Bharat Bhushan

The Ohio State University (San Jose CA)

Thirty genotypes of bread wheat were evaluated in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications for yield and yield contributing traits during rabi 2007-2008, find out genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance percent of mean. Significant genetic differences were observed for all the quantitative characters except weight per ear...

Pastoralists mainly depend on three resources livestock, pasture and water and for this purpose they migrate and this is the only way for they can survive and sustain the ecological balance of nature. The pastoralists in Jammu and Kashmir still follow their traditional occupation of rearing animals and their condition has still remained unchanged....

The separation of oil-water emulsion using superliquiphobic/philic porous coated materials has attracted considerable attention for dealing with environmental pollution and resource recycling issues. The coatings used may lack adequate surface mechanical and chemical durability. This paper proposes a simple method without other modifications for se...

Gas bubbles are of interest in various applications including biomedicine, food production, drag reduction, water treatment, oil removal and surface cleaning. Therefore, studying gas bubbles in its entirety and their movement is important. In this paper, an overview is presented on gas bubbles in terms of their composition, applications, generation...

Gas bubbles are of interest in various applications. The study of their movement is of importance. Gas bubbles are typically formed under liquids. Movement of liquid droplets on bioinspired conical surfaces is known to be facilitated by the Laplace pressure gradient. These conical surfaces, with various wettabilities and shapes, can also be used to...

Air bubbles are interfacial fluid dynamics phenomena in many natural and technological processes. The dynamics of air bubbles is of interest in many applications. In this study, to facilitate the transport of air bubbles, triangular patterns were used, inspired by conical spines of cactus, which develop Laplace pressure gradient. The effect of vari...

The word “nanotribology” was introduced for the first time in the title of a paper in 1995. This field encompasses fundamental studies of surface characterization, adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, and lubrication at the atomic scale. At most solid-solid interfaces of technological relevance, contact occurs at numerous asperities. It is of impo...

Air bubbles are of interest in various applications. The study of their formation, interaction with underlying surfaces, and their movement is of importance. Bioinspired conical surfaces have been known to exhibit Laplace pressure gradient which facilitates the movement of liquid droplets. These conical surfaces, with various geometries and wettabi...

Access to a safe water supply is a human right. Fresh water sustains human life and is vital for human health. Water availability depends upon the amount of water physically available, and whether it is safe for human consumption. Some of the arid regions of the world lack adequate safe drinking water.

As discussed in Chap. 1, 97.5% of water is saline water, therefore water desalination is increasingly important in some parts of the world. However, water desalinization remains an energy intensive process and prohibitively expensive. In addition, water contamination from human activity affects clean water supply. Water purification from all contam...

Species exist in living nature which either attract or repel water in air, and some are oil repellant underwater. By using nature’s inspiration, porous bioinspired surfaces can be fabricated which provide a combination of water and oil repellency and affinity. These surfaces can be used for oil-water separation and water purification (Bhushan in Bi...

In water contaminated with oil, oil and water are not soluble or miscible. Oil-water mixtures present can be divided into immiscible mixtures and emulsions.

Access to a safe water supply is a basic human right. Fresh water sustains human life and is vital for human health. Water availability depends upon the amount of water physically available, and whether it is safe for human consumption. Some of the arid regions of the world lack adequate safe drinking water.

Bioinspired large water harvesting towers and portable water harvesting towers are of commercial interest. Large water harvesting towers can be used to supply water to a community in arid regions. Portable units can be used to supply a home or a camper (Fig. 6.1) (adapted from image provided by Getty images) (Bhushan in Phil Trans R Soc. 378:201904...

Water moves continuously above and below the surface of the Earth. Bodies of water, clouds, evaporation and condensation all are part of the water cycle. Fog is composed of micron-sized water droplets that form when air becomes saturated with water vapor. Fog is a thick cloud that remains suspended in the atmosphere. Dew is the deposit of water dro...

Deserts have fascinated humans for centuries. They have been focus of even fictional books (Herbert 1965). A desert is a barren landscape where little precipitation occurs (Meigs 1953; Walker 1992; Costa 1995; Mares 1999; Harris 2003; Allaby 2006; Laity 2008; Greenberger 2009). A desert is referred to as an area of land that receives no more than 2...

It has been mentioned in Chap. 3, that beetles use surfaces, heterogeneous wettability cactus spines spider silk use conical geometry, and blades of grass use longitudinal grooves to drive water droplets for water transport and storage/use, before they evaporate. Bioinspired surfaces for water harvesting from fog have been inspired by the beetle (G...

It has been mentioned in Chap. 3, that cactus spines and spider silk take advantage of the conical geometry to drive water droplets by Laplace pressure gradient for water transport and storage/use, before they are evaporated. Bioinspired surfaces with conical geometry for water harvesting from fog and/or condensation of water vapor have been inspir...

To address water shortages worldwide, proactive measures are needed to supplement the water supply. In arid regions, many plants and animals use fog or the moisture in air as a source of water. An important consideration for efficient water collection is to transport collected water droplets as rapidly as possible to storage/use before they are eva...

Fresh water sustains human life and is vital for human health. It is estimated that about 800 million people worldwide lack basic access to drinking water. About 2.2 billion people (nearly one-third of the global population) do not have access to a safe water supply, free of contamination. Also, over 2 billion people live in countries experiencing...

In this study, a superhydrophobic coating on steel surface has been developed with polyurethane, SiO 2 nanoparticles and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane by using a spin-coating technique. Characterization of the coated steel surface was done by using the contact angle measurement technique, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spec...

Nature's evolution of a billion years has advanced flawless functionality in limitless optimized structures like bone structural adaptation in various physiological behaviours. In this study, porous structures are designed and fabricated from the nature-inspired trabecular bone microarchitecture. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the porous trabecu...

Fresh water sustains human life and is vital for human health. For some of the poorest countries, 1 in 10 people do not have access to safe and easily accessible water sources. Water consumption by man continues to grow with an increasing population. The current supply of fresh water needs to be supplemented to meet future needs. Living nature prov...

The Asian ladybeetle (Harmonia axyridis) is a high-mobility insect which provides inspirations for Micro-aircraft applications. In this study, the hindwings were cut transversely along the curvature change, then the microstructure of leading main vein was investigated. It was found that the thickness of dorsal side (DS) and ventral side (VS) are di...

This book presents an overview of arid desert conditions and natural mechanisms for water harvesting from fog and condensation, providing data on various bioinspired surfaces for water collection. It discusses consumer to military and emergency applications. It presents various designs for water harvesting towers and projections for water collectio...

Background: Mouth self-examination (MSE) is shown as a speedy, economical, and effortless method of oral cancer detection. As previous studies were conducted in population with high literacy, the current survey was performed to explore the usefulness of MSE for finding the oral cancerous precancerous lesions in indigenous low literate population o...

Background & Objective DDoS attack poses a huge threat to communication and security of mobile nodes in MANETs. The number of approaches proposed to defense against DDoS attacks in MANETs is much less as compared to those for the wire-based networks. The aim of this paper is to test the effectiveness of proposed cluster based DDoS attacks mechanism...

Water scarcity is on the rise globally. In severely arid deserts, nature has developed different mechanisms to transport water collected from fog and condensation before it is evaporated. This water is either stored or consumed by them. Some of the studied mechanisms are Laplace pressure gradient, grooves, and gravity. Another way to transport wate...

Super-amphiphobic surfaces are limited either by the specific micro-morphologies which are difficult to fabricate on particular substrates, or by the liquid-repellent ability which is confined to liquids with surface tension (γ) higher than about 24 mN m⁻¹. To resolve this problem, a facile method was developed by introducing low surface energy bui...

In arid deserts, water supply is supplemented by water from fog and condensation. Once the droplets are collected, they are transported to a location where they are consumed or stored before they evaporate. Conical geometries or triangular patterns are known to create Laplace pressure gradient inside droplets which facilitates droplet transport. Wa...

Robots have become an integral part of the automated world. The motion control in joint space is a challenging problem with the objective of the controller is to force the joints of the manipulator to track the desired trajectory. In this paper, Krill Herd-Optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller (KHO-FLC) is designed, tested, and implemented for the first...

