Bernhard Zangl

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich | LMU · Geschwister-Scholl-Institut für Politikwissenschaft

International Organizations as Orchestrators reveals how IOs leverage their limited authority and resources to increase their effectiveness, power, and autonomy from states. By 'orchestrating' intermediaries - including NGOs - IOs can shape and steer global governance without engaging in hard, direct regulation. This volume is organized around a th...

The most recent transformation of world order is often depicted as a shift from a Westphalian to a post-Westphalian era in which international organizations are becoming increasingly independent sites of authority. This internationalization of authority is often considered as an indication of the constitutionalization of the global legal order. How...

How do international institutions adjust to shifting power distributions among their members? We argue that institutional adaptations to the rise of emerging and the decline of established powers are different from what power transition theories (PTTs) would lead us to believe. Institutional adaptations are not impossible, as pessimist PTT variants...

Prevailing power transition theories focus on hard sources of power to explain why international institutions do, or do not, adapt to shifts in the balance of power among their members. This article argues that, in the wake of such a shift in the balance between emerging and established powers, institutional adaptations depend on both their hard an...

As emerging powers rise and established powers decline, international institutions come under pressure to adjust to new power realities. When and how do international institutions adapt to underlying global power shifts? We propose an (institutionalist) theory of strategic co-optation that differs from both (realist) accommodationist and (liberal)...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when EU policies fail? Which blame games resonate in the European public? This book challenges the conventional wisdom that the complexity of EU decision-making eschews clarity of responsibility, thereby rendering European blame games untargeted and diffuse. It is argued that the politicization of EU policies triggers a plau...

Who is held responsible when international organisations (IOs) fall short of public expectations? Scholarship on IO blame avoidance assumes that member states can hide behind IOs. As clarity of responsibility is assumed to be lacking in IOs, public responsibility attributions (PRA) will usually target the IO rather than individual member states. We...

While the United States (US) acted as a liberal hegemon in setting up the Liberal International Order (LIO), it is increasingly contesting the inclusive legacy institutions underpinning the LIO and is instead moving towards alternative, more exclusive institutions. Why is the US contesting the institutions it once set up to stabilize the LIO? We ar...

Is individual support for internationally agreed military humanitarian interventions (MHIs) subject to a religious bias? Conducting a vignette-based survey experiment, the paper provides micro-level evidence for such a bias within a highly unlikely sample: German university students. Participants in our survey experiment were more compassionate and...

In the wake of international organisations' (IOs) politicisation, treaty-based transfers of authority to or from IOs have virtually come to a standstill. Instead, we increasingly see instances of informal internationalisation and unilateral renationalisation of IO authority. In this article, we introduce a Political Contest Theory (PCT) that explai...

In the European Union (EU), blame games have become a regular feature of EU politics. A fast-growing literature studies political actors’ blame avoidance and blame generation strategies in the EU. Thanks to this literature, we possess ample knowledge about the strategies political actors employ when playing European blame games. We introduce a new...

The delegation of governance tasks to third parties is generally assumed to help governments to avoid blame once policies become contested. International organizations, including the European Union (EU), are considered particularly opportune in this regard. The literature lacks assessments of the blame avoidance effects of delegation, let alone of...

In the mid-2000s, India turned from a nuclear pariah of the international community into a de facto recognized nuclear power. Why and how did this status elevation come about? Realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives point to important motivations but fail to elucidate the process of India’s (re-)integration. Our strategic cooptation argum...

Regulators and other governors rely on intermediaries to set and implement policies and to regulate targets. Existing literatures focus heavily on intermediaries of a single type – Opportunists, motivated solely by self‐interest. But intermediaries can also be motivated by different types of loyalty: to leaders (Vassals), to policies (Zealots), or...

The politicisation of the EU renders blame avoidance for unpopular EU policies an essential task for governments. This article looks at one particular blame avoidance strategy, which governments have at their disposal in the EU policy process: the threat of non-compliance. In order to gauge its effectiveness, we present two competing arguments. Acc...

