Bengt Johansson

Lund University | LU · Division of Environmental and Energy Systems Studies

Climate change is a central sustainability concern, but is often treated separately from other policy areas in environmental governance. In this article we study how low-carbon energy transitions might be governed in line with broader sustainability goals. We identify conflicts and synergies between low-carbon strategies and the attainment of longe...

Energy intensive industries (EIIs), producing the basic materials and products needed in society, contribute significantly to global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Motivated by the fear of carbon leakage, climate policy has so far treated the EIIs leniently with e.g. low carbon prices and/or free allocation of emission allowances. This has n...

The present report presents a conceptual assessment model or framework for policy relevant analysis of low carbon transitions. The aim of the study is not to present specific guidelines for how to design assessments of low carbon transitions, but rather to give food for thought on aspects that should be regarded in the design process. The exact des...

Sweden is a sparsely populated country with significant hydro, bioenergy, and wind resources. Renewable energy sources currently account for more than 50% of total Swedish use and both electricity production and residential heating are virtually fossil-free. Swedish energy policy can be characterized by the perceived conflict between an ambitious c...

Carbon pricing has now been implemented as a key policy instrument for climate change mitigation in many countries globally. However, existing systems differ significantly in design with regard to stringency, coverage and the use of the revenues collected through the system. In this literature study, we synthesise existing knowledge of how key fact...

The great hopes in Brussels that a circular bioeconomy will help bridge the growing divide between urban and rural areas and allow the hinterlands to prosper from ‘green growth’ are addressed in this article, which reflects on insights from three Nordic case studies of brown, green and blue biomass use at different levels of technology readiness. A...

Green economy is a concept frequently used by governments and international institutions to promote sustainable transformations of the economy. In this study, we explore how the transition towards a green economy is being conceptualised in policy terms in the three Nordic countries Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Comparing these cases, we analyse stra...

The target of zero emissions sets a new standard for industry and industrial policy. Industrial policy in the twenty-first century must aim to achieve zero emissions in the energy and emissions intensive industries. Sectors such as steel, cement, and chemicals have so far largely been sheltered from the effects of climate policy. A major shift is n...

Skatter på energi har existerat i Sverige i snart 100 år. Skatt på drivmedel infördes 1924 som ett sätt att finansiera det snabbt växande vägväsendet. Principen om att skatter på drivmedel, fordon och väganvändning ska täcka transportsektorns samhällsekonomiska kostnader har sedan dess avspeglats i propositioner och utredningar även om den exakta t...

I denna rapport görs en övergripande kvalitativ analys av hur drivmedels- och vägskatter, utsläppsrätter och reduktionsplikt kan bidra till utfasning av fossila drivmedel i Sverige. Analysen behandlar effektivitetsaspekter, hur incitamenten för olika åtgärder påverkas av styrmedlen, hur väl styrmedlen fungerar i olika tidsperspektiv och vid olika a...

The objective of this paper is to outline and discuss the key elements of an EU industrial development policy consistent with the Paris Agreement. We also assess the current EU Industrial Strategy proposal against these elements. The “well below 2 °C” target sets a clear limit for future global greenhouse gas emissions and thus strict boundaries fo...

Policy brief summarising the interaction between the role of metals in the low carbon transition and geopolitics.

This study examines the geopolitical role of 14 metals and metalloids needed for renewable energy technologies. The analysis focuses on three factors with potential geopolitical importance: the geographic concentration of resources, potential revenues of resources rich countries and the size of total global markets. The geographic concentration of...

Sammanfattning Som en följd av det säkerhetspolitiska läget har planeringen för och återuppbyggnaden av ett civilt försvar påbörjats i Sverige. I många sammanhang talar man samtidigt om att Sverige är utsatt för gråzonshot och det förutsätts att det civila försvaret ska kunna hantera dessa hot. Förståelsen för vad dessa hot innebär är dock otillräc...

För att bygga ett motståndskraftigt totalförsvar krävs både vilja och förmåga. Det är viktigt både med hotbilder som uppfattas som relevanta och en tillit till samhällets institutioner för att kunna skapa en tillräcklig drivkraft att agera. Den information och de uppmaningar som kommer från det offentliga behöver uppfattas som rimliga. Att betona b...

This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to climate policy in Sweden and Demark—two countries often identified as environmental leaders. It finds that the economic crisis that started in 2007–8 had substantial impacts in both states. However, Denmark, which was hit harder and for a much longer period of...

I denna studie analyseras förutsättningarna för att bygga energiberedskap i framtida energisystem. Utgångspunkt tas i Energimyndighetens scenarier "Fyra framtider" och de framtidsutvecklingar av energisystemet och samhället i stort som presenteras i dessa. De områden som studeras särskilt i denna rapport är digitalisering, ökad elektrifiering, dece...

If we are to limit global warming to 2 °C, all sectors in all countries must reduce their emissions of GHGs to zero not later than 2060–2080. Zero-emission options have been less explored and are less developed in the energy-intensive basic materials industries than in other sectors. Current climate policies have not yet motivated major efforts to...

In this study we conceptualise how a capability approach could be used for analysing the conditions for preserving security of energy supply. We derive a concept, ‘energy system capability’, to describe how well the system is designed for this purpose. Based on a socio-technical systems perspective, we suggest that this capability is composed of fi...

Purpose – Scenarios have become a vital methodological approach in business as well as in public policy. When scenarios are used to guide analysis and decision-making, the aim is typically robustness and in this context we argue that two main problems at scenario set level is conservatism, i.e. all scenarios are close to a perceived business-as-usu...

Störningar i energiförsörjningen kan få allvarliga konsekvenser för samhällsviktiga funktioner, människors vardag och ekonomins funktion. I Sverige och i många andra länder förväntas marknaden i allmänhet kunna balansera tillgång och efterfrågan och därmed förhindra allvarliga störningar. Men vissa plötsliga bristsituationer klarar inte marknaden a...

Energifattigdom är en faktor som har börjat få en allt större betydelse i många länders energipolitik. Begreppet betyder olika saker i olika sammanhang men ofta handlar det om att bristande ekonomiska resurser hindrar hushåll från att skaffa den energi de behöver. Men hur hänger energifattigdom ihop med ett bredare fattig-domsbegrepp? Finns det skä...

Klimatförändringarnas indirekta effekter har kommit att bli ett område som allt fler aktörer intresserar sig för. En del av dessa effekter handlar om hur klimatförändringarnas effekter i omvärlden kan påverka tredje land. I denna rapport behandlas detta område med fokus på Sverige. I rapporten sammanställer vi erfarenheter från studier och utrednin...

Emissions of greenhouse gases must be significantly reduced in order to limit the risk of severe climatic change. Such reductions will require a long-term transition of the energy system to one in which energy efficiency improvements, electrification, renewable energy, carbon capture and storage and nuclear energy can play important roles. Energy s...

Energisystemet kommer att behöva ställas om för att begränsa risken för allvarliga klimatförändringar. Energieffektivisering, förny-bar energi, avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid, kärnkraft och en ökad elektrifi ering av samhället har i olika sammanhang pekats ut som viktiga beståndsdelar i en sådan omställning. Men hur påverkar en sådan omställn...

This paper provides an overview of methodologies used for quantitative evaluations of security of supply. The studied material is mainly based on peer-reviewed articles and the methodologies are classified according to which stage in the supply chain their main focus is directed to, as well as their scientific background. Our overview shows that a...

Energy security is sometimes used to advocate renewable energy systems. Renewable energy systems can improve some aspects of security, but they will not automatically lead to the removal of all types of security problems and new problems will most certainly arise. This paper analyses energy security aspects of renewable energy systems on the basis...

The expansion of wind power in Sweden has brought increasing conflicts between the wind power industry and the interests of the military forces. This paper analyses the reasons for these perceived conflicts and suggests solutions for mitigating at least some of the problems. The analysis is based on literature studies, several semistructured interv...

Climate change is an important new challenge for local authorities. This study analyses the potential for using the Swedish mandatory process for risk and vulnerability analysis (RVA) as a vehicle to improve local climate adaptation work. An advantage with RVA is its comprehensive approach in dealing with all relevant threats and all vital function...

In recent years, several long-term low carbon and energy roadmaps have been developed in Europe. In this study, roadmaps from EU, UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Finland are analysed with a focus on the role that energy efficiency is assumed to play in future climate and energy policy. The intention is to identify similarities and differences amon...

A broadened typology describing the interconnection between energy and security is developed in this paper, with the aim of improving understanding of the relationship between energy and security by applying different research and policy perspectives. One approach involves studying energy as an object exposed to security threats, using concepts suc...

Climate change mitigation and energy security are partly interacting areas that both present future challenges. The extensive research underway within these areas is mainly conducted in separate research communities, although there are some integrative efforts. This paper examines the breadth and heterogeneity involved in treating energy security a...

Energy efficiency has in many cases positive effects on energy security, a concept that could involve not only security of supply but also demand and revenue; technological, social and environmental risk factors; geopolitical considerations as well as other political risk factors. The effects depend on kind of energy source, market structure and in...

Security of supply is widely addressed in the academia. In this paper we conduct a review of methodologies, discuss strengths and weaknesses and identify areas that would benefit from further research and methodology development. A distinction is made between methodologies used to assess general vulnerability and those that value the outcome of ins...

There is a growing scientific consensus that limiting the increase in global average temperature to around 2°C above pre-industrial levels is necessary to avoid unacceptable impact on the climate system. This requires that the developed countries’ emissions are radically reduced during the next 40 years. Energy scenario studies provide insights on...

Sometimes energy security is used as an advocacy for renewable energy systems. Although renewable energy systems can surely have such characteristics they will not per se solve all types of security problems, and new problems will most certainly arise. In this paper, energy security aspects of renewable energy systems are analysed taking the starti...

This report examines the methodologies used for developing vulnerability or hotspot maps in five recent studies. The main focus is on the extent and way in which different climate, socio-economic and political factors are used in the mapping. Due to the long-term nature of climate change, particular attention is devoted to the temporal consistency...

In this paper, the potential for the transportation sector to develop in a way that is consistent with long-term climate targets will be discussed. An important question is whether technical measures will be sufficient for reaching long-term climate targets. Although there is a large potential to significantly increase the use of bioenergy from tod...

FOI, Swedish Defence Research Agency, is a mainly assignment-funded agency under the Ministry of Defence. The core activities are research, method and technology development, as well as studies conducted in the interests of Swedish defence and the safety and security of society. The organisation employs approximately 1000 personnel of whom about 80...

Efficient policy instruments for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases are essential for the realisation of a successful climate policy. General economic policy instruments have the potential for providing efficient emission reduction as they equalise marginal costs for emission reduction between different actors. They also provide incentives f...

General economic policy instruments have the potential for providing efficient emission reduction as they equalise marginal costs for emission reduction among different actors. They also give incentives for various responses such as energy efficiency improvements, fuel substitution and reduced consumption of carbon intensive products which is somet...

The use of biomass in Sweden has increased by 88% between 1980 and 2002. In 2002 it was 89 TWh, equivalent to 14% of the total Swedish energy supply. The existence of a large forest industry and district heating systems has been an essential condition for this expansion. The tax reform in 1991 seems, however, to have been the most important factor...

Sweden has a long-standing political commitment to the development of renewable energy, although the driving forces have changed over time. The focus has shifted from reducing dependence on oil to phasing out nuclear power, and, in the past 10 years, to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this article we review Swedish renewable energy policy sin...

In this study, the use of energy carriers based on renewable energy sources in battery-powered electric vehicles (BPEVs), fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) is compared regarding energy efficiency, emission and cost. There is the potential to double the primary energy...

The use of biomass in Sweden has increased by 44% between 1990 and 1999. In 1999 it was 85 TWh, equivalent to 14% of the total Swedish energy supply. The existence of large forest industry and district heating systems has been an essential condition for this expansion. The tax reform in 1991 seems, however, to have been the most important factor re...

Road transport has become a large source of CO2 emission and accounted in 1998 for about 27% of the CO2 emission in Sweden. Efficient energy use and the use of renewable energy sources are main options for reducing CO2 emission from vehicles in the future. In this study, the use of energy carriers based on renewable energy sources in battery-powere...

Light duty vehicles, i.e. passenger cars and light trucks, account for approximately half of global transportation energy demand and, thus, a major share of carbon dioxide and other emissions from the transport sector. Energy consumption in the transport sector is expected to grow in the future, especially in developing countries. Cars with alterna...

Electric vehicles (EVs) may provide an alternative for CO2-neutral transportation services. This article analyses the cost of energy and emissions from using electricity produced from Swedish renewable energy sources in electric vehicles, and compares it with the cost of an alternative in which biomass-based methanol is used in internal combustion...

1) Abstract-In 1991 a carbon tax was introduced in Sweden as a complement to the existing system of energy taxes, which simultaneously were reduced by 50%. Since then the system has changed several times but a common feature is lower taxes for industry and electricity production than for other sectors. Currently, industrial consumers pay no energy...

In this study, the costs involved in the use of petrol, diesel, natural gas, biogas, and methanol (produced from natural gas and biomass) in cars and heavy trucks are compared. The cost includes fuel cost, extra capital cost for vehicles using alternative fuels, and the environmental cost of VOC, NOx, particulate and CO2 emission based on actual 19...

In this article, levels of future specific vehicle emissions and the energy efficiency required to match long-term environmental targets are estimated. The possibility of reaching these targets is also evaluated. It appears to be possible to achieve sufficiently large reductions in both nitrogen oxide (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compound...

Biodrivmedel har använts sedan länge i bl a Brasilien utan större tekniska problem. Tillgången på biobränslen tycks också vara tillräckligt stor för en storskalig användning av biodrivmedel i Sverige. Däremot bedöms produktionskostnaden inom en överskådlig framtid vara betydligt högre än för konventionella bränslen, och för att minska CO2-utsläppen...

There is a potential to increase the annual use of biomass in Sweden by 125 TWh between 1994 and 2015. 125 TWh of biomass would satisfy most of the transportation-fuel demand in Sweden in 2015. Even if the biomass is primarily used for heat and electricity production, a significant fraction will be available for transportation-fuel production, if o...

In this paper, technical and economic prerequisites to attain reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through the use of biomass-based energy carriers in the transportation sector are studied. CO2 emission reduction per unit of land used for biomass production as well as costs for CO2 emission reduction are estimated when substituting rape methyl es...

Replacing fossil fuels with sustainably-produced biomass will reduce the net flow of CO2 to the atmosphere. We express the efficiency of this substitution in reduced emissions per unit of used land or biomass and in costs of the substitution per tonne of C. The substitution costs are calculated as the cost difference between continued use of fossil...

Different strategies for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide from the Swedish transportation sector are evaluated by making scenarios for the year 2015, using a bottom-up approach. Methods for reducing emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and sulphur dioxide are discussed more briefly. The scenarios are based on official...

Institutionen för miljö-och energisystem Lunds tekniska högskola, Lunds universitet Syftet med rapporten är att studera de tekniska och ekonomiska förutsättningarna för att genom användning av olika biomassebaserade energibärare inom transportsektorn erhålla minskade utsläpp av koldioxid (COj) och att översiktligt studera inverkan på andra miljöfak...

Cogeneration in district heating systems is the most energy-efficient way to convert biomass into heat and electricity with current or nearly commercial technologies. Methanol produced from biomass and used in vehicles instead of petrol or diesel could reduce carbon dioxide emissions nearly as much per unit of biomass as if the biomass were used to...

Energy systems which significantly reduce emissions of acidifying gases and carbon dioxide from non-mobile sources are identified for Western Scania, using an end-use accounting model. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced to 75% and acidifying gases to 50% of 1988 levels by 2010 using an energy system based on efficient end-use technologies, cog...