Bhargab B. Bhattacharya

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur | IIT KGP · Department of Computer Science & Engineering

This paper addresses the problem of space compaction of test responses of combinational and scan-based sequential circuits. It is shown that given a precomputed test set T , the test responses at the functional outputs of the given circuit-under-test (CUT) can be compacted to a single periodic output, with guaranteed zero-aliasing. The method is in...

An example of an irredundant combinational network realizing a Boolean function F0 is presented which depicts a peculiar phenomenon that even a single stuck-at fault can change the function F0 to a faulty function Ff, such that F0 and Ff belong to the same P-equivalence class, i.e., F0 can be transformed into Ff by permuting the input literals. In...

The parity testability of a single output is related to its partition in terms of maximal supergates and then a scheme is proposed for making an untestable circuit parity testable by augmenting its maximal supergates. Only a small amount of extra logic and a single external test-rnode pin is required to complete the design. The test procedure is si...

The presence of bone spurs (osteophytes) in knee-joints provides an indication of the onset of osteoarthritis and related deformities in patients. The shape of the patella bone at knee-joint undergoes various changes with the advancement of the disease, which may be discerned accurately from X-ray images. The main objective of this work is to ident...

2D-representations of 3D digital objects find versatile applications to computer vision, robotics, medical imaging, and in discrete geometry. This work presents an algorithm for constructing a planar embedding with only straight-line edges for a general non-intersecting orthogonal polyhedron that has genus 0. We discover certain characterizations o...

Nanoscale chips inherently suffer from higher defect densities than traditional lithography-based VLSI designs. So defect tolerant designs are required at this scale. Mapping different functions in a very large nanoscale crossbar containing defective cross-points is a hard searching problem. In this work, we studied traditional sorting-based method...

Recent advances in digital microfluidic (DMF) technologies offer a promising platform for a wide variety of biochemical applications, such as DNA analysis, automated drug discovery, and toxicity monitoring. For on-chip implementation of complex bioassays, automated synthesis tools have been developed to meet the design challenges. Currently, the sy...

The technology of 3D-ICs has been widely used in designing core-based systems-on-chip (SoC), which comprises vertical stacking of multiple silicon and metal layers, interconnected using through-silicon vias (TSV). Testing of the embedded cores in such a device not only requires a specially designed test access mechanism (TAM) but proper scheduling...

The pervasiveness of graphs in today's real life systems is quite evident, where the system either explicitly exists as graph or can be readily modelled as one. Such graphical structure is thus a store house rich information. This has various implication depending on whether we are interested in a node or the graph as a whole. In this paper, we are...

Microfluidic biochips have gained prominence due to their versatile applications to biochemistry and health-care domains such as point-of-care clinical diagnosis of tropical and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, toxicity analysis, and for the mitigation of the global HIV crisis, among others. Microfluidic Lab-on-Chips (LoCs) offer a conven...

We revisit the problem of determining the independent domination number in hypercubes for which the known upper bound is still not tight for general dimensions. We present here a constructive method to build an independent dominating set $S_n$ for the $n$-dimensional hypercube $Q_n$, where $n=2p+1$, $p$ being a positive integer $\ge 1$, provided an...

We investigate the classical problem of conformance checking (CC) for non-scan synchronous sequential machines from a new perspective of "design-for-verifiability" utilizing a machine-learning framework. Given the specifications of a finite-state machine A and its circuit implementation B, the goal of CC is to verify the correctness of B. Conforman...

Memristors have recently shown significant promise in designing memory and logic subsystems. A 2D-crossbar architecture built with memristor arrays provides a convenient platform for storing multi-valued memory states by utilizing the analog variation of current-induced resistance through these cells. Integration of CMOS components with non-CMOS me...

The design of reversible logic circuits has received considerable attention in recent times for their potential use in implementing quantum computers. A fault model, namely, the Missing-Gate Fault (MGF) model, has been found to be more suitable for modeling defects in quantum circuits as compared to the classical fault models used for testing conve...

Modern bio-chemical protocols are complex in design, and hence there may remain errors which need to be fixed before the protocol is taken up for synthesis. In this paper, we propose a framework for easy specification and efficient verification of a bio-chemical protocol description. We propose a simple and intuitive description template for specif...

Modern bio-chemical protocols are complex to design, and hence, there may remain errors which need to be fixed before the protocol is taken up for synthesis. Additionally, in recent times, the task of protocol synthesis is becoming increasingly difficult as well, and prone to errors for reactions involving multiple reagents and their intricate inte...

Microfluidic platforms have recently emerged as an invaluable component for studying synthetic biology as they are capable of emulating complex molecular networks of biological pathways (biocircuits) on a chip. A special type of biochemical assays, known as biocircuit-regulatory scanning (BRS) assays, are employed to regulate gene expression, enabl...

Design of microfluidic biochips has led to newer challenges to the EDA community due to the availability of various flow-based architectures and the need for catering to diverse applications such as sample preparation, personalized medicine, point-of-care diagnostics, and drug design. The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has increased the demand for low-c...

Microfluidic Lab-on-Chips (LoC) offer promising technology for the automation of various biochemical laboratory protocols on a minuscule chip. Sample preparation is an essential part of any biochemical experiments which aims to produce dilution of a sample or a mixture of multiple reagents in a certain ratio. One major objective in this area is to...

We have studied for the first time, some graph-theoretic features present in leaf-vein networks of three trees of the Indian subcontinent. Based on these features, data clustering and identification have been performed using K-means and KNN algorithms, respectively. Our study reveals that among a database of 30 images, 26 samples could be properly...

Increased use of digital microfluidic (DMF) biochips has fueled the replacement of expensive healthcare and biochemical laboratory procedures with low-cost, fully-automated, miniaturized integrated systems. Dilution and mixing of fluid samples in a certain ratio are two fundamental primitives needed in sample preparation, which is an essential comp...

Microfluidic biochips have recently emerged with significant promise and versatility in automating a variety of biochemical protocols on a tiny chip. Sample preparation, which involves the mixing of fluids with a specified target ratio in the minuscule scale, is an essential component of these protocols. Algorithms that optimize on-chip sample-prep...

The use of 3D-IC technology has become quite widespread in designing core-based systems-on-chip (SoCs). Concomitantly, testing of cores and inter-layer through-silicon-vias (TSVs) spanning through different layers of 3D chips has become an important problem in the manufacturing cycle. Testing 3D-SoCs is more challenging com- pared to their 2D count...

The insistent trend in today's nanoscale technology, to keep abreast of the Moore's law, has been continually opening up newer challenges to circuit designers. With rapid downscaling of integration, the intricacies involved in the manufacturing process have escalated significantly. Concomitantly, the nature of defects in silicon chips has become mo...

The venation network present in plant leaves carries a fingerprint of the species and their analysis is likely to provide deep insights about the identity of the plants and the surrounding climate. Since photosynthesis has a direct correlation with the microfluidic vein networks, such information will be immensely useful to plant biologists from ag...

Digital microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) have fueled a paradigm shift in implementing bench-top laboratory experiments on a single tiny chip, thus replacing costly and bulky equipment. However, because of imprecise fluidic functions, several volumetric split-errors may occur during the execution of bioassays. Earlier approaches to error-correcting sam...

Several nanoscale devices now represent viable options to replace conventional complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-based designs. The problem of logic synthesis using a nanoscale two-dimensional (2D) crossbar-switch architecture is studied herein. Despite offering several advantages, these tiny devices suffer from a high defect density b...

Microfluidic technologies enable replacement of time-consuming and complex steps of biochemical laboratory protocols with a tiny chip. Sample preparation (i.e., dilution or mixing of fluids) is one of the primary tasks of any bioprotocol. In real-life applications where several assays need to be executed for different diagnostic purposes, the same...

The presence of a functionally correct reaction sequence graph has a significant advantage in the digital microfluidic (DMF) life cycle. Such a sequence graph is the basis from which the actuation sequence to be implemented on a target lab-on-a-chip is synthesized. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using this sequence graph as a refe...

Recent microfluidic technologies offer suitable platforms for automating sample preparation on-chip, and typically on a digital microfluidic biochip, a sequence of (1 : 1) mix-split operations is performed on fluid droplets to achieve the target concentration factor of a sample. A (1 : 1) mixing model ideally mixes two unit-volume droplets followed...

Accurate sample preparation, an essential component in microfluidic design automation, poses a great challenge to lab-on-chip (LoC) designers. Although continuous-flow based microfluidic biochips (CFMBs) offer many advantages, the problem of achieving fast, stable, and controllable sample concentration becomes more pronounced when such chips are us...

In this article, we consider the problem of droplet routing for Microelectrode-Dot-Array (MEDA) biochips. MEDA biochips today provide a host of useful features for droplet movement by making it possible to manoeuvre droplets at a much finer granularity and with significantly increased flexibility. More precisely, MEDA biochips support more degrees...

Flow-based microfluidic biochips have become a promising platform for complex biochemical assays. As the integration of such chips is increasing, a flexible general reconfigurable platform, Fully Programmable Valve Array (FPVA), has emerged. Such a 2D array comprises regularly arranged valves using which flow-networks with different geometry, size,...

Multi-valued quantum systems can store more information than binary ones for a given number of quantum states. For reliable operation of multi-valued quantum systems, error correction is mandated. In this paper, we propose a 6-qutrit quantum error correcting code by extending the ternary Hamming code to the quantum domain. We prove that 5 qutrits a...