Auf sozialpsychologische Theorien der Compassion Fatigue zurückgreifend wird im vorliegenden Beitrag eine neue Forschungsperspektive entwickelt, die den Zusammenhang zwischen übermäßigem Konsum politischer Medieninhalte einerseits und Mitleids- und Hilfsmüdigkeit andererseits in den Blick nimmt. Die These ist, dass ein Medienkonsum, der mit einer ü...

As powers such as China and India rise, and powers such as the US or the UK decline, international institutions such as the United Nations Security Council, the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund come under pressure to adapt to new power realities. In the wake of global power shifts, both emerging and established powers ma...

The standard narrative of the politicization literature regards the growing authority of international organizations (IOs) as the main driver of their politicization (authority-politicization nexus) which then drives their democratization (politicization- democratization nexus). While we agree with the authority-politicization nexus, we disagree wi...

Zusammenfassung Wie reagieren internationale Organisationen (IOs) auf Schuldzuweisungen ihrer Mitgliedstaaten? Oftmals werden in der Forschung IOs im Falle von gescheiterten Politiken als gute Sündenböcke für die Schuldzuweisungen ihrer Mitgliedstaaten gesehen, weil sie sich kaum zu Wehr setzen müssen, können oder wollen. Demgegenüber argumentieren...

The Governor's Dilemma develops a general theory of indirect governance based on the tradeoff between governor control and intermediary competence; the empirical chapters apply that theory to a diverse range of cases encompassing both international relations and comparative politics. The theoretical framework paper starts from the observation that...

Who blames whom in multilevel blame games? Existing research focuses either on policymakers' preferences or their opportunities offered by the institutional structures in which policymakers operate. As these two strands of literature barely refer to each other, in this article we develop an integrated theoretical model of blame‐shifting in multilev...

This paper develops a theory of wedge issue politics in modern democracies. It argues that wedge issues are associated with a politics of intransigence which differs from the politics of concessions that typically comes with non-wedge issues. This theory explains why Prime Minister Theresa May opted for a divisive approach to secure ratification of...

Most governance is indirect, carried out through intermediaries. Governments work through executive agencies, independent regulators, independent central banks and courts; enlist professional associations; contract out public functions; and carry out foreign policy through international organizations, client states and foreign rebel groups; while i...

Who blames whom in European blame games? Existing research either focusses on policy-makers’ preferences or opportunities posed by institutional structures. As these two strands of literature barely refer to each other, we develop theoretically and assess empirically an integrated model of blame shifting. In line with the first strand of literature...

Who is held publicly responsible for mistakes in EU policies? We argue that in complex policy-making systems responsibility tends to be attributed to implementing actors. To test this expectation, we analyse public responsibility attributions (PRAs) for two alleged mistakes in EU financial policies: The absence of sanctions against countries that v...

Who is held publicly responsible for the policies of international institutions? Are member states or supranational bodies held responsible or are public responsibility attributions (PRA) untargeted? We argue that in complex policy-making systems responsibility tends to be attributed to implementing actors. When, however, a policy does not require...

This essay analyzes the consequences of Contested Multilateralism (CM) for the level of constitutionalization of specific multilateral institutions. We argue that CM has implications for institutions’ constitutional quality in particular if it is polity-driven and not (merely) policy-driven, that is, when actors’ employment of alternative instituti...

Mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag wollen wir den Erfahrungsaustausch zwischen DidaktikerInnen und PolitikwissenschaftlerInnen aus dem Bereich der Internationalen Beziehungen (IB) befördern. Während der Austausch über Forschungsfragen in den IB stark institutionalisiert ist, bleibt ein vergleichbarer Austausch über Lehrfragen völlig unterentwickelt. Desh...

Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2506796. Most governance is indirect, carried out through intermediaries. Governors do not govern targets directly, but bring in third parties to increase efficiency, effectiveness or legitimacy. Sometimes these third parties are "internal" to the governor, as in the case of government bureaucracies, but often...

The state remains the most important political unit of the modern world. In the most recent phase of globalization the role and position of the state has changed, but after a short intermezzo in which nothing less than the “end of the state” was frequently proclaimed, the social sciences have reached consensus about the ongoing centrality of states...

This chapter explores the concept of the “embedded state” that illustrates how nation states have come to exert their authority within an internationalized authority structure comprised of international institutions and organizations. It begins with a historical overview of the reconfiguration of authority structures and documents the transition fr...