Living nature exists in arid deserts in spite of scarce water supply. In most cases, water supply is supplemented by fog and condensation. Water collection from fog is a promising method to supplement fresh water supply. Due to the short duration of fog, attempts should be made to increase the fog water collection before it vanishes. In addition, t...

MANET (mobile ad hoc network) is a collection of self-organizing mobile devices that communicates to each other wirelessly. There exist many clustering techniques in MANETs that can be used for creation of clusters and selection of cluster heads. Selection of cluster heads offers many benefits like low energy consumption, increasing stability, effi...

Characterization of milk fat globule (MFG) was performed to investigate the difference in MFG membrane (MFGM) between fresh and mastitis Holstein Friesian cow milk. Lipid distribution investigated by exogenous phospholipids using microscopy showed higher phospholipid content in fresh compared to mastitic MFGM. Xanthine oxidase assay indicative of m...

Trapped nanobubbles are gas domains trapped at nanopits on solid-liquid interface. This is different from surface nanobubbles which usually form at smooth surface. Herein, both trapped nanobubbles and surface nanobubbles formed on nanopitted polystyrene film were studied by using spontaneous formation method and temperature difference method. Trapp...

Water contamination is one of the major environmental and natural resource concerns in the twenty-first century. Oil contamination can occur during operation of machinery, oil exploration and transportation, and due to operating environment. Oil spills occasionally occur during oil exploration and transportation. Water contamination with various ch...

Superoleophobicity is of interest for practical applications such as liquid repellency, self-cleaning, stain resistance, anti-bacterial properties and oil–water separation. In this work, the superoleophobic coating on cotton fabric was applied by simple immersion in TiO 2 nanoparticles, perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane and tertraethylorthosilicate sol...

Cacti use spines with conical geometry to transport water to its base. A conical shape with curvature gradient generates a Laplace pressure gradient along the droplet, which is responsible for droplet motion. In this study, the triangular shape was used which also generates a Laplace pressure gradient along the droplet. A bioinspired surface, compo...

Bioinspired self-healing materials are being developed with intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms. Some materials heal by an external stimulus, such as heat, UV light, pH, electric field and humidity. Hydrogels are among the commonly used materials, which can self-heal by application of an external stimulus. In this study, a self-healing polyacrylamide...

Cacti use the Laplace pressure gradient due to conical geometry as a mechanism for collecting water from fog. Bioinspired surfaces using conical geometry can be developed for water collection from fog for human consumption. A systematic study is presented which investigates the dynamics of water droplets on a bioinspired conical surface. A series o...

Fresh water sustains human life and is vital for human health. Water scarcity affects more than 40% of the global population and is projected to rise. For some of the poorest countries, 1 in 10 people do not have access to safe and easily accessible water sources. Water consumption by man continues to grow with increasing population. Furthermore, p...

Water condenses on a surface in ambient environment if the surface temperature is below the dew point. For water collection, droplets should be transported to storage before the condensed water evaporates. In this study, Laplace pressure gradient inspired by conical spines of cactus plants is used to facilitate the transport of water condensed in a...

Nature is known for using conical shapes to transport the collected water from fog for consumption or storage. The curvature gradient of the conical shape creates a Laplace pressure gradient in the water droplets which drives them towards the region of lower curvature. Linear cones with linearly increasing radii have been studied extensively. A sma...

The flapping of the dragonfly forewing under in vivo condition has been analysed by image correlation technique to get an insight of its structural dynamics. The modal parameters such as flapping frequency, natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal strain have been obtained that will facilitate the biomimetic design of wings for micro air vehicles...

Desert beetles, desert grass and cacti use different mechanisms to transport the collected water. It is transported to a location where it is consumed or stored. The mechanisms include heterogeneous wettability, grooves, and Laplace pressure gradient due to conical geometry, respectively. A systematic study is presented which investigates the effec...

Controllable wettability is important for a wide range of applications, including intelligent switching, self-cleaning and oil/water separation. In this work, rapid switching and extreme wettability changes upon ultraviolet (UV) illumination were investigated. TiO2 nanoparticles were modified in solutions of trimethoxy(alkyl)silane, and the suspens...

Insects have a small mass and size and a low flying Reynolds number. Consequently, they serve as an excellent bionic representation of a micro air vehicle (MAV). Coleoptera (popularly referred to as beetles) have different characteristics from other flying insects. Not only can they fly at a low Reynolds number, but they also have deployable hindwi...

