Benedikt Schmuelling

Bergische Universität Wuppertal | Uni-Wuppertal, BUW · Chair of Electric Mobility and Energy Storage Systems

Wireless power transfer systems can be utilized to advance electromobility, especially in local public transport. These systems emanate low-frequency stray magnetic fields that expose living beings in the vicinity and induce potentially harmful electric fields into the exposed biological tissues. To ensure personal protection, ICNIRP has establishe...

Electric mobility is considered a solution to reduce carbon emissions. We expanded a lifecycle assessment with data on technical limitations and driving habits (based on real-world data) in order to identify the environmentally optimal drivetrain for each individual driving behavior with current and projected technologies, focusing on CO2 emissions...

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems can be utilized to charge batteries of electrically powered vehicles with a power transfer in the order of tens of kilowatts. The low frequency source currents in the WPT system emanate magneto‐quasistatic fields that induce electric fields inside the body tissues of exposed persons. This article compares the I...

Beim induktiven Laden von Elektrofahrzeugen entstehen niederfrequente Magnetfelder innerhalb und in der Umgebung der Fahrzeuge, die ein potentielles Gesundheitsrisiko für exponierte Personen darstellen. Für die Bewertung solcher Expositionsszenarien hinsichtlich internationaler Personenschutzrichtlinien gibt es verschiedene messtechnische und numer...

Growing numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) as well as controversial discussions on cost, scarcity and the environmental and social sustainability of primary raw materials that are needed for battery production together emphasize the necessity for battery recycling in the future. Nonetheless, the market for battery recycling is not fully understood...

This comprehensive overview of the impacting factors on lithium-ion-battery’s (LIB) overall efficiency presents the most relevant influencing factors on a battery’s performance. Dissected into their respective short-term and long-term influences, the working principles behind the efficiency influencing factors are presented. With a strong focus on...

This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the thermal behavior of wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicles. This is achieved by employing the reduced-order modeling approach considering radiation heat transfer. The analyses are performed using finite element analysis modeling software ANSYS workbench. We show that the accuracy of...

This article deals with the major challenge of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in urban areas—installing as many fast charging stations as necessary and using them as efficiently as possible, while considering grid level power limitations. A smart fast charging station with four vehicle access points and an intelligent load management algo...

Purpose Inductive charging systems for electrically powered cars produce a magneto-quasistatic field and organism in the vicinity might be exposed to that field. Magneto-quasistatic fields induce electric fields in the human body that should not exceed limits given by the International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation protection (ICNIRP) to ens...

The majority of small family farms in underdeveloped regions lack appropriate motorized agricultural machinery that enables efficient farming and good productivity. This lack is because there is no equipment, in these regions, developed for specific small farming conditions. In general, family farms’ adoption of new technologies occurs only by tech...

Fast charging of electric vehicles is considered a key step to improve the market receptivity of electric mobility. However, fast charging poses new development challenges, as traction batteries need to be able to handle the high charge current and the thermal management system is required to control excess heat caused by the charge current and the...

(Hybrid-)Elektrische Fahrzeuge haben einen zunehmenden Anteil am Straßenverkehr. Daher sind die Entwicklung sowie der Einsatz flexibler Ladesysteme für Autobatterien von wachsender Bedeutung. Induktive Ladesysteme ermöglichen das kabellose Laden mit Leistungen von bis zu einigen 101 kW (vgl. Li et al. 2015).

A variety of measures are currently being taken on both the national and international levels in order to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. The promotion of electric mobility is one such measure for the transport sector. As a key component in a more environmentally-friendly, resource-saving, and efficient transport sector, electric m...

The exposure of a human by magneto-quasistatic fields from wireless charging systems is to be determined from magnetic field measurements in near real-time. This requires a fast linear equations solver for the discrete Poisson system of the Co-Simulation Scalar Potential Finite Difference (Co-Sim. SPFD) scheme. Here, the use of the AmgX library on...

This research-to-practice work in progress paper shows an empirical and iterative evaluation model to improve e-learning content for freshmen. The application of the evaluation model makes, among others, the consideration of students' feedback feasible. The survey results presented in this paper underlines the importance of this feedback regarding...

One approach to improve the economic efficiency of trolleybuses in the so-called BOB Project in the German town of Solingen is to use them as mobile energy storages in a smart grid. To achieve this, reliable information on available energy is essential, which in turn needs to be derived from a precise range calculator. As shown in this article, veh...

The prediction of voltage behavior and capacity of lithium battery systems during their lifetime is crucial. To measure the properties of battery cells and ensure a sufficient lifetime for certain applications, extensive testing is necessary [1]. A generalized testing routine cannot cover the whole life cycle of a battery in certain applications, s...

ABSTRACT In its endeavor to conserve resources and create a more environmental-friendly agriculture, the 4th agricultural revolution now underway needs innovative methods and new technologies to achieve a more sustainable farming industry. In addition to the different methods and applications, subsumed under the term agriculture 4.0, this article f...

To ensure battery safety, enable operation optimization and improve energy management algorithms it is necessary to know the exact state of the battery at all times In this research project, a procedure will be developed to improve BMS in operation parameterisation using different measurement, modelling and cluster analysis methods, which also addr...

The characteristic transfer parameters of inductive power transfer systems highly depend on the relative position of the coils to each other. While translational offset has been investigated in the past, the effect of rotatory offset on the transfer parameters is widely unclear. This paper contains simulation results of an inductive power transfer...

This paper examines the extension and use of ultra-wideband communication for information exchange during wireless charging of electric vehicles. We utilize ultra-wideband technology, which is widely used for positioning in indoor localization and robotic applications. The main functionalities of the ultra-wideband modules are extended to allow for...

This paper presents an analysis of the sensitivity of resonance shielding in wireless power transfer systems to lateral and longitudinal misalignments by three-dimensional finite element magnetic field simulations. The resonance shielding is implemented as inductive-capacitance pairs placed in the wireless power transfer system. In addition, the ov...

The misalignment impact on wireless power transfer systems for electric vehicles with a ground assembly comprised of two transmitter coils is analyzed. Different connection configurations, single supply, in which one transmitter is independent resonant to the other, and dual supply, are addressed. Threedimensional finite element method magnetic fie...

This paper analyzes the effect of the operation frequency of an inductive charging system on the heat generation and its impact on the overall system efficiency. This is done considering the change of the material properties due to both frequency and temperature changes. The analysis is achieved using FEA modeling software ANSYS workbench. For fast...

Local public transportation is subject to a change that is becoming more and more noticeable. At the turn of the 21st century only few transportation services used environmental friendly buses. Nowadays, many companies look for a decent alternative to diesel-powered transportation systems. Cities transform into smart cities and their authorities sh...

In this paper we present a generalized geometry and design analysis to filter out the most salient parameters that have influence on the magnetic coupling coefficient and lead to a design, which is more tolerant towards misalignment, such that it provides an auxiliary guiding role in system design. A parameter correlation and sensitivity analysis a...

Inductive power transfer technology enables, eg, wireless charging of electric and hybrid vehicles. Proposed systems generally consist of at least 2 geometrically separated loosely coupled air-cored coils. The charging process at operating frequencies from 80 to 140 kHz potentially exposes humans. The computational simulation of low frequency field...

A two-step approach for the simulation of the exposure of a human body to magneto-quasistatic fields is presented. The Co-Simulation Scalar-Potential Finite Difference (SPFD) method is a calculation scheme where a distribution of the magnetic vector potential inside the biological tissues is derived from a free space magnetic source field simulatio...

For the simulation of the human exposure to magneto-quasistatic fields of inductive power transfer (IPT) systems two domain decomposition methods – the Coupled Scaled-Frequency FDTD method and the Co-Simulation Scaled-Frequency FDTD method – are presented in this paper. Using both Huygens’ principle and the Scaled-Frequency FDTD method, a two-step...

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) is the most available method to transfer the power wireless by loose coupling. Various IPT systems for electric vehicles are either under development or deployed as aftermarket options in the automotive industry. In this work, a series-series compensated inductive power transfer system for electric vehicles is present...

Electromagnetic simulations of inductive power transfer systems (IPT) potentially exposing humans contain numerical challenges due to the involved low frequencies of the charging process in addition to complex dielectric material distributions. A viable approach involves frequency scaling for these quasi-static problems. The introduction of more co...

For the simulation of human exposure to magneto-quasistatic fields the applicability of direct eddy current solvers becomes disputable with increasing scale and/or resolution of geometries. As an alternative, the Scalar-Potential Finite Difference (SPFD) approach is extended here using a tree-cotree generated vector potential.

The popularity and the sales volume of electric vehicles increased in the last years. This change in the automotive industry leads to new challenges for the training sector. Therefore, the education programs for employees in the area of motor vehicle service, rescue teams, and other relevant occupational groups need a modification for the topic e-m...

Production processes of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines suffer from manufacturing tolerances because of assembly imperfections. This causes undesired deviations in the machine's performance and behavior. In particular, the equivalent circuit parameters of the machine are affected. Therefore, the validity of the electrical parameters of a refe...

The dwindling energy resources and the compliance of international climate protection goals lead to a rethink in the automobile sector. One result of this rethink is the increasing distribution of electric vehicles in the last years. This development includes a new challenge for the training sector. For example, the implementation of a high-voltage...

Bidirectional inductive power transfer (BIPT) systems enable power transfer between stationary electricity sources and movable consumers in each direction through electromagnetic coupling. Due to its complexity, a mathematical model is required to design and to control these systems. This paper presents the mathematical analysis and the frequency-d...

Inductive power transfer (IPT) is used to transfer the high frequency power from the primary coil contactless to the secondary coil by loosely coupling. In this paper, an inductive power transfer system for electric vehicles is investigated, which allows a transmitted power up to 3 kW. A series-series compensated topology with secondary side contro...

A resonant circuit topology is generally applied in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems for electric vehicle battery charging to minimise the switching losses of IGBT. Various IPT systems under development ensure high-efficiency, if there is no misalignment. Each park process can cause high power losses due to a new resonance frequency, which oc...

Currently, the sales volume of electric vehicles is significant lower than the sales volume of conventional cars. The main reasons for this slow development are the high acquisition costs, the insufficient charging infrastructure, and the limited range of electric vehicles. The last-mentioned reason depends on many influence factors like the select...

The increasing distribution of electric vehicles causes a new challenge for the training sector. For example, the implementation of a high-voltage system into automobiles involves a new hazard potential for people, who work on electric vehicles. On the one hand, a lot of specialized training programs have already been developed in the area of acade...

Production processes of induction machines suffer from manufacturing tolerances because of assembly imperfections. This causes undesired deviations in the machine's performance and behavior. In particular, the equivalent circuit parameters of the machine are affected. Therefore, the validity of the electrical parameters of a reference machine is do...

This paper deals with the simulation of human exposure to magneto-quasistatic fields of Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems. Since the applicability of direct eddy current field solvers for such problems becomes disputable when the scale and/or the resolution of geometries increase, both the Scaled-Frequency FDTD method and the Scalar-Potential...

E-Mobility is facing a lot of obstacles nowadays, as for example the limits in the operating distance or the price difference between electric vehicles and vehicles with an internal combustion engine. This prevents many people from buying electric cars. Therefore, this paper presents a system to determine the payload of electric vehicles by measuri...

In order to save costs and volume, the torque is calculated based on a machine model instead of measuring it with a torque sensor. Thus, an accurate knowledge of the machine's electrical parameters is required for a high performance field-oriented control and torque accuracy. In this work, an innovative method is presented and developed for the onl...

Recently, interior permanent magnet synchronous machines have been discussed as a possible candidate for hybrid and electrical vehicles. These type of synchronous machines offers high efficiency and high torque by utilizing both magnetic torque and reluctance torque. The reluctance torque caused by the saliency of the machine is used to improve the...

Four basic capacitor arrangements are available to compensate the large amount of reactive power required by inductive power supply systems. This paper deals with a comparative investigation of these compensation topologies. They differ in transmission characteristic, which single parameters are strongly nonlinear dependent on operation frequency a...

In order to reduce the CO2 emission, German government's target is to achieve one million electrical cars until 2020 on the German roads. Due to the increased interest in electric vehicles, the requirements of electric traction drives regarding efficiency, power density, volume and weight continually rise. This paper presents a permanent magnet syn...

Bidirectional inductive power transfer systems allow contactless energy transfer between stationary electricity source and movable consumers (both sides) in each direction. By using this system, electric vehicles can operate as moving energy resources, able to inject electrical energy back into the power grid. Fundamentally, a mathematical model is...

Charging of batteries in electric vehicles is the subject of several recent papers, which include conductive power transmission as well as inductive power transmission. Most research has been elaborated to address the limitations of inductive power transmission (IPT). IPT is the most recognized technique for electric vehicles at which power can be...

Actually, there is a controversial discussion in automotive industry if non-contact power supply is able to avoid the disadvantages of conductive vehicle charging systems. Beside several benefits, concerning a higher charging comfort and a higher immunity against vandalism, non-contact charging systems possess the drawback of less efficiency compar...