International Organizations as Orchestrators reveals how IOs leverage their limited authority and resources to increase their effectiveness, power, and autonomy from states. By 'orchestrating' intermediaries – including NGOs – IOs can shape and steer global governance without engaging in hard, direct regulation. This volume is organized around a th...

Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2452764. This chapter is the conclusion to an edited volume on “orchestration,” a mode of governance widely used by international organizations (IGOs) and other governance actors, but rarely identified or analyzed. IGOs engage in orchestration when they enlist public or private intermediary actors on a volunta...

Is the state still the basic unit of political authority in OECD countries? International relations scholars discuss whether international institutions undermine or buttress state authority. Students of comparative political economy argue about the extent to which political authority has migrated to private market actors. We inventory and compare t...

In den vorangehenden Kapiteln haben wir uns auf die polity- und politics- Dimensionen internationaler Organisationen konzentriert und in allgemeiner Form die Strukturen, Akteure und Prozesse untersucht, die die Entscheidungsfindung in internationalen Organisationen prägen.

Politische Akteure geben Inputs, damit internationale Organisationen bestimmte Outputs produzieren. Zwischen den Inputs in internationale Organisationen und den Outputs, die diese hervorbringen, liegt jedoch ein Umwandlungsprozess (Konversion), der die Erwartungen der Akteure enttäuschen oder erfüllen kann. In diesem Kapitel analysieren wir, wie in...

Wie wirken sich die konstitutionellen und institutionellen Strukturen internationaler Organisationen auf die Politikentwicklung in internationalen Organisationen aus? Wie im Fußball die Grüße des Platzes und der Tore sowie die Spielregeln die Taktiken der Spieler beeinflussen, haben auch die Zusammensetzung, der Aufbau und die Kompetenzen internati...

In den Kapiteln 8 bis 11 haben wir gesehen, dass internationale Organisationen durch ihre programmatischen und operativen Tätigkeiten wichtige Beiträge zur kooperativen Bearbeitung grenzüberschreitender Probleme leisten.

In diesem Kapitel stellen wir verschiedene Theorien über internationale Organisationen vor, die vor allem drei vorherrschende Theorieschulen der Internationalen Beziehungen widerspiegeln: die realistische, die institutionalistische und die konstruktivistische Theorieschule (vgl. u.a. Hasenclever et al. 1997).

Auch im Sachbereich „Wirtschaft“ sind internationale Kooperation und Global Governance durch ein Dilemma – das Wohlfahrtsdilemma – geprägt. Das Wohlfahrtsdilemma resultiert aus einer dezentralen internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung, in der die Staaten in Abwesenheit einer Weltwirtschaftsregierung ihre eigene Handels- und Währungspolitik verfolgen kön...

Aufgrund des Sicherheitsdilemmas, welches aus der anarchischen Struktur des internationalen Systems resultiert, sind die Hindernisse für internationale Kooperation und Global Governance im Bereich der Sicherheit besonders ausgeprägt.

Theorie und Geschichte beeinflussen sich immer wechselseitig. Daher nehmen wir im Folgenden keine rein historisch-deskriptive Nacherzählung der Entstehung und Entwicklung internationaler Organisationen vor; vielmehr verfolgen wir mit Hilfe der in Kapitel 2 eingeführten Theorien eine theoriegeleitete Analyse der Geschichte internationaler Organisati...

Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2125452. This paper develops a conceptual framework for analyzing orchestration, a mode of governance that is widely used by international organizations (IGOs) and other governance actors, but rarely identified or analyzed. IGOs engage in orchestration when they enlist intermediary actors on a voluntary basis,...

Das internationale Menschenrechtsdilemma unterscheidet sich grundlegend vom Sicherheits-, Wohlfahrts- und Umweltdilemma (Donnelly 2006).

Der Politikentwicklungsprozess in internationalen Organisationen wird durch das konstitutionelle und institutionelle Gefüge des politischen Systems internationaler Organisationen – ihre polity – strukturiert und kanalisiert.