A systematic study is presented on various water collectors, bioinspired by desert beetles, desert grass and cacti. Three water collecting mechanisms including heterogeneous wettability, grooved surfaces, and Laplace pressure gradient, were investigated on flat, cylindrical, conical surfaces, and conical array. It is found that higher water repelle...

Titanium is an important material having a high tensile strength-to-density ratio and high corrosion resistance. It has found applications in the aerospace, marine, automotive and biomedical industries. In some of the applications, it is important to have it as a highly liquid repellent, anti-icing and self-cleaning. There have been several attempt...

Nature has developed materials, objects and processes that function from the macroscale to the nanoscale. The emerging field of biomimetics allows one to mimic biology or nature to develop nanomaterials, nanodevices and processes which provide desirable properties. The biologically inspired materials and structured surfaces are being explored for v...

Orb webs absorb the impact energy of prey and transmit vibratory information to the spider with minimal structural damage. The structural properties of the web and the arrangement of threads within the web affect transmission time during the prey impact. The objective of the present study is to determine damping, stiffness, and transmissibility of...

Liquid repellent, icephobic and self-cleaning surfaces are of interest in industrial applications, including solar panels, self-cleaning windows, wind turbines, and automotive and aerospace components. In this study, a coating using a simple and scalable fabrication technique was used to produce superliquiphobic surfaces with a low tilt angle. The...

Durable, superhydrophobic and self-cleaning aluminium surfaces with high corrosion resistance are desirable in many industrial applications. In this study, a facile approach is used to produce aluminium surfaces with superhydrophobicity with a low tilt angle by creating desired roughness structure by immersing in NaOH solution followed by lowering...

Desert beetles and cactus plants collect water from fog in arid regions. The desert beetle uses heterogeneous wettability to transport water to its mouth. A cactus uses conical spines which provide Laplace pressure gradient to transport water to its base. In this study, bioinspired triangular patterns with various wettability and different from the...

DDoS attacks in MANETs needs to be handled as early as possible so as to avoid them to reach the victim node. DDoS attacks are difficult to detect due to their features like varying attack intensity, large amount of packets etc. so it becomes necessary to distinguish and filter attack traffic in source or intermediate clusters. Here the cluster hea...

Security of MANETs is the part of extensive issue of research in past years. MANET is liable to DDoS attacks because of its no fixed infrastructure, changing topology, open medium, cooperative and trust-based algorithms and absence of a well-defined line of defense. DDoS attack is a synchronized attack created by attackers to overflow the target ne...

Performing prediction on every domain belonging to industry/firm is measured as effective management. This prediction helps the firm effectively manage human power and other resources, which leads to good productivity.

Contrast enhancement is an indispensable process for improving the subjective quality and information content of an image. Adjustment in the relative brightness and darkness of an image is done in order to attain the same. This paper employs lifting wavelet transform (LWT) to enhance the image since it is computationally inexpensive. The applicatio...

This paper provides an overview of lessons from mosquitoes’ locomotion and their painless piercing and from wasp stinging. Based on the understanding, conceptual schematics of bioinspired microneedle designs are presented for biomedical applications. In the first part, mosquitoes locomotory attributes, which are used by them to hunt a host, are des...

Telegraphic invention by Danish engineer Valdemar Poulson in 1898 was the first demonstration that a magnetic recording medium could be used to record information and for playback. It was not until 1947, that 3 M shipped the first commercial oxide tape coated on paper backing, and in 1953, IBM shipped the first magnetic tape drive, IBM 727, for dat...

Hypothesis Research on the fabrication of superwettable adsorbents based on 3D porous materials has been attracting considerable attention due to the large storage space presented in their inner bodies. However, it is rare to present a facile, eco-friendly and ultralow-cost approach to modify the 3D porous materials with magnetism thereby obtaining...

In order to design a painless and mechanically durable micro syringe-needle system for biomedical applications, the study of insect stingers is of interest because of their elegant structures and functionalities. In the present work, the structure, mechanical properties and the mechanical behavior during insertion of wasp and honeybee stingers have...

