Ben Lincoln

• Bangor University

Tidal flow past offshore wind farm (OWF) infrastructure generates a turbulent vortex wake that is hypothesised to enhance seabed stress and water column turbulence mixing, and thereby affect seabed mobility, water column stratification, the transport of nutrients and oxygen, and result in ecological impact. We collect novel hydrodynamic data 40 m f...

Seasonally stratified shelf seas are amongst the most biologically productive on the planet. A consequence is that the deeper waters can become oxygen deficient in late summer. Predictions suggest global warming will accelerate this deficiency. Here we integrate turbulence timeseries with vertical profiles of water column properties from a seasonal...

Seasonally stratified shelf seas are amongst the most biologically productive on the planet. A consequence is that the deeper waters can become oxygen deficient in late summer, with predictions that global warming will accelerate this deficiency. Here we integrate novel turbulence timeseries with vertical profiles of water column properties from a...

The offshore wind energy sector has rapidly expanded over the past two decades, providing a renewable energy solution for coastal nations. Sector development has been led in Europe, but is growing globally. Most developments to date have been in well-mixed, i.e., unstratified, shallow-waters near to shore. Sector growth is, for the first time, push...

Plain Language Summary Microscopic algae, growing in the sunlit surface layer of the ocean, provide food for other species and form the basis of the ecosystem. In the Arctic Ocean, their growth is limited by the availability of nutrients. The main source of these nutrients are waters entering from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. These nutrient‐ric...

The offshore wind energy sector has rapidly expanded over the past two decades, providing a renewable energy solution for coastal nations. Sector development has been led in Europe, but is growing globally. Most developments to date have been in well-mixed, i.e. unstratified, shallow-waters near to shore. Sector growth is, for the first time, pushi...

The Arctic Ocean is located at the North Pole, sometimes considered the top of the world. Yet this ocean has been called an “upside-down” ocean by famous oceanographer Fridtjof Nansen. Around most of the globe, the surface ocean is warmed by the sun and loses freshwater through evaporation, making it warmer and saltier than the waters below. In the...

The cruise KH 2018-709 aboard the Research Vessel Kronprins Haakon was the second process cruise of the project the Nansen Legacy. The cruise contributed to task T1-2, on process studies to investigate the atmospheric, oceanographic, radiative and other physical controls on sea ice and stratification, with a general aim to identify and quantify the...

Receding seasonal sea ice extent over the Arctic Ocean is increasing access to what was a largely inaccessible region. At lower latitudes the complex vertical current structure associated with large amplitude, high frequency non-linear internal waves, sometimes referred to as solitons, present a significant challenge to the safe engineering design...

The tides are a major source of the kinetic energy supporting turbulent mixing in the global oceans. The prime mechanism for the transfer of tidal energy to turbulent mixing results from the interaction between topography and stratified tidal flow, leading to the generation of freely propagating internal waves at the period of the forcing tide. How...

Recent seasonal Arctic Ocean sea-ice retreat is a major indicator of polar climate change. The Arctic Ocean is generally quiescent with the interior basins characterised by low levels of turbulent mixing at intermediate depths. In contrast, under conditions of reduced sea-ice cover, there is evidence of energetic internal waves that have been attri...

Inertial Oscillations are a ubiquitous feature of the surface ocean. Here we combine new observations with a numerical model to investigate the role of inertial oscillations in driving deepening of the surface mixed layer in a seasonally stratified sea. Observations of temperature and current structure, from a mooring in the Western Irish Sea, reve...

The largest oceanic heat input to the Arctic Ocean results from inflowing Atlantic water. This inflowing water is warmer than it has been in the past 2,000 years. Yet the fate of this heat remains uncertain, partly because the water is relatively saline, and thus dense: it therefore enters the Arctic Ocean at intermediate depths and is separated fr...

A key parameter in determining the exchange of CO2 across the ocean-atmosphere interface is the sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2). Temperate seasonally stratified shelf seas represent a significant sink for atmospheric CO2. Here an analytical model is used to quantify the impact of vertical mixing across the seasonal thermocline...

Measurements with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) and a thermistor string were used to investigate the seasonal variation of internal seiches in a 5-km-long temperate lake and the dissipation induced by the seiches in the bottom boundary layer. Velocity data, from a bottom-mounted 1.2-MHz ADCP were analyzed by cross-spectral analysis to...

The hydrophilicity of pedal mucus trails deposited by marine snails influences the settlement of other organisms and can potentially influence the trailing and homing mechanisms of terrestrial snails. The composition of pedal mucus deposited as a trail on a solid substrate by the giant African land snail (Achatina marginata) has been probed non-inv...