Bilal Bahaa

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) | upsi · Department of Computing

The Internet of Modular Robot Things (IoMRT) has emerged through the integration of robotic systems into the Internet of Things (IoT), offering a wide range of solutions to meet continuously growing demands. Six self-reconfiguration functionalities/criteria have been proposed for developing IoMRT. However, no study has fully developed an IoMRT that...

This paper aims to rank barriers hindering clean energy adoption within the healthcare industry by proposing a new framework with q-rung orthopair fuzzy data (q-ROFD). Energy is paramount in health industry, and it is estimated by World Health Organization that nearly a billion people are treated globally with limited/no electricity. United Nation...

The fifth-generation (5G) network is considered a game-changing technology that promises advanced connectivity for businesses and growth opportunities. To gain a comprehensive understanding of this research domain, it is essential to scrutinize past research to investigate 5G-radio access network (RAN) architecture components and their interaction...

Ensemble multi-criteria decision-making (ensemble MCDM) aggregates results from various MCDM techniques into a cohesive ranking, aiming to mitigate individual technique weaknesses and provide a robust approach to MCDM challenges. However, literature lacks in-depth analysis and a comprehensive guide defining ensemble MCDM. Therefore, this study aims...

This study investigates the barriers to managing debris waste in the post-earthquake period in Türkiye following the significant earthquakes of 2023. Debris waste in the aftermath of earthquakes poses significant challenges to society and the environment. Thus, the critical need for effective debris waste management is essential to identifying and...

The use of blockchain technology in sixth-generation (6G) networks promises substantial improvements in security, privacy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Extensive research has explored various 6G frameworks incorporating blockchain, revealing how different blockchain features impact technical requirements. Thus, selecting and modelling these...

The increasing number of road accidents is a major issue in many countries. Studying drivers’ behaviour is essential to identify the key factors of these accidents. As improving sustainability can be reached by improving driving behaviour, this study aimed to review and thoroughly ana-lyse current driver behaviour literature that focuses on smartph...

In this review paper, we present a thorough investigation into the role of pavement technologies in advancing urban sustainability. Our analysis traverses the historical evolution of these technologies, meticulously evaluating their socio-economic and environmental impacts, with a particular emphasis on their role in mitigating the urban heat islan...

Interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy sets play a significant role in modelling decision-making problems with incomplete information more accurately than intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Various decision-making methods have been introduced for the different classes IFSs. In this study, we aim to introduce a novel two-phase interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy domin...

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are commonly employed to mitigate network security threats in various fields, including federated learning applications within the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). However, IDSs face challenges owing to the sheer volume of network traffic, high-dimensional datasets and the necessity for real-time detection. Alth...

A smart contract is a digital program of transaction protocol (rules of contract) based on the consensus architecture of blockchain. Smart contracts with Blockchain are modern technologies that have gained enormous attention in scientific and practical applications. A smart contract is the central aspect of a blockchain that facilitates blockchain...

Mobile apps for sign language are a fascinating area of research that merits a lot of attention. These apps are widely used due to their affordability and usability. Nevertheless, the quality of these apps needs to be evaluated if they are to have a significant influence. The outcomes of app quality assessment can also stimulate app development eff...

An intelligent remote prioritization for patients with high-risk multiple chronic diseases is proposed in this research, based on emotion and sensory measurements and multi-criteria decision making. The methodology comprises two phases: (1) a case study is discussed through the adoption of a multi-criteria decision matrix for high-risk level patien...

The palm oil industry is one of the most competitive industries and must comply with industry standards for flexible supply chain operations, productivity, and sustainability. Many researchers have demonstrated that Industry 4.0 technologies in a circular economy and sustainability practices (I4.0-in-a-CE-and-SPs) present promising future research...

A smart contract is a digital program of transaction protocol (rules of contract) based on the consensus architecture of blockchain. Smart contracts with Blockchain are modern technologies that have gained enormous attention in scientific and practical applications. A smart contract is the central aspect of a blockchain that facilitates blockchain...

