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Introduction
Bernadett Bajnóczi currently works at the Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Budapest. Bernadett does research in Geology, Geochemistry and Archaeology (Achaeometry, Archaeological science).
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Current institution
Publications
Publications (131)
This study identified the provenance of Pb flux used in the production of the glaze of unique, high‐quality late medieval stove tiles from the northern part of the Carpathian Basin, and elaborated and evaluated a fast preparation process to measure Pb isotope ratios in high‐Pb glazes. We compared three different methods of preparation. Method 1 con...
The late Roman silver quadripus from Kőszárhegy (Fejér County, Hungary) is the only known silver folding stand from the Late Roman Imperial Age, dated to the fourth century AD. Archaeological evidence indicates that the quadripus is closely related to the Seuso Treasure. Elemental composition and lead isotope analyses of samples taken from the vari...
The case study addresses the question of the early medieval revival of copper production in Europe. The focus of the research area is the Carpathian Basin, located on the eastern periphery of the zone influenced by European early medieval processes. The research of where and when early medieval metal production started in the region in our case als...
Fifty years after the discovery of the Regöly grave, the emblematic Hunnic period archaeological assemblage from Hungary, an extensive scientific investigation was performed on the polychrome dress accessories of the high-status woman, often referred to as the "Princess of Regöly", buried there. The multi-instrumental analyses aimed to characterise...
In the second half of the Late Neolithic (4700 − 4500 cal BCE), the first malachite and copper artefacts appeared in large quantities in the territory of present-day Hungary. They are known only as grave goods such as beads, rings and bracelets. Copper artefacts are concentrated in South-eastern Transdanubia, and archaeological literature has argue...
Knowledge of the formation temperatures of geological deposits is essential for investigating their genesis. Oxygen isotope thermometry (OIT), using the temperature dependence of oxygen isotope fractionation between host carbonate mineral and mineral-forming water trapped in fluid inclusions, and clumped isotope thermometry, based on the degree of...
Az elmúlt két évtized művészettörténeti és archeometriai célú kutatásai és együttműködései során sikerült a korábbiakhoz képest sokkal részletesebb képet alkotni a Kárpát-medence és a tágabb értelemben vett Közép-Európa legjelentősebb díszítőkövének, a jura időszaki vörös tömött mészkőnek („vörös márvány”) közép- és kora újkori felhasználásáról. A...
Fieldwork provided well-preserved Laevaptychus sp. ex gr. hoplisus – obliquus specimens from the lower Kimmeridgian of Zengővárkony (Mecsek Mountains, south Hungary). This study presents the stable isotope analysis of these aptychi and control samples from brachiopods ( Nucleata and Pygope ) derived from the Zengővárkony section bed 3. Rarely obser...
Elephant ivory, a prestigious and valuable raw material in the post-Roman West and Byzantium between the 5th and 7th centuries AD, may originate from various sources. While both written and art historical evidence suggests that in the case of early medieval artefacts, African provenance is more likely than Asian, no data at hand is conclusive. The...
Near Nyergesújfalu (Komárom-Esztergom County, Hungary), objects of a Hunnic-period sacrificial assemblage were found in 2021. The Hunnic period assemblage contains fifteen items altogether: four gold lunular mounts, six cellwork-decorated gold oval mounts, two cellwork-decorated gold suspension rings, two gold buckles and fragments of a scale-patte...
Bevezetés A Dornyay Béla Múzeumot 2019.07.25-én kereste meg a tulajdonos, Holly Viktor azzal, hogy a Csécse határában fekvő regisztrált régészeti lelőhelyen épülő könnyű-szerkezetű mezőgazdasági csarnokához a régészeti és örökségvédelmi hatóság próba-ásatást írt elő, amelynek a feltárását a múzeumnak kell elvégeznie. 6 A lelőhely Csécse településtő...
A kétévente megrendezett Nemzetközi Archeometriai Szimpózium (International Symposium on Archaeometry, ISA) „kistestvére” a Balkáni Archeometriai Szimpózium (Balkan Symposium on Archaeometry, BSA). Az önálló balkáni archeometriai konferencia létjogosultságát a térség gazdag kulturális öröksége adja, amelynek természettudományi kutatása eltérő mérté...
The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and of the Hungarian National Museum contain around 50 pellet bells from the Great Migration period from the Keszthely Region. All originate from cemeteries and were analysed concerning their find position, function, sounds, psychoacoustic parameters, and chemical compositions. Additionally, adheri...
Az 5. sz. második harmadára jellemzők a préselt aranylemezből, aranyozott ezüstlemezből és aranyozott rézötvözet lemezből álló leletegyüttesek. Jelen tanulmányban az ún. préselt aranylemezes horizontba tartozó Debrecen-Agrár parki áldozati lelet kézi XRF vizsgálatának eredményeit mutatjuk be. A kutatás célja a lószerszámzatok anyagösszetételének és...
In 2016, a Stollhof-type copper hoard was found during an excavation in Magyaregres, Hungary. It was placed in a cooking pot, and deposited upside down within the boundaries of an Early Copper Age settlement. Similar hoards dating to the end of the 5th millennium BCE are well-known from Central Europe, however, this hoard represents the only one so...
Metallic idiophones dating to the Roman and the Great Migration period, excavated in Vas County and housed in the collection of the Savaria Museum in Szombathely are presented here. They were investigated archaeologically, archaeometrically, acoustically and psychoacoustically within the framework of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones betwee...
A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum és a Magyar Képzőművészeti Egyetem együttműködésében folyó, Iparművészeti Restaurátor Specializáción a 2020/21-es tanévben diplomamunkaként egy, a pécsi Janus Pannonius Múzeum tulajdonában lévő, nagyméretű Zsolnay pirogránit kültéri váza restaurálására került sor. A restaurálás megtervezéséhez a pirogránit váza anyagán, vala...
Az 5. sz. második harmadára jellemzők a préselt aranylemezből, aranyozott ezüstlemezből és aranyozott rézötvözet lemezből álló leletegyüttesek. Jelen tanulmányban az ún. préselt aranylemezes horizontba tartozó négy Kárpát-medencei lószerszámzatos leletegyüttes (Árpás, Budapest-Zugló, Pannonhalma, SzederkényKukorica dűlő) roncsolásmentes (kézi XRF)...
A nagyváradi csüngő különleges tárgy, annak ellenére, hogy típusára, kialakítására nézve nem rendkívüli darab a polikróm ötvösmunkák körében. Ráadásul régészeti kontextusa is ismeretlen, mivel szórványként került elő. Ezt a gránátberakásos aranyékszert sajátos története emeli ki a többi közül, ami több szálon és több idősíkban fut. Előkerülése a ré...
A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Üveg- és Kerámiagyűjtemény I. raktárában őrzött műtárgyak közül tíz, uránüvegből készült tárgyat vizsgáltunk: négy emlékpoharat és három pohárkészlet két-két darabját. UV lámpa segítségével választottuk ki a tárgyakat, mert a bennük lévő uraniltartalom miatt így megvilágítva fluoreszkálnak. Az üvegtárgyak kémiai összetételét...
A hun kor kései szakaszára keltezhető leletegyüttesek, amelyek közé az általunk vizsgált lévai, nyíregyházaorosi, valamint pécsüszögi lószerszámzatok sorolhatók, a préselt, aranylemezes tárgyak horizontjának képviselői. A jelen kutatás fő célja az anyagösszetétel és az aranyozás technikájának megállapítása, valamint az egy leletegyüttesen belüli c...
The Great Migration Period collection of the Hungarian National Museum houses more than 67 pellet bells and bells from the Avar Period, which are part of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe’. They originate from 17 archaeological sites. The idiophones are presented within their find context and clas...
Three Early Bronze Age gold objects from Uljma were analysed non-destructively by using a handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (hXRF). The gold objects were manufactured from rather high-quality gold (>80 wt%), but exhibit different composition. The silver content of the objects fits into the compositional range of natural gold (5–50% Ag). The...