In this paper, superhydrophobicity of cotton fabric was produced by simple immersion method in non-fluorinated hexadecyltrimethoxysilane solution. Modified cotton fabric showed repellency to water and liquids with surface tension of more than 47 mN/m, with a static contact angle of more than 150° and tilt angle of less than 10°. The mechanical, che...

Oil spills on the surfaces of bodies of water are now a great concern as they affect marine creatures and the ecosystem. Therefore, a facile technique for removal of oil from water is of much interest. In this study, superhydrophobic and superoleophilic coating is synthesized on stainless steel mesh via chemical etching using a mixture of FeCl3 and...

Arthropods are the largest group of the living organisms. They attack other organisms by biting, stinging, or piercing and sucking. Among various medically important arthropods, which feed on living hosts, mosquitoes' piercing spread viruses which have been reported to cause the highest number of deaths annually. The primary cause of the deaths is...

Superliquiphobic surfaces that exhibit self-cleaning, antifouling, finger touch resistance, and low drag properties with high transparency are of interest in industrial applications including optical devices, solar panels, and self-cleaning windows. In this paper, an overview of coatings using a simple and scalable fabrication technique are present...

Healing is an intrinsic ability in the incredibly biodiverse populations of the plant and animal kingdoms created through evolution. Plants and animals approach healing in similar ways but with unique pathways, such as damage containment in plants or clotting in animals. After analyzing the examples of healing and defense mechanisms found in living...

The hindwings of beetles are folded under the elytra when they are at rest but are extended during flight, which can provide bioinspiration for the design of deployable micro air vehicles (MAVs). Beetle hindwings must be able to be both securely locked under the elytra and freely extended for flight, depending on the required action. To investigate...

The mechanical properties, corrosion-resistance, and aesthetics of stainless steel make it one of the most important and widely used materials worldwide in the construction, food, and transportation industries just to name a few. In this paper we demonstrate how these properties can be further enhanced by changing the hydrophilic stainless steel su...

The leather is a flexible, yet strong material, which is used in many applications. These include footwear, furniture, automotive industry, clothing, gloves, sports gear, and bags. In order to reduce cost and to tailor flexibility, the demand for synthetic leather has grown. Synthetic leather consists of about 55% polymer, about 40% plasticizer, ab...

Unlike the lotus leaf, some rose petals ( rosea Rehd ), scallions, and garlic exhibit superhydrophobicity with high contact angle hysteresis (CAH). While a water droplet can easily roll off the surface of a lotus leaf, it stays pinned to the surface. The different behavior of wetting between the lotus leaf and the rose petal can be explained by dif...

Nature has created ways of reducing drag in fluid flow, evident in the efficient movement of fish, dolphins, and sharks. The mucus secreted by fish reduces drag as they move through water, protects the fish from abrasion by making the fish slide across objects rather than scrape, and prevents disease by making the surface of the fish difficult for...

Some 10 million different species of animals and plants are known to exist on earth. Of which, arthropods make up the largest category with roughly 5 million species. The word, arthropods, is derived from two Greek words: arthron (joint) + podos (foot), meaning jointed-feet. These are spineless animals with segmented bodies, paired and jointed legs...

Superliquiphobic surfaces are of interest for liquid repellent, self-cleaning, anti-icing, anti-smudge, and antifouling applications. The surfaces should be mechanically durable for commercial applications.

Biomimetics , or more accurately, biological inspiration or bioinspiration , allows engineers and scientists to develop materials and devices of commercial interest by taking inspiration from nature. Functionality of biological materials and surfaces result from a complex interplay between surface morphology and physical and chemical properties. In...

Nature has evolved species with multifunctional properties by using diversity of the structure and morphology in surfaces. Hierarchical structured surfaces are common in nature (Koch et al. 2008, 2009a; Bhushan 2009). The complexity of hierarchical structures and their functionality in biological organisms surpass all abiotic natural surfaces.

The roughness distribution affects contact angle and surface wetting. Three surface wetting regimes are discussed, which include Wenzel, Cassie-Baxter, and Cassie regimes. In the Wenzel regime, a liquid droplet completely wets the rough surface with a homogeneous interface. In the Cassie-Baxter regime, a heterogeneous or composite interface with ai...