Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan

• MBBS , MD
• Dean & Professor at Kasturba Medical College Mangalore Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal

A BSTRACT Introduction The infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices determine the well-being of the child. Reliable and updated information is essential to have adequate feeding practices for young children. This also applies to the fathers of children. The sources of information and related factors are crucial in improving paternal IYCF pr...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of lung disease marked by permanent damage to tissues in the lungs. Over time, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can make breathing difficult due to permanent lung damage. COPD encompasses two main conditions chronic bronchitis, where inflammation and scarring narrow the large airway...

Background Universal access to maternal, newborn, and child healthcare is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3, but the effectiveness of various incentive-based programs for pregnant mothers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains uncertain. Objective of this systematic review was to determine if incentive-based interv...

Background The purpose of the study was to assess the obstacles faced by diabetes patients in their self-care and determine the factors associated with these obstacles. The management of diabetes mellitus (DM) extends beyond the clinician’s efforts, with the responsibility of the care also being shared by the patient to achieve better treatment out...

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the level of nurses’ emotional labor and intrinsic motivation (IM) and to assess its relationship with patients’ perceptions of nursing care. Methodology: Data were provided by 71 staff nurses and corresponding 71 patients from a tertiary care hospital. The Emotional Labor (EL) Scale by Brotheridge and...

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are integral to the National Health Mission (NHM). Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, was the first private institution in India to embrace the PPP model way back in 1953. The then Government of Madras permitted KMC Mangalore to partner with the 2 district hospitals – the Government Wenlock and the Lady Go...

Background: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), makes the affected person susceptible to other infections. Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) is important towards reducing the viral load in the body. There are increased rates of failure of drugs used in first-line ART, leading to the use of second...

Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected people's economies, lifestyles, and physical, emotional, and sleep health. This research aimed to estimate the prevalence of insomnia and symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression among teachers with the resumption of in-person instruction at schools following a hiatus after COVID-19 lo...

Background Misconduct in research refers to unethical behavior in the conduct of research which includes fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, and other practices that violate the integrity of the research process. Perceptions and attitudes toward research misconduct differ across individuals and educational systems. Methods In this facility-bas...

Background Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to i...

This appendix provides detailed information on the methods for the paper “Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021 with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021”

Background Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensiv...

Summary Background Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injur...

Background Neonatal sepsis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in developing countries like India. Early and late onset sepsis present unique challenges in diagnosis and management, with maternal and neonatal factors playing crucial roles in the manifestation of the condition. Methodology Data were collect...

Background The second wave of COVID-19 severely affected the healthcare workforce, including doctors, nurses, public servants, and medical students, even though the system was better prepared than the first wave. Objectives To assess the preparedness and preventive measures of the health science students towards the second wave of COVID-19. Metho...

Background The demands on Medical Education have greatly increased in the 21 st century. For this very reason, there has been an unprecedented growth in the number of medical colleges in India. The teacher’s role is to facilitate rather than to direct, to coordinate as much as to communicate. Small group teaching offers students’ opportunity to dis...

Background Reading is a vital aspect of the learning process for students and should be encouraged. Any effort or innovation that improves the motivation of students to read is worth sustaining. The materials often used are textbooks and reference materials. This study aimed to assess the readership and preference for e-books and print books across...

Background Health literacy is crucial for understanding health information and making informed decisions. It encompasses the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information. Factors like education, income, and age influence health literacy, impacting health outcomes negatively when low. E Health literacy extends to navigating el...

Background Stress is defined by American Psychological Association is “Any uncomfortable emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological and behavioral changes.” It is a feeling of being overwhelmed, worried or run-down. Stress affects people of all ages, gender and circumstances and can lead to both physical and psycholo...

Background The doctor-patient relationship is a fundamental and essential component of healthcare that plays a critical role in patient outcomes, trust, and overall quality of care. Internet-based health information has been found to have both positive and negative effects on patients. Objectives To assess the internet health-seeking behaviour amo...