Numerous nations have prioritised the inclusion of citizens with disabilities, such as hearing loss, in all aspects of social life. Sign language is used by this population, yet they still have trouble communicating with others. Many sign language apps are being created to help bridge the communication gap as a result of technology advances enabled...

This research proposes a novel mobile health-based hospital selection framework for remote patients with multi-chronic diseases based on wearable body medical sensors that use the Internet of Things. The proposed framework uses two powerful multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, namely fuzzy-weighted zero-inconsistency and fuzzy decision by...

The evaluation, importance and variation nature of multiple security and privacy properties are the main issues that make the benchmarking of blockchain-based IoT healthcare Industry 4.0 systems fall under the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. In this article, one of the recent MCDM weighting methods called fuzzy weighted with zero inc...

Context: When the epidemic first broke out, no specific treatment was available for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The urgent need to end this unusual situation has resulted in many attempts to deal with SARS-CoV-2. In addition to several types of vaccinations that have been created, anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibod...

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transfusion has shown promising results in treating COVID-19 cases despite the limited availability of these MSCs. The task of prioritizing COVID-19 patients for MSC transfusion based on multiple criteria is considered a multi-attribute decision-analysis (MADA) problem. Although literature reviews have assessed the prior...

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many aspects of human life. The pandemic not only caused millions of fatalities and problems but also changed public sentiment and behavior. Owing to the magnitude of this pandemic, governments worldwide adopted full lockdown measures that attracted much discussion on social media platforms. To investigate the eff...

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) employ sophisticated security techniques to detect malicious activities on hosts and/or networks. IDSs have been utilized to ensure the security of computer and network systems. However, numerous evaluation and selection issues related to several cybersecurity aspects of IDSs were solved using a decision support a...

This study proposed a novel methodology of data acquisition systems (DASs) benchmarking based on fuzzy-weighted zero-inconsistency (FWZIC II) and fuzzy decision by opinion score method (FDOSM II), which are applied in an intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) context and account for hesitation when benchmarking DASs, to support industrial community charact...

This study proposed novel authentication of blowing voiceless password for Android smartphones. Experiments were conducted in three stages. First, a microphone sensor was used to solve the problems of eavesdropping of voice passwords and decoding passwords through lip movement (even behind a wall). Second, a Huawei tablet T1-701u device was used to...

This study proposed novel authentication of blowing voiceless password for Android smartphones. Experiments were conducted in three stages. First, a microphone sensor was used to solve the problems of eavesdropping of voice passwords and decoding passwords through lip movement (even behind a wall). Second, a Huawei tablet T1-701u device was used to...

In the fuzzy multicriteria decision-making approach, a committee of decision-makers is usually involved in the assessment of the suitability of different alternatives based on the evaluation criteria by using linguistic terms and their equivalent fuzzy numbers. In this context, researchers have developed the Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) to overcome...

The aim of this article is to review and analyse previous academic articles associated with car behaviour analysis for the period of 2010 to June 10, 2021 and understand the benefits of using data collection devices. Articles related to car driver behaviour and sensor utilisation are systematically searched. Three major databases – ScienceDirect, I...

Efficient evaluation for machine learning (ML)-based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) for federated learning (FL) in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMTs) environment falls under the standardisation and multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. Thus, this study is developing an MCDM framework for standardising and benchmarking the ML-based...

Many studies have recently developed real-time sign language recognition system (SLRS)-based DataGlove wearable electronic devices for deaf and dumb to assort hand gestures as having an identical meaning in spoken language. An evaluation and benchmarking of these systems are important towards understanding the most suitable for fulfilling all essen...

The task of benchmarking smart e-tourism applications based on multiple smart key concept attributes is considered a multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) problem. Although the literature review has evaluated and benchmarked these applications, data ambiguity and vagueness continue to be unresolved issues. The robustness of the fuzzy decision by o...

Many of the current fuzzy sets based on intuitionistic fuzzy concepts suffer from different limitations. Different approaches towards that end in the form of scientific works have been introduced, and many other fuzzy sets were extended to address such limitations. In this study, the Cubic Pythagorean fuzzy sets (CPFS) are introduced as one of the...

The infuence of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that is being felt in all spheres of our lives and has a remarkable efect on global health care delivery occurs amongst the ongoing global health crisis of patients and the required services. From the time of the frst detection of infection amongst the public, researchers investigated various applicatio...

Multimedia information availability has increased dramatically with the advent of mobile devices. but with this availability comes problems of maintaining the security of information that is displayed in public. Many approaches have been used or proposed for providing security for information dissemination over networks, protection system classifie...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising ability to treat critical cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by regenerating lung cells and reducing immune system overreaction. However, two main challenges need to be addressed first before MSCs can be efficiently transfused to the most critical cases of COVID-19. First is the selection...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are conditions involving the heart or blood vessels which need specialised and urgent care. Centralised telemedicine is a client–server architecture fit for cardiovascular care, especially for monitoring health conditions, delivering healthcare services and providing other remote services by using mHealth. However, se...

Pavement strategy is critical for achieving sustainable transportation. However, the presence of many evaluation criteria, criteria trade-offs, criteria conflict and criteria importance categorise the evaluation and selection of pavement strategies under complex multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. To date, no study has presented an eval...

Sign language is the predominant mode of communication for the Deaf community. For the millions of people who suffer from hearing loss around the world, interaction with people who have the ability to hear and do not suffer from hearing impairment or loss is considered as complicated. In line with this issue, technology is perceived as a crucial fa...

Theoretical models have become increasingly complex, but the dual-phase structural equation modelling (SEM) and artificial neural network analysis can be used by scholars to unveil the causal interactions and nonlinear relationships between variables. However, not only a single open issue and challenge—but several of them—are encountered in the use...

Several DataGlove wearable electronic devices based on real-time Sign Language Recognition Systems (SLRSs) have been developed recently to assist the deaf and dumb community in translating hand gestures to their spoken language equivalents. Multidimensional evaluation and benchmarking of these systems are critical for determining the most desirable...

Missing data is a common problem in real-world data sets and it is amongst the most complex topics in computer science and many other research domains. The common ways to cope with missing values are either by elimination or imputation depending of the volume of the missing data and its distribution nature. It becomes imperative to come up with new...

This work proposes a pattern recognition model for static gestures in Malaysian Sign Language (MSL) based on Machine Learning (ML) techniques. The proposed model is divided into two phases, namely, data acquisition and data processing. The first phase involves capturing the required sign data, such as the shape and orientation of the hand, to const...

Despite the wide range of research on pedestrian safety, previous studies have failed to analyse the real-time data of pedestrian walking misbehaviour on the basis of either pedestrian behaviour distraction or movements during specific activities to realise pedestrian safety for positive (normal) or aggressive pedestrians. Practically, pedestrian w...

A substantial impediment to widespread Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination is vaccine hesitancy. Many researchers across scientific disciplines have presented countless studies in favor of COVID-19 vaccination, but misinformation on social media could hinder vaccination efforts and increase vaccine hesitancy. Nevertheless, studying people’s...

This study presents a novel benchmarking methodology for Data Acquisition System (DAS) types to support industrial community characteristics in designing and implementing the advanced driver assistance systems within vehicles, which is considered multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. Four issues support this claim. Multiple criteria need t...

During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, different technologies, including telehealth, are maximised to mitigate the risks and consequences of the disease. Telehealth has been widely utilised because of its usability and safety in providing healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a systematic literature review which pr...

Topical treatments with structural equation modelling (SEM) and an artificial neural network (ANN), including a wide range of concepts, benefits, challenges and anxieties, have emerged in various fields and are becoming increasingly important. Although SEM can determine relationships amongst unobserved constructs (i.e. independent, mediator, modera...

In the plan and development of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), understanding drivers behaviour is considered highly valuable. Reckless driving, incompetent preventive measures, and the reliance on slow and incompetent assistance systems are attributed to the increasing rates of traffic accidents. This survey aims to review and scrutinize...

Driver behavior is a concerning issue in the area of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Driver behavior is a significant key player in a wide range of unpleasant events during the ride, such as accidents or crashes, traffic congestion, harsh braking, and acceleration/deceleration. Influencing factors of driver behavior have been explored in s...

Driver behavior is a concerning issue in the area of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Driver behavior is a significant key player in a wide range of unpleasant events during the ride, such as accidents or crashes, traffic congestion, harsh braking, and acceleration/deceleration. Influencing factors of driver behavior have been explored in s...

Context The vaccine distribution for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem based on three issues, namely, identification of different distribution criteria, importance criteria and data variation. Thus, the Pythagorean fuzzy decision by opinion score method (PFDOSM) for prioritising vaccine rec...

Owing to the limitations of Pythagorean fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy sets, scientists have developed a distinct and successive fuzzy set called the q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS), which eliminates restrictions encountered by decision-makers in multicriteria decision making (MCDM) methods and facilitates the representation of complex uncertai...

The problem complexity of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) has been raised in the distribution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, which required solid and robust MCDM methods. Compared with other MCDM methods, the fuzzy-weighted zero-inconsistency (FWZIC) method and fuzzy decision by opinion score method (FDOSM) have demonstrated...

A newly distributed fault-tolerant mHealth framework-based Internet of things (IoT) is proposed in this study to resolve the essential problems of healthcare service provision during the occurrence of frequent failures in a telemedicine architecture. Two models are presented to support the telehealth development of chronic heart disease (CHD) in a...

Researchers have been inspired to use technology to enable people with hearing and speech impairment to communicate and engage with others around them. Sensory approach to recognition facilitates real-time and accurate recognition of signs. Thus, this study proposes a Malaysian Sign Language (MSL) recognition framework. The framework consists of th...

The benchmarking of smart e‐tourism data management applications falls under the problem of multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM). This claim is supported by three issues: 12 smart key concepts need to be considered in the evaluation, criteria importance, and data variation among these criteria. Thus, an MCDM solution is essential to overcome proble...

Secure updating and sharing for large amounts of healthcare information (such as medical data on coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) in efficient and secure transmission are important but challenging in communication channels amongst hospitals. In particular, in addressing the above challenges, two issues are faced, namely, those related to confid...

Increasing demand for open-source software (OSS) has raised the value of efficient selection in terms of quality; usability is an essential quality factor that significantly affects system acceptability and sustainability. Most large and complex software packages partitioned across multiple portals and involve many users — each with their role in t...

This study presents a benchmarking and evaluation approach for active queue management (AQM) network congestion control methods, which are considered as a problem of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). In recent years, the development of MCDM methods has been studied from various perspectives. The latest one called fuzzy decision by opinion scor...

Along with the developments of numerous MaOO algorithms in the last decades, comparing the performance of MaOO algorithms with one another is also highly needed. Many studies have attempted to manipulate such comparison to analyze the performance quality of MaOO. In such cases, the weight of importance is critical for evaluating the performance of...

This paper aims to propose a grouping framework for benchmarking the active queue management (AQM) methods of network congestion control based on multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques to assist developers of AQM methods in selecting the best AQM method. Given the current rapid development of the AQM techniques, determining which of these...

The positioning of roadside units (RSUs) in a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication system may have an impact on network performance. Optimal RSU positioning is required to reduce cost and maintain the quality of service. However, RSU positioning is considered a difficult task because numerous criteria, such as the cost of RSUs, the interse...

Given the rapid development of dehazing image algorithms, selecting the optimal algorithm based on multiple criteria is crucial in determining the efficiency of an algorithm. However, a sufficient number of criteria must be considered when selecting an algorithm in multiple foggy scenes, including inhomogeneous, homogenous and dark foggy scenes. Ho...

Extensive research has been conducted on e-tourism spanning a wide range of concepts, challenges and concerns discussed in tourism recommender systems (TRS). Smart tourism can be considered a logical progression from e-tourism laid with the extensive adoption of information and communication technologies and connecting the physical and digital worl...

As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads across the world, the transfusion of efficient convalescent plasma (CP) to the most critical patients can be the primary approach to preventing the virus spread and treating the disease, and this strategy is considered as an intelligent computing concern. In providing an automated intelligent computing...