Internationale Kooperation und Global Governance sind im Sachbereich „Umwelt“ nicht weniger durch ein grundlegendes Dilemma geprägt als in den Sachbereichen „Sicherheit“ und „Wirtschaft“.

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2734869

Internationale Organisationen mit globaler oder regionaler Reichweite (z.B. UN, IWF, Weltbank, WTO, EU) spielen eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle bei der Schaffung und Implementierung von internationalen Normen und Regeln, mithin bei Global Governance. Die Sicherheit, das ökonomische Wohlergehen, der Schutz der Menschenrechte und die ökologischen Leben...

Recent research has noted a trend of increased “politicization” of international politics, i.e., decisions of international institutions are increasingly debated and contested within civil society. What is lacking so far are explanations for this trend. In this paper we derive four potential explanations and empirically test them. The first two, so...

Over recent decades a judicialization process of international dispute settlement procedures has taken place. Yet, the judicialization of procedures remains meaningless if the procedures are not used and accepted by disputing states in practice. Prominent theoretical approaches point to different conditions under which this is to be expected. Reali...

Cet article, a visee essentiellement analytique, a ete ecrit en s’appuyant sur les travaux empiriques et theoriques developpes dans le cadre du programme TranState (voir l’introduction du numero). Reprenant les principales tendances passees de la nationalisation de l’autorite politique, il met en evidence les dynamiques de denationalisation de l’au...

This primarily analytic article is based on empirical and theoretical studies produced in the framework of the TranState program (see introduction to this issue). After reviewing the main tendencies of the past to nationalize political authority, it brings to light current dynamics of political authority denationalization, a process that is again b...

Verrechtlichung ist für Viele zum Hoffnungsträger für eine bessere und friedlichere Welt geworden. Ironisierend ist das auf die Formel make law, not war gebracht worden. Doch was ist internationale bzw. transnationale Verrechtlichung ? Welche Rolle spielt sie im Kontext von Globalisierung und Global Governance ? Welche Ursachen liegen der internati...

This article intends to contribute to the debate on the emergence of so-called new wars by reconstructing the new war thesis in a way that allows an empirical assessment of the plausibility of the thesis. It makes explicit the defining criteria implicit to the new war thesis which claims that a fundamental transformation of modern intra-state warfa...

The international legalization process has triggered a debate over the scope of international law in which optimists assert the emergence of an international rule of law while skeptics doubt international legal norms effectively bind states. Some multilateral treaties include provisions on dispute resolution seeking to regulate state behavior. We i...

By analyzing disputes between the United States and the EU under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) respectively, the paper demonstrates that the judicialization (or legalization) of international dispute settlement procedures (IDSPs) can contribute to states’ compliance with (these) dispute settlem...

There is a pervasive trend towards a denationalization of authority in advanced industrial societies. Government is no longer the exclusive business of the state but involves an increasing range of international institutions and private agents. It is often assumed in academic and political discourse that the internationalization and privatization o...

Many international treaties regulate a variety of policy fields deeply influencing state’s policy options. Moreover, multilateral treaties establishing international organizations and regimes often include provisions how to settle disputes over norm interpretation and treaty application. International dispute settlement mechanisms increasingly inst...

Since the second half of the twentieth century, the gradual nationalization of political authority that was typical for much of the State's history since the seventeenth century has come to a standstill and given way to the denationalization of political authority. Non-state actors acquire political authority, thus giving rise to a complex network...

Staatlichkeit zerfasert. Der seit dem 15. Jahrhundert verlaufende Prozess der Aneignung von Herrschaftsbefugnissen durch den Staat hat sich in der zweiten H�lfte des 20. Jahrhunderts umgekehrt. Der Staat �bt Herrschaft oft nicht mehr alleine aus, sondern koordiniert, integriert, initiiert und erg�nzt die Herrschaftsaus�bung anderer nicht-staatliche...

Werden Konflikte �ber internationales Rechtsnormen heute verst�rkt unter Ber�cksichtigung rechtsstaatlicher Prinzipien ausgetragen? Die Frage, ob eine solche Form der Judizialisierung beobachtet werden kann, wird in der Literatur zumeist dadurch versucht zu beantworten, indem internationale Streitverfahren formal auf ihre Gerichtsf�rmigkeit hin ana...