' theory that emotional conduct is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of emotional feelings. Two further questions are addressed in the study reported in this paper. First, critics have speculated that the effects of peripheral feedback from expressive...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional expression and experience in schizophrenia by manipulating expressive behaviors directly and then assessing subsequent emotional feelings. In Study 1, facial expressions and bodily postures were manipulated in a sample of normals, the results of which replicate findings...

In recent years, there has been a groundswell of significant and exciting new work being done in research on emotions and psychopathology. This new volume in the Series in Affective Science examines the relationship between emotions and psychopathology by bringing together current theory and research and the perspectives of leading figures in the f...

Basic research on emotion and clinical investigations of emotion in the various psychopathologies have proceeded largely independently of one another. In this chapter, we describe a program of research in which ideas and methods developed by academic social psychologists to study emotions are employed to investigate the problem posed by discrepanci...

This is a study of the encoding and decoding of emotional facial expressions by people diagnosed as schizophrenic. The results of most previous investigations have shown that schizophrenics are worse than other psychiatric and normal comparison groups at adopting and recognizing facial expressions of emotion. This study is the first in which both a...

Looking back, we decided to devote this last chapter to premises, particularly those pertinent to philosophy of science. We did not originally anticipate that we would conclude with this topic, although it is prominent in three chapters and considered in most of them. To explain our reasons, we begin at the beginning.

On initial consideration, defining schizophrenia does not seem to be a pressing problem for the clinician or researcher. Among the various professionals whose work impinges on the lives of psychotic patients, there is a working consensus concerning the definition developed and codified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III-R) of the Ame...

In this chapter, the authors explicate a cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of posttraumatic reactions to the experience of warfare. They begin by describing briefly the prototypical combat veteran who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), focusing on his military and postmilitary experiences, and tying these experiences to the sort...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Clark University, 1993. Typewritten manuscript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-202).