Objects manufactured from pressed gold, gilded silver or copper alloy plates are characteristic assemblages from the Late Hunnic period (5th century AD, 420/430). In this study, horse trappings that belong to the ‘pressed gold plate horizon’ from three archaeological sites in the Carpathian Basin (Léva, Nyíregyháza-Oros and Pécsüszög) were analysed...
In the case of the 5th-century AD horse harnesses found at Untersiebenbrunn (Austria) the question often arises whether they were made in a Roman or in a ‘Barbarian’ workshop, where the metalsmiths were familiar with Roman techniques. Based on the recent examinations made on the main finds of the Sösdala horizon, it is more likely that these object...
This paper describes a Hun-period solitary burial found in Kecskemét, in the central part of the Great Hungarian Plain in 2017 and discusses its wider archaeological significance. In parallel with the archaeological evaluation, the physical anthropological examination of the human remains, furthermore, analyses of the Y-chromosome haplogroups of th...
Colourful and artistic ceramic panel paintings that realistically imitate oil paintings were one of the innovations of the Hungarian Zsolnay ceramic factory. Ten large ceramic panel paintings and two overdoor compositions (each containing three panels) decorated the Saint Stephen Hall in the palace of the Buda Castle (Budapest) established around t...
An Early Neolithic, Körös culture settlement was excavated in 1977–78 at Szolnok-Szanda in the heartland of the Great Hungarian Plain in Hungary. The eastern part of House 4 yielded three stylised bucranium figurines which were originally attached to a four-legged table-like stand. A similar figurine came to light in 1977 at Szajol-Felsőföld, lying...
The use of non-destructive and non-invasive analytical methods is widespread in the archaeometric study of metal objects, particularly in the case of precious metal artefacts, from which sampling is not, or in a limited way, allowed due to their high value. In this study, we highlight the main advantages and limitations of non-destructive analytica...
This study details the non-destructive chemical analysis of composite silver objects (ewers, situlas, amphora and casket) from one of the most significant late Roman finds, the Seuso Treasure. The Seuso Treasure consists of fourteen large silver vessels that were made in the fourth–early fifth centuries AD and used for dining during festive banquet...
A unique collection of high-quality late medieval (fifteenth-sixteenth century) glazed and unglazed stove tiles from the northern part of the Carpathian Basin is of great interest to archaeologists and art historians. It is yet to be determined if these products, which are characterised by similar features, were produced in a single workshop, perha...
Handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is a widely used analytical method for the determination of the chemical composition of archaeological metal objects. Beside its several advantages (fast, cheap, portable, non-destructive, non-invasive, no sampling or special sample preparation is needed, etc.), the method has some limitations as well (surfa...
Two late Roman (4th century AD) pottery kilns were found during archaeological excavations at Környe (Hungary). The kilns made of stones are situated at right angle to each other in the economic area of a villa and used the same pit. Around 1450 artefacts were found during the excavation, majority of them are red-and grey-fired late Roman ceramics....
A unique collection of high-quality late Medieval (15-16th century) glazed stove tiles from the northern part of the Carpathian Basin is of great interest to archaeologists and art historians. Tiles of identical style, motifs and sizes were found in twenty-eight different localities. It is yet to be determined whether these products were made in a...
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a widely used method to specify the mineralogical composition of archaeological artefacts, e.g. the material of inlays or corrosion products of metal objects. Laboratory micro-XRD instruments, like the RIGAKU DMAX RAPID II micro-X-ray diffractometer (μ-XRD), can be used instead of conventional X-ray (powder) diffraction a...
Jewellery, dress accessories and other personal ornaments made of precious metal and decorated with gemstones were representative elements (prestige objects) of Migration-period supra-regional fashion in Europe. Due to their valuable materials and impressive appearance, these polychrome artefacts are highlighted items in art albums and exhibition c...
Tanulmányunk előzetes jelentés, amelyben a Telki határában újonnan előkerült, hun kori áldozati együttes régészeti és természettudományos feldolgozásának előrehaladásáról számolunk be. Az együttes lószerszám részeiből, személyes használati tárgyak maradványaiból (lábbeli-garnitúrából, két-három deréköv díszeiből) és néhány fegyverből áll. A tárgyak...
The paper presents a preliminary report on a new ritual deposit of the European Hun period, discovered near Telki in central Hungary. The archaeological and archaeometric analysis of the finds is currently in
progress. The assemblage is made up of elements of horse gear, personal adornments (the mounts of a shoeset and at least three belts) and wea...
Niello, a bluish black metal sulphide, was widely used for decoration of metal objects by artisans of the Roman Empire. Our knowledge, however, concerning the exact Roman-period niello technique, the appearance of binary silver–copper sulphide niello-decorated silver objects in particular is very scarce. An extensively nielloed silver augur staff (...
A Dunakeszi-Székesdűlőn feltárt szarmata női sír aranyleleteinek kémiai összetételét határoztuk meg roncsolásmentesen, kézi röntgenfluoreszcens spektrométerrel (hXRF) és elektron-mikroszondás vizsgálattal (EPMA). Az ékszerek többsége nagy tisztaságú (>98 tömeg%) aranyból készült, kivéve a nagyobb (17 tömeg%) ezüsttartalmú aranyötvözetből készült ke...
We have analysed six Iron Age glass beads from Hungary (three Scythian stratified eye beads with bosses from Mezotúr, two Celtic bobbin beads and one Celtic simple eye bead from Vác-Kavicsbánya) with handheld X-ray fluorescence (hXRF), micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) methods. Our aim was to determine the prov...
A special collection of late Medieval stove tiles characterized by identical features was found at different sites of the northern part of the Carpathian Basin. First findings were discovered in Besztercebánya (Banská Bystrica, present day Slovakia) at the end of the 19th century. The unique, high-quality stove tiles are decorated by circumstantial...
A glazed terracotta statue depicting the Virgin and the Child, dated to the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, is a prominent object of the Collection of Sculpture before 1800 of the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest. The provenance of the statue is unknown, it may stem from the place of its 19th-century purchase, Florence or its environs. This paper...
Chemical composition of the gold artefacts of an early Sarmatian female grave, Dunakeszi – Székes-dűlő (Hungary) was determined non-destructively with handheld X-ray fluorescence (hXRF) and electron microprobe analyses (EPMA). Most of the objects were made from high purity (>98 wt%) gold, except the round beadlets and two granules on the lunula, wh...
The goal of this study was to measure the chemical composition of late Roman silver artefacts preserved in the Hungarian National Museum by means of systematic handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis. The mapping of the elemental composition of silver objects is suitable for revealing their chemical inhomogeneity. The measurements were systematically...
This study aims to simulate the long-term deterioration of architectural glazes exposed to open air in a highly polluted urban environment. A laboratory experiment—a 14-day long accelerated weathering test—on glazed roof tiles has been performed to reveal the damaging influence of contacting acid solutions originating from dissolved gaseous polluta...
Archaeological evidence points to substantial changes in Bronze Age societies in the European-Mediterranean region. Isotope geochemical proxies have been compiled to provide independent ancillary data to improve the paleoenvironmental history for the period of interest and support the interpretation of the archaeological observations. In addition t...
A cikk irodalmi összefoglalás három fém (ólom, ezüst és réz) izotópjainak alkalmazásáról régészeti és történeti fémtárgyak nyersanyaga eredetének kutatásában. Ólomizotóp-méréseket már az 1950-es évek óta végeznek különféle fémtárgyakon. Az 1990-es években a multikollektoros induktív csatolású plazma tömegspektrométerek (MC-ICP-MS) megjelenésével le...
The origin of Neolithic and Copper Age copper finds could not be discussed independently from archaeological interpretation due to the lack of appropriate archaeometallurgical analyses from Hungary. The overall aim of our project is to provide new data about the sources of raw materials of copper finds. By the analysis of comparative geological sam...
A tanulmány a 2009-ben feltárt dunaszentgyörgyi avar kori temetőrészlet sírjaiból előkerült edények természettudományos vizsgálatának eredményeit tekinti át. A leletanyag összetétele a Délkelet-Dunántúlra jellemző sírkerámia legtöbb típusát magába foglalja, így a szerzőknek lehetőségük nyílt az egyes kerámiatípusok összehasonlítására, azok kapcsola...
The Zsolnay products are one of the most famous Hungarian ceramics. The architectural ceramics produced by the Zsolnay Factory were often applied to decorate buildings, mainly around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. We have studied two buildings in Budapest, the Museum of Applied Arts in the densely built-up centre of the city with high tra...
A large variety of building and decorative materials, including mosaic tesserae, were discovered during the archaeological excavation of the medieval Bizere monastery. In order to assess the material usage for the decorative elements of the monastery, several tesserae made of rocks and ceramics and a “red marble” decorative stone were
studied using...
The Hutterites and Habans produced coloured-glazed, mostly blue- and yellow-coloured vessels alongside their white-glazed faience ware. However, the production technology of the coloured-glazed vessels, specifically the nature of the glaze, is a matter of debate among scholars. Both coloured tin glaze and coloured engobe covered with a transparent...
From the mid-15th century "berettino", or "turchino", lighter and darker, deep blue, cobalt-bearing glazes were used on Italian maiolica objects. At first such vessels were made mainly in Faenza, later they spread to Northern Italy and from the 17th century they became popular throughout Europe. According to written sources and archaeological finds...
Világszerte, így hazánkban is, egyre nagyobb igény mutatkozik a kulturális örökség tárgyi emlékeinek természettudományos, más szóval archeometriai vizsgálatára. Sok esetben olyan leletek/tárgyak vizsgálatáról van szó, amelyek egyediek, nagy értékűek, ezért kiemelkedő sze-rep jut a roncsolásmentes elemzési módszereknek.
2014 áprilisában került vissz...
We have investigated two buildings covered with Zsolnay glazed architectural ceramics in Budapest (Hungary), one located in the densely built-up area of the city centre with a high traffic rate and one in a city quarter with moderate traffic and more open space. A black crust layer, containing a large amount of artificial particulate matter with di...
The Zsolnay factory in Pécs is one of the few factories which are well-known not only in Hungary but also in other European countries due to their quality and unique ceramic products. Despite the fact that the Zsolnay ceramics are considered as traditional Hungarian items, we have deficient and partial knowledge about the material characteristics o...
Graphite-tempered ceramics from two Celtic archaeological sites in South Hungary, Dunaszentgyörgy (Highway No. 6) (LT B2-C1) and Bátaszék (Körtvélyes-du ˝ lóló´) (LT D), were investigated in the context of the present project. The main aim of the research was to compare the graphitic temper of the vessels found at the archaeological sites and to pr...
The paper presents the first results of a long-term project aiming to reconstruct the production technology of the Anabaptist (Hutterite) tin-glazed ceramics produced in Eastern-Central Europe. Microanalytical investigations were performed on 17th-century faience artefacts (six samples) excavated at Sárospatak, North-East-Hungary. The results are c...
Stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition of pedogenic carbonates were studied from the Quaternary loess-paleosol sequence of Sütt}o in Hungary to investigate genetic processes in a paleoenvironmental context and to distinguish subtypes. Bulk carbonate samples taken at 2 cm vertical resolution, and microscale secondary (authigenic) carbonates (c...
Rhodochrosite concretions with fish and plant fossils occur in the Úrkút manganese carbonate deposit (Jurassic) and were investigated for mineralogy and geochemistry. These concretions are mainly composed of rhodochrosite and Mn-bearing calcite, but X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis showed also the presence of Ca-rich kutnohorite....
In this paper we present sedimentological and geochemical data for a section of fluvial deposits from SE Hungary covering the period from about 20 to 5 ky BP. Major and trace element geochemistry of bulk sediments as well as stable C and O isotope compositions of the carbonate content indicate significant changes in depositional facies and/or sedim...
Stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of living Unio shells and oxygen isotope compositions of water samples were determined in order to demonstrate how the shells' compositions can reflect environmental conditions. With this information in hand, fossil shell fragments from a sedimentary section at Tiszapüspöki covering the period of about...
Incremental growth and mineralogy of Pannonian (Late Miocene) sciaenid otoliths: paleoecological implications
Ontogenetic age and body dimensions were studied on three extremely well-preserved sciaenid fish otoliths from sublittoral marls of Lake Pannon from Doba, Bakony Mts, Hungary. Macroscopic and microscopic observations offered clear evidence...
Geochemical records of bivalve shells have been increasingly studied in the last decade to obtain information on climate conditions. In this paper we present stable isotope compositions of living and prehistoric shells of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) and their relationships with climate conditions in a shallow lake environment of Lake Balaton, We...
Determination of the provenance of Spondylus objects is essential for the interpretation of Late Neolithic
exchange systems and the social role of shell ornaments. Stable isotope analysis was performed on ornaments (beads, bracelets) excavated at Aszód – Papi-földek archaeological site to defi ne the source of Spondylus shells.
For comparison Spond...
The Korpád Sandstone in the 9015 drill core situated in the Mecsek Mts consists of red mudstones and interbedded calcrete crusts with sandstones and conglomerates. Calcrete microfabrics reveal micritic mottles, rhizocretions, smaller root casts and Microcodium-like aggregates. These features, together with the mineralogy, suggest a relatively dry c...
The Zsolnay products are one of the most famous Hungarian ceramics. The architectural ceramics produced by the Zsolnay Factory were often applied to decorate buildings, mainly around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. We have studied two buildings in Budapest, the Museum of Applied Arts in the densely built-up centre of the city with high tra...
This paper presents stable C and O isotope data, as well as water
contents and stable hydrogen isotope compositions of inclusion-hosted
water, of 230Th-dated stalagmites collected from Leány and
Pálvölgyi Caves of Central Hungary, within and about 50 km
to NW from Budapest, respectively. Combined with stable isotopic
compositions of Unio bivalve sh...
There are two ways to obtain mortar and plaster binders that can harden under water. Both procedures lead to similar products, i.e. compounds of Ca with Si, Al and Fe, capable of binding water molecules in their solid structure.
This study reconstructs the palaeohydrogeologic evolution of the shallow-to-moderate Mesozoic subsidence history for the Mecsekalja Zone (MZ), a narrow metamorphic belt in the eastern Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. Brittle deformation of the MZ produced a vein system with a cement history consisting of five sequential carbonate generations and one quar...
In this study we report the first hydrogen isotope composition analyses on carbonado diamond along with cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscopic imaging, electron microprobe analyses, and stable (H and C) and radiogenic (Sr) isotope measurements. The hydrogen of bulk carbonado (consisting diamond and pore-filling minerals) yielded ∼ -4...
The paper presents an application of carbon isotope analysis in the archaeometric research of graphite-tempered ceramics. Graphite separated from Celtic graphitic ceramics were analysed from Szur, Szajk and Dunaszentgyörgy archaeological sites from the South Transdanubian region of Hungary. Variation in δ13C values of graphite in the sampling sites...
Stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of bivalve carbonate (Unio
sp.) were measured in order to understand how climate conditions are
reflected by the isotopic compositions of shell material from Lake
Balaton (Hungary). Samples were taken also from Anodonta and Dreissena
species from the same period and were also analysed to study
interspec...
Az Ófalui Formáció kőzeteinek repedéskitöltő ásvány-generációi alapján a kőzetegyüttes legalább hatfázisú paleohidrogeológiai evolúciója rekonstruálható (Dabi et al., 2009). Jelen munkánkban a milonitból gyűjtött érkalcitok szöveti, fluidumzárvány-mikrotermometriai, valamint ezek és Dabi et al. (2009) által az amfibolitból leírt érgenerációk stabil...
To reveal the processing steps of tin-glazed pottery (majolica, faience) production and to determine the raw material use and technological parameters of the workshop, joint use of phase analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as microtextural and microchemical investigation by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) are necessary. It is essential...