Background Global health agencies have recognized the rising threat of non-communicable disease (NCD) as a major contributor to preventable disease and premature mortality in low- and middle-income countries. This study was done to study the Clinico-epidemiological and socio-demographic profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients admitted in...

Background The Indian census highlights persistent challenges in achieving balanced sex ratios, attributed to factors like female neglect, sex-selective abortion, and societal preferences for sons. These preferences stem from economic, religious, and social norms, perpetuating gender disparities. Despite national efforts, skewed sex ratios persist,...

Background Self-diagnosis is the process of determining a disease or disorder without seeking medical care. Advances in technology have made it easier for patients to get medical information online, fostering self-diagnosis and doctor cross-examination. The aim of this study is to estimate the proportion of study respondents who use the internet an...

Background Udupi district hosts two major Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) namely Malaikudiya and Koraga. Koraga tribes are declining in number and deprived of availability of healthcare services and accessibility to healthcare facilities. There are a lot of barriers such as lack of awareness and social stigma amalgamate the existing co...

Background Inter-professional cooperation between doctors and nurses is essential for efficient healthcare delivery. However, hierarchical structures and power imbalances often characterize their relationship. This study aims to assess nurses’ perceptions of their working relationships with doctors in hospital settings, considering factors such as...

Background By knowing the various sources of health information accessed by the people, it helps different organizations in better targeted delivery for health information. Methodology A cross sectional study was conducted among college going students from non-medical streams and adult in-patients seeking health care in the study hospitals using a...

Background Gender preference among women remains a significant phenomenon that reflects the imbalance in the sex ratio. Understanding the determinants of gender preference is crucial in addressing associated challenges and promoting gender equality. Objectives To study the socio-demographic profile of post-natal women, gender preference among them...

Background Burnout in medical profession can reduce the work output and affect the clinical decision making. Objectives To estimate the proportion of medical residents experiencing burnout. Methodology In this cross-sectional study, 172 medical residents working in the hospitals affiliated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore were assessed fo...

Background Dermatophytoses or Dermatophytic infections are diseases characterized by the infection of keratinized tissues. This study was done to study the epidemiological profile and factors associated with Dermatophytosis and the awareness towards the same among patients with such infections. Methodology This cross-sectional study was carried ou...

Background Senior citizens, or individuals over 60 years, constitute 8.6% of India’s population. As a result of shifting family dynamics brought about by growing urbanization and globalization, these elderly populations are flocking to elder care centers. The objectives of this research are to ascertain the elderly’s self-reported chronic morbiditi...

Background Breast cancer is one of the leading cancers among women especially in developing countries and is amenable to complete cure if detected early. BSE is one of the screening techniques for early detection of breast lumps and early detection of breast cancer. This study was done to study the awareness, attitudes, and practices towards BSE am...

Background Travel medicine is crucial in addressing the health risks associated with international travel, especially among young adults who are increasingly mobile. Despite the growth in global travel, studies indicate a lack of awareness and adherence to preventive measures among travellers. Objectives To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and pra...

Background Measles is the leading cause of child mortality in India. MR vaccine provides immunity against measles & rubella and was offered in 2 doses – 9 completed months and 16-24 months of age. This study aims to assess the awareness among the parents of children (aged 9 months – 2 years) in Mangalore about the presence and the risks associated...

Background The Medical Council of India (MCI) has proposed significant changes to the MBBS curriculum, including mandatory rural postings for undergraduate medical students, to address healthcare disparities. Understanding student attitudes towards these reforms is crucial for successful implementation. Methodology A cross-sectional study was cond...

Introduction Mental disorder is a behavioral pattern which causes either suffering or poor ability to function in ordinary life. According to WHO health report 2022, 970 million people suffer from mental illness globally. 80% people with mental illness live in low and middle-income countries, which is a matter of concern for India being the most po...

Background The integration of social networking sites (SNS) into academic activities has become increasingly prevalent, yet there is a need to understand its impact and perceptions among undergraduate students and teaching faculty. This study aimed to explore the pattern of SNS usage for academic purposes and assess perceptions regarding its benefi...

Background Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life and can be identified prenatally. Some of the congenital anomalies may be life threatening, hence an immediate management is required. This study is to determine the pattern of congenital anomalies among newborn babies and factor...

Background Interprofessional Education (IPE) has gained recognition in health professions education due to evolving healthcare roles and systems, emphasizing collaboration for quality care. Attitudinal barriers hinder its implementation, necessitating a deeper understanding of student perspectives. This study explores the attitudes of medical (MBBS...

Background Bus drivers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders manifested through tension, pain and decreased work capacity, due to the lack in postural variations and long working hours. Objectives To study the pattern of morbidities among bus drivers and the factors responsible for the morbidities. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 100 bus d...

Background Interrupted classes which gradually shifted to online mode isolating students from their friends during the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health status of the medical students. Objective To assess the mental health outcomes among the health science students in Mangalore and the factors associated with these outcomes. Method...

Background Spectacle compliance is vital among the young population to combat visual impairment arising from untreated refractive errors. Encouraging spectacle use is crucial, despite the challenges they present, such as fogging, scratches, and discomfort when prescribed wrong Objectives 1. To study the obstacles faced by medical undergraduates wh...

Background Anaemia, a common haematological abnormality, currently stands at a prevalence rate of 24.8% worldwide and 39.86% in India, affecting 1.62 billion individuals overall. Studies have shown that patients with Diabetes are twice as likely to be prone to anaemia. Objective To study the risk factors for anaemia among patients with type 2 Diab...

Background Childhood injuries represent a significant public health concern worldwide, with a considerable impact on morbidity and mortality rates among children. Understanding the epidemiology and patterns of childhood injuries is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. This retrospective study aimed to analyse the demographic and...

Introduction The construction industry is one of the most stable growing industries in the developing world. In India, it is the largest economic activity after agriculture. Since it is a labor-intensive industry, it consists of organized, unorganized, skilled, and unskilled labor. Morbidity is departure from a state of physical or psychological we...

Background Anti-Retroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS has been effective, but the mortality rate remains to be high, resulting in the use of second line of ART treatment for better results. Objectives 1) To estimate the number of deaths among PLHIV between the years 2011 and 2017. 2) To assess the clinical immunological and virological outcomes among th...

Background Thyroid ailments are frequently encountered endocrine disorders next to diabetes. They arise either due to functional aberrations of the thyroid gland resulting in over or under secretion of thyroid hormone or due to structural anomalies. People have varied constitutional, non-specific manifestations that cause abnormal metabolic functio...

Background Empathy in the clinical setting is associated with satisfaction among patients, compliance to therapy and much more positive clinical outcome. This study is to determine the level of empathy among undergraduate medical students, the personality traits, according to the big five model, and to assess the association between empathy and per...

Background Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues to pose a significant public health threat worldwide, with India experiencing a substantial burden. Integrated Counseling and Testing Centers (ICTCs) play a pivotal role in addressing HIV/AIDS by providing crucial healthcare access and dispelling misconceptions surrounding the disease....

Background Planning the waste management of all waste generated in healthcare facilities is a crucial task to reduce the hazards and risks to individuals and the community. Objectives To assess the knowledge and practices regarding bio-medical waste management among paramedical staff and Group IV workers. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 21...

Background Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day, providing essential nutrients and energy needed for daily activities. Skipping breakfast has been associated with various health complications, including impaired cognitive function and increased risk of chronic diseases. Understanding the prevalence and reasons behind breakfast...

Background Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the rupture of an intra- parenchymal vessel resulting in haemorrhage within the brain, often associated with stroke. The study was done to determine the association of intracerebral haemorrhage with duration of hypertension and other lifestyle factors among the adult patients. The study also includes as...

Background Injuries occurring at the workplace are among the most important health concerns these days. This study was done to study the patterns of compensations available to those seeking health care for occupational injuries and to assess the level of implementation of occupational safety measures in their workplaces. Methodology This cross-sec...

Background School bags serve as a practical means for students to transport essential academic materials and personal items, including food. The significance of school bag weight has garnered increased attention in recent years due to its potential impact on the musculoskeletal health of school children. Excessive school bag weight has been identif...

Background Cancer being a deadly disease, cancer victims face great challenges with respect to their routines, roles and relationships. The usage of other means to cure illness is called complementary and alternative medicine or CAM. This study is done to determine the proportion and usage pattern of CAM for cancer treatment and to assess the perce...

Background Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are non-cancerous growths of the uterus commonly occurring during childbearing years. Despite their benign nature, they can cause significant morbidity. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of uterine fibroids, socio- demographic profiles, clinical features, complications, t...

Background According to WHO, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated mortality in India is more than 64.7 estimated age- standardized death rate per 100,000 amongst both sexes. Various studies conducted on COPD, worldwide suggest that patients are more likely to die of comorbid conditions than from COPD. Objective To find out the v...

Background Numerous research studies conducted in low- and middle- income nations have suggested that women’s autonomy can be a major factor in lowering the rate of unwanted pregnancies. In the Indian setting, where patriarchy is prevalent and women’s participation in crucial choices is restricted by sociocultural norms, there is limited data on wo...

Background Medical education needs to be adjusted to meet the fast- changing expectations of society and the resulting demands on daily medical practice. The Medical Council of India (MCI) has updated the Medical Curriculum based on CBME. Objectives 1. To assess the perceptions of the faculty members of the Medical college on the competency-based...

Background Food labelling plays a crucial role in informing consumers about the nutritional content of prepackaged food items, aiding them in making informed choices for their diet and health. However, the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food labelling among healthcare students, particularly medical and dental students, remai...

Background Over the past decades, cancer has become the second leading cause of death and morbidities around the world, accounting for nearly 1 in 6 of the total global deaths. The cost of treatment depends on the type of cancer, the duration of treatment, the type of hospital, and whether they are covered under any health insurance. Objectives 1....

Background Public perception regarding the disease and concerns regarding safety and reliability of the new COVID 19 vaccine is the determining factor for acceptance of the vaccine. Objectives To assess the risk perception of the health science students towards COVID 19 and COVID 19 vaccination. Methodology A total of 701 health science students...

Background The incorporation of medical humanities, an interdisciplinary field of medicine, in medical education may offer significant benefits to the medical community. This study was done to assess the attitude of medical students regarding empathy towards patients and to find out the perception of students about the inclusion of humanity studies...

Background Healthcare is a fundamental human right, and various insurance schemes in India strive to make healthcare inexpensive and accessible to everyone. The government’s Ayushman Bharat and PMJAY programmes aim to guarantee universal health coverage and financial risk protection for households within the country. According to the NITI Ayog, mor...

Background Mental illness poses a significant global health burden, with negative attitudes towards mental illness contributing to treatment gaps and disparities in care. Understanding the attitudes and perceptions of medical students towards psychiatry and psychiatric illness is crucial for addressing these challenges. This study aimed to assess a...

Background The incidence of PCOS among females is increasing. Awareness among women about PCOS can help in early diagnosis and prevention by making lifestyle modifications. Lifestyle modifications not only help in prevention of disease but also in managing the symptoms and complications. Objectives 1. To find out the perception regarding PCOS amon...

Background The assessment of future doctor’s perceptions and understanding about generic medicines may help in recognizing possible barriers to greater generic medicine usage. This study was done to explore and evaluate the perceptions and attitudes towards prescribing generic drugs among medical undergraduates of Mangalore and the factors associat...

Background Crouch Gait is a fairly common pathological gait adaptation seen in children with Cerebral Palsy, characterized by inadequacy of plantar flexion, knee extension and hip extension in the stance phase of gait. From a kinetic perspective crouch gait severely impairs the ability to generate thrusting forces through the extensor muscles of st...

Background Karnataka recorded 87304 new cancer cases in the year 2021. Breast, lip and oral cavity, cervix were the top cancer sites amongst all sexes and are preventable. Despite the nation-wide launch of Population-based screening (PBS) in 2016, the reported coverage of individuals who were screened for these three cancers in Dakshin Kannada was...

Mortuary/Autopsy room is a relatively high risk workplace. Infections such as Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV pose a risk to the autopsy workers. These infections pose a greater risk since many times they are not even diagnosed until the autopsy is done in the mortuary itself. In this study, we intend to analyse the prevalence of HIV in TB infected bodie...

Background Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-base...

Background Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important follow...

Background Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to i...

Background Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditio...

Background Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of D...

Background Dengue is an emerging global viral disease with an increase 30-fold in incidence in the past fifty years. In the past decade it was restricted to only few a states of South and Northern India but in the recent past it has affected almost all the states in India. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical profile, trends and o...

Background Behavioural risk factors may often present during adolescence and account for 70% of premature deaths during adulthood. Excessive sedentary behaviour and screen time have become significant concerns, especially among adolescents, due to their potential negative impact on physical and mental health. Adolescents with a high screen-based se...

Background Dengue is an emerging global viral disease with an increase 30-fold in incidence in the past fifty years. In the past decade it was restricted to only few a states of South and Northern India but in the recent past it has affected almost all the states in India. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical profile, trends and o...

Background Behavioural risk factors are often present during adolescence and account for 70% of premature deaths during adulthood. Excessive sedentary behaviour and screen time have become significant concerns, especially among adolescents, due to their potential negative impact on physical and mental health. Adolescents with a high screen-based se...

Background Cancers represent a challenging public health threat in Asia. This study examines the temporal patterns of incidence, mortality, disability and risk factors of 29 cancers in Asia in the last three decades. Methods The age, sex and year-wise estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of 29 cancers for 4...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38092509/#full-view-affiliation-41

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) is a multinational collaborative research study with >10,000 collaborators around the world. GBD generates a time series of summary measures of health, including prevalence, cause-specific mortality (CSMR), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disabi...

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning. Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer...

Background: Staff nurses face frequent emotional situations in their work environment. The constant contact with suffering patients, and the busy work environment, pose tremendous stress on nurses' physical and emotional health. The Emotional Intelligence skills of empathy, self-awareness, motivation, self-control, and keeping relationships, can he...

Most Indian tribes have limited access to healthcare facilities and rely heavily on traditional healing practices. This narrative review aimed to identify the disparities in the implementation of healthcare services and in accessing and availing these services by the indigenous population in India. We also have tried to throw light on the plausibil...

The stressful environment of any healthcare setting can be detrimental to nurses' mental and emotional health. In recent years, emotional intelligence (EI) has emerged as a vital psychological resource that positively impacts mental and emotional health and improves organizational functioning and success. This scoping review aimed to collate, synth...

Background Tobacco use is one of the most important public health concerns, with approximately 8.7 million tobacco-related deaths each year, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. Even more concerning is the fact that 1.3 million of these deaths are seen in nonsmokers, including babies and children. This study was performed to determine whe...

Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected people's economies, lifestyles, and physical, emotional, and sleep health. This research aimed to estimate the prevalence of insomnia and symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression among teachers with the resumption of in-person instruction at schools following a hiatus after COVID-19 lo...

Introduction : The Joint National Committee (JNC 7) report on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hypertension, defined "prehypertension," as individuals with a Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) in the range of 120–139 mmHg and a (diastolic blood pressure) DBP of 80–89 mmHg. Prehypertension is directly linked with hypertension which is...

Introduction and Aim: COVID-19 outbreak was declared as pandemic by WHO Director-General on 11th March 2020 in his opening remarks at the media briefing. The global population infected by Corona virus appeared to be responding at different levels in the first wave which warranted WHO to categorise the disease as mild, moderate, and severe. Haematol...

Introduction The impact of the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and the effect of preventive health strategies on acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are largely unknown. The public health model imposed during the pandemic and the lessons learnt have implications on recommending future preventive strategies for...

Background Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by 2030, and assessing trends in the global meningitis burden can help track progress and identify gaps in achieving these goals. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases,...

Background Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Metho...