The insistent trend in today’s nanoscale technology to keep abreast of the Moore’s law, has been continually opening up newer challenges to circuit designers. With rapid downscaling of integration, the intricacies involved in the manufacturing process have escalated significantly. Concomitantly, the nature of defects in silicon chips has become mor...

Networks-on-chip (NoC) provide the communication infrastructure for high-speed and large-scale computation that integrates several IP-cores on a single die. Faults on network channels severely degrade system performance and throughput. This paper presents a distributed and online mechanism for detecting and locating stuck-at faults (SAFs) in NoC ch...

Lab-on-Chip (LoC) technology has emerged as one of the major driving forces behind the recent surge in biochemical protocol automation. Dilution and mixture preparation with fluids in a desired ratio, constitute basic steps in sample preparation for which several LoC based architectures and algorithms are known. The optimization of cost and time fo...

The presence of a functionally correct reaction sequence graph has a significant advantage in the digital micro-fluidic (DMF) life cycle. Such a sequence graph is the basis from which the actuation sequence to be implemented on a target Lab-on-chip is synthesized. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using this sequence graph as a refer...

Recent advances in microfluidic technology offer efficient platforms to emulate complex molecular networks of biological pathways (biocircuits) on a lab-on-chip. The behavior of biocircuits is governed by a number of gene-regulatory parameters. A fundamental challenge in synthesizing and verifying biocircuits is the lack of design tools that implem...

Recent microfluidic technologies have brought a complete paradigm shift in automating biochemical processing on a tiny lab-on-chip (a.k.a. biochip) that replaces expensive and bulky instruments traditionally used in implementing bench-top laboratory protocols. Biochips have already made a profound impact on various application domains such as clini...

Microfluidic labs-on-chip have fueled the automation of biochemical protocols (assays) on a tiny device and found versatile applications to DNA analysis, medical diagnostics, forensics, and drug design. Sample preparation, which includes dilution of fluids or solution mixing, is needed as a preprocessing step for most of the assays. Although contin...

Memristors have shown significant promise in recent times both in logic synthesis and memory-subsystem design. A 2D-crossbar architecture built with memristor arrays provides a convenient platform for storing multi-valued memory states by utilizing the analog variation of current-induced resistance through these cells. The integration of CMOS compo...

Sample preparation is an indispensable component of almost all biochemical protocols, and it involves, among others, making dilutions and mixtures of fluids in certain ratios. Recent microfluidic technologies offer suitable platforms for automating dilutions on-chip, and typically on a digital microfluidic biochip (DMFB), a sequence of (1 : 1) mix-...

Graphs appear ubiquitously in diverse real-world applications that span a wide spectrum including communication infrastructure, biological and social networks, Internet-of-Things, and VLSI circuits. Such applications inherently involve huge volume of data, and feeding them as inputs to advanced machine-learning tools ever remains elusive. While the...

Sample preparation is an indispensable component of almost all biochemical protocols, and it involves, among others, making dilutions and mixtures of fluids in certain ratios. Recent microfluidic technologies offer suitable platforms for automating dilutions on-chip, and typically on a digital microfluidic biochip (DMFB), a sequence of (1:1) mix-sp...

Osteoarthritis in knee-joints of humans can be diagnosed by analyzing an X-ray image of the bone. The changes in the shape of the concerned bones (tibia and femur), and the variation in joint-gap, provide markers of such a bone disease. In this paper, digital-geometric techniques are deployed to analyze the X-ray image for identifying the change in...

Shortest isothetic paths (i.e., those having only axes-parallel segments) have found applications to several geometric problems such as wire routing in VLSI, robotic arm movement, traffic management, to name a few. In this paper, we show how a collection of shortest isothetic paths that are contained within a given digital object can be utilized to...

High-performance multiprocessor SoCs (MPSoCs) used in practice require a complex network-on-chip (NoC) as communication architecture, and the channels therein often suffer from various manufacturing defects. Such physical defects cause a multitude of system-level failures and subsequent degradation of reliability, yield, and performance of the comp...

We propose a technique for the analysis of manufacturing yield of nano-crossbar for the different values of defect percentage and crossbar-size. We provide an estimate of the minimum-size crossbar to be fabricated, wherein a defect-free crossbar of a given size can always be found with a guaranteed yield. Our technique is based on logical merging o...

Bone cancer originates from bone and rapidly spreads to the rest of the body affecting the patient. A quick and preliminary diagnosis of bone cancer begins with the analysis of bone X-ray or MRI image. Compared to MRI, an X-ray image provides a low-cost diagnostic tool for diagnosis and visualization of bone cancer. In this paper, a novel technique...

Digital circuits are often prone to suffer from uncertain timing, inadequate sensor feedback, limited controllability of past states or inability of initializing memory-banks, and erroneous behavior of analog-to-digital converters, which may produce an unknown (X) logic value at various circuit nodes. Additionally, many design bugs that are identif...

Sample preparation, an essential preprocessing step for biochemical protocols, is concerned with the generation of fluids satisfying specific target ratios and error-tolerance. Recent micro-electrode-dot-array (MEDA)-based DMF biochips provide the advantage of supporting both discrete and dynamic mixing models, the power of which has not yet been f...

Combating threats and attacks imposed by Hardware Trojans that are stealthily inserted in hardware systems, has surfaced as a challenging problem in recent times. Such threats degrade the reliability and endanger security of the system. Due to scalability issues, Trojan detection remains an extremely difficult problem, especially, when the circuit...

Osteoarthritis in knee-joints of humans can be diagnosed by analyzing an X-ray image of the bone. The changes in the shape of the concerned bones (tibia and femur), and the variation in joint-gap, provide markers of such a bone disease. In this paper, digital-geometric techniques are deployed to analyze the X-ray image for identifying the change in...

Combating threats and attacks imposed by Hardware Trojans that are stealthily inserted in hardware systems, has surfaced as a challenging problem in recent times. Outsourcing and usage of third party IP-blocks in various sub modules of an SoC system has increased its vulnerability and security against various Trojan attacks. An adversary may malici...

Microfluidic chips are now being increasingly used for fast and cost-effective implementation of biochemical protocols. Sample preparation involves dilution and mixing of fluids in certain ratios, and these are two major preprocessing tasks to be performed for most of the protocols. On a digital microfluidic biochip (DMFB), these tasks are usually...

Microfluidic biochips are revolutionizing the traditional biochemical experiment flow because of their capability of miniaturized fluid manipulation and high execution efficiency. To improve the flexibility of such chips, a new 2D architecture called Fully Programmable Valve Array (FPVA) has been introduced, which enables flexible assay execution a...

In the area of biomedical engineering, digital-microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) have received considerable attention because of their capability of providing an efficient and reliable platform for conducting point-of-care clinical diagnostics. System reliability, in turn, mandates error-recoverability while implementing biochemical assays on-chip for...

Digital microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) are now being extensively used to automate several biochemical laboratory protocols such as clinical analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, or DNA sequencing. In many biological assays, e.g., bacterial susceptibility tests and cellular response analysis, samples or reagents are required in multiple concentration...

In recent years, microfluidic biochips are being dominantly used for implementing a wide range of biochemical laboratory protocols (bioprotocols) on hand-held devices. Accurate preparation of fluid-samples is a fundamental preprocessing step that is needed in many bioprotocols. Oftentimes, for point-of-service microfluidic devices, the number of re...

Recent studies in algorithmic microfluidics have led to the development of several techniques for automated solution preparation using droplet-based digital microfluidic (DMF) biochips. A major challenge in this direction is to produce a mixture of several reactants with a desired ratio while optimizing reactant-cost and preparation-time. The seque...

Recent advances in microfluidics have been the major driving force behind the ubiquity of Labs-on-Chip (LoC) in biochemical protocol automation. The preparation of dilutions and mixtures of fluids is a basic step in sample preparation for which several algorithms and chip-architectures are well known. Dilution and mixing are implemented on biochips...

With the advent of rapidly evolving nanoelectronic systems, compact implementation of versatile and dense networks-on-chip (NoCs) on a die has emerged as technology-of-choice for multi-core computing. However, because of the increased density, NoCs often suffer from various types of manufacturing faults, which degrade the yield and jeopardize the r...

Sample preparation is a fundamental pre-processing step needed in almost all biochemical assays and is conveniently automated on a microfluidic lab-on-chip. In digital microfluidics, it is accomplished by a sequence of droplet-mix-split steps on a biochip. Many real-life applications require a sample with multiple concentration factors (CF). Existi...

Active-Martix (AM) based architecture offers many advantages over conventional digital ElectroWetting-On- Dielectric (EWOD) microfluidic biochips such as the capability of handling variable-size droplets, more flexible droplet movement, and precise control over droplet navigation. However, a major challenge in choosing the routing-paths is to decid...

Active-Matrix (AM) technology is currently being used to implement a superior class of EWOD-based biochips, which consist of a dense 2D-array of micro-electrodes. These chips offer many advantages over conventional biochips such as the capability of handling variable-size droplets, more flexibility in droplet movement, precise control over droplet...

Minimization of overall test time is one of the primary concerns in the design of 3D-SoCs, whereas satisfying the thermal constraints and bounding the number of inter-layer TSVs are also of critical importance. This paper presents a scheduling-based technique to reduce test-time for core-based 3DSoCs, under certain constraints on TAM-width and the...