Bart N Green

• DC MSEd
• Provider at Scripps Health Inpatient Providers Medical Group

This Practice Analysis serves as a critical component in the development of valid and reliable assessment tools for licensure and certification within the professional field of chiropractic care. This analysis is instrumental to ensuring the validity of licensure examinations by systematically identifying, documenting, and analyzing the core compet...

Objective This scoping review aimed to map the volume (number of studies) and nature (topics and designs) of chiropractic education research and scholarly publications on chiropractic learners and programs worldwide. Introduction Despite the expansion of the chiropractic profession and its recognition by entities such as the World Health Organizat...

Objective The objective of this scoping review is to map the volume and nature (topics, study designs, regions) of chiropractic education research relating to chiropractic learners and programs worldwide. Introduction Education of the health workforce is critical to reach population health goals. Chiropractic educational programs are expanding glo...

Introduction The increasing prevalence of coexisting health conditions poses a challenge to healthcare providers and healthcare systems. Spinal pain (eg, neck and back pain) and spinal pathologies (eg, osteoporotic fractures and degenerative spinal disease) exist concurrently with other non-spinal health conditions (NSHC). However, the scope of wha...

Spinal pain and chronic health conditions are highly prevalent, burdensome, and costly conditions, both in the United States and globally. Using cross-sectional data from the 2016 through 2018 National Health Interview Survey (n = 26,926), we explored associations between spinal pain and chronic health conditions and investigated the influence that...

Objective The purpose of this article is to describe the contents of an education descriptive report and to provide a useful publication format for educators in the health professions. Discussion The education descriptive report is a pragmatic, empirical study that can contribute to the literature. Education descriptive reports describe an event o...

Objective The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth of chiropractic education globally and a chronological list of current training programs. Another purpose is to provide exemplars of enduring programs and offer suggestions for how chiropractic practitioners may celebrate education on Chiropractic Day, which is September...

Objective The purpose of this scoping review was to identify information about telehealth and rehabilitation for the evaluation and management of musculoskeletal disorders, patient satisfaction, cost, and access as may be applicable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We searched MEDLINE for studies published between January 1, 2000, and June 1,...

Objective The purpose of this article is to provide an essential overview of chiropractic services in United States military and veterans’ health care systems. Methods We reviewed literature, legislation, and policies from 1936 through September 2021 pertaining to chiropractic services in the United States military and veterans’ health systems. Us...

Objective This is the third paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose...

Objective This paper is the eighth in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpos...

Objective This is the seventh paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpo...

Objective This is the fifth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpo...

Objective This is the sixth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpo...

This paper provides the authors' introduction to Looking Back: A Historical Review of the Lawsuit That Transformed the Chiropractic Profession, which is a series of papers that reviews events surrounding the federal antitrust lawsuit Wilk v American Medical Association. Information in this series describes the events before, during, and after the l...

Objective This paper is the first in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose...

Objective This is the fourth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit, in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The pur...

Objective This paper is the second in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated anti-trust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpo...

In this paper we pay homage to Dr Alan H. Adams, who was born on November 3, 1945, and passed away on December 26, 2020. An early adopter of problem-based learning and evidence-based medicine, he contributed substantially to improving chiropractic education, research, and developing an evidence-based practice mindset for chiropractic practice. Peop...

Objective The purpose of this report is to record noteworthy events that occurred during the early years of chiropractic in the United States Military Health System (MHS). Methods We used mixed methods to create this historical account, including documents, artifacts, research papers, and reports from personal experiences. Results Chiropractic ca...

Objective The purpose of this paper is to describe the rapid deployment of telehealth, particularly real time video conference, for chiropractic services as a response to COVID-19. Methods Two health centers at 2 campuses of a large California corporation have chiropractic care integrated into physical medicine services. Care was suspended beginni...

Objective The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has strained all levels of healthcare and it is not known how chiropractic practitioners have responded to this crisis. The purpose of this report is to describe responses by a sample of chiropractors during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We used a qualitative-construct...

Objective Many countries require examinations as a gateway to chiropractic licensure; however, the relevance of these exams to the profession has not been explored. The purposes of this study were to analyze perceptions of international stakeholders about chiropractic qualifying examinations (CQEs), observe if their beliefs were in alignment with t...

Qualifying examinations are important in defining healthcare occupations as professions. Although the chiropractic profession has a long history of developing and improving its qualifying examinations, this information has not been well documented in the peer-reviewed literature and publicly available documents. The public expects to see evidence t...

Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide a historical summary of the National Chiropractic Antitrust Committee (NCAC), a nonprofit organization that provided needed support for the Wilk et al v American Medical Association et al lawsuit, considered to be one of the most important legal cases in the history of the chiropractic professio...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop recommendations for prevention interventions for spinal disorders that could be delivered globally, but especially in underserved areas and in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We extracted risk factors, associations, and comorbidities of common spinal disorders (e.g., back and neck pain...

Purpose The purpose of this report is to describe the development of a list of resources necessary to implement a model of care for the management of spine-related concerns anywhere in the world, but especially in underserved communities and low- and middle-income countries. Methods Contents from the Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) Classificat...

Purpose: Spinal disorders, including back and neck pain, are major causes of disability, economic hardship, and morbidity, especially in underserved communities and low- and middle-income countries. Currently, there is no model of care to address this issue. This paper provides an overview of the papers from the Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI)...

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe the development of an evidence-based care pathway that can be implemented globally. Methods: The Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) care pathway development team extracted interventions recommended for the management of spinal disorders from six GSCI articles that synthesized the available evid...

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe the Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) contributors, disclosures, and methods for reporting transparency on the development of the recommendations. Methods: World Spine Care convened the GSCI to develop an evidence-based, practical, and sustainable healthcare model for spinal care. The initiati...

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe the development of a classification system that would apply to anyone with a spine-related concern and that can be used in an evidence-based spine care pathway. Methods: Existing classification systems for spinal disorders were assembled. A seed document was developed through round-table discuss...

Purpose: Spine-related disorders are a leading cause of global disability and are a burden on society and to public health. Currently, there is no comprehensive, evidence-based model of care for spine-related disorders, which includes back and neck pain, deformity, spine injury, neurological conditions, spinal diseases, and pathology, that could b...

Acknowledgments to the peer reviewers for the journal and those who have participated in contributing scholarly works pertaining to chiropractic education are presented in this editorial.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Spinal disorders contribute to the global burden of disease and are especially burdensome for medically underserved communities and low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). A model of care (MoC) that could be implemented in these regions may help to relieve this burden. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a MoC for...

Objective The purpose of this review was to identify risk factors, prognostic factors, and comorbidities associated with common spinal disorders. Methods A scoping review of the literature of common spinal disorders was performed through September 2016. To identify search terms, we developed 3 terminology groups for case definitions: 1) spinal pai...

Search strategy used for the literature search. (DOCX)

Risk factors, associations, and comorbidities for spinal syndromes. (DOCX)

Risk factors and comorbidities for spinal tuberculosis. (DOCX)

PRISMA checklist for the reporting of this literature review. (DOC)

Risk factors, associations, and comorbidities for neck pain. (DOCX)

Risk factors, associations, and comorbidities for arthritic spinal disorders. (DOCX)

Risk factors, associations, and comorbidities for low back pain. (DOCX)

Risk factors, associations, and comorbidities for traumatic spinal disorders. (DOCX)

Risk factors, associations, and comorbidities for metabolic spinal disorders. (DOCX)

Risk factors, associations, and comorbidities for congenital spinal disorders. (DOCX)

This editorial discusses the recent inclusion of the Journal of Chiropractic Education in Scopus and places this accomplishment in context of the growth of the journal over the past 12 years. New open access reference cross-linking is also introduced.

Objective: To determine if U.S. female veterans had demonstrable improvements in neck pain after chiropractic management at a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of medical records from female veterans attending a VA chiropractic clinic for neck pain from 2009 to 2015. Paired t-tests were used...

This editorial acknowledges the editorial board and peer reviewers for the journal and discusses the increased dissemination of scholarly work pertaining to chiropractic education and participation.

Objective Back pain is more prevalent in the obese, but whether back pain severity is directly correlated to obesity in veterans is unknown. We sought to determine if there was a correlation between body composition and low back pain severity in a sample of veterans. The hypothesis was that veterans with higher body mass index values would report h...

Purpose: Back pain is the leading cause of global years lived with disability. This cross-sectional study assessed if a greater exposure to smoking cigarettes was associated with a greater prevalence of back pain. Methods: This study examined data from 34,525 United States adults from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. Analyses assessed the...

This editorial discusses the indexing systems that include the Journal of Chiropractic Education, reflects on the increased international participation in chiropractic education scholarly meetings and peer review, and acknowledges the editorial board and peer reviewers for the journal.

This literature review examined studies that described practice, utilization, and policy of chiropractic services within military and veteran health care environments. A systematic search of Medline, CINAHL, and Index to Chiropractic Literature was performed from inception through April 2015. Thirty articles met inclusion criteria. Studies reportin...

The chiropractic profession developed outside mainstream medicine in the late 1890s and consequently evolved a unique lexicon and approach to health care. Historically, early chiropractors hypothesized that if the nervous system was functioning properly, then tissues of the body that were influenced by nerves would have a greater chance to heal and...

Interprofessional collaboration occurs when 2 or more professions work together to achieve common goals and is often used as a means for solving a variety of problems and complex issues. The benefits of collaboration allow participants to achieve together more than they can individually, serve larger groups of people, and grow on individual and org...

Objective: Understanding why people choose to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) over other therapies contributes to knowledge about public health, safety, and prevention. Therefore, we investigated motivators, recommendations, and information sources for common provider-based CAM therapies. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the 2...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine which complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies are most commonly used in the United States, identify most common conditions presented, and if patients perceived that these therapies helped the condition. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the 2012 National Health Inter...

Objective The purpose of this paper is to present a case of a patient with neck pain, tinnitus, and headache in the setting of bilateral elongated styloid processes (ESP) and calcified stylohyoid ligaments (CSL), how knowledge of this anatomical variation and symptomatic presentation affected the rehabilitation management plan for this patient, and...

Objective This article discusses the need for theoretical foundations in epidemiological research of musculoskeletal conditions and suggests the use of biopsychosocial theory when designing epidemiological studies. The association between smoking and back pain is used as an example. Discussion Theory-driven musculoskeletal epidemiologic research i...

Objective Concussion is a common sporting injury that may be seen by doctors of chiropractic and should be managed following current practice guidelines. The purpose of this abstract is to present a literature review on chiropractic management of concussion in sport and to discuss current guidelines. Methods A review of the literature was performe...

Background: Smoking is a common but harmful health behavior amongst Americans. Back pain is a musculoskeletal problem with a lifetime prevalence of 80%. This study reviewed the literature to determine if there is evidence to support an exposure/outcome relationship between smoking and back pain. Methods: PubMed, ProQuest and the Networked Digital L...

Objective This study developed consensus for a planning document to prepare public health related projects for the APHA Chiropractic Health Care Section (CHC). Methods Twenty-two members participated in this Delphi process. The first open-ended questionnaire identified public health issues important to the CHC. The second survey summarized topics...

This editorial introduces new developments with the Journal of Chiropractic Education that will help the journal fulfill its mission more effectively. Recent improvements include a website upgrade, early online posting of accepted and edited papers, "in press" citations in PubMed, a new electronic web-based manuscript submission and peer-review sys...

Background: Musculoskeletal conditions cause a substantial public health burden on the US population. Arthritis affects 20 per cent of the population and an estimated 60 million Americans will be affected by arthritis by 2020. Arthritis is a potential cause of physical inactivity, which is associated with chronic diseases (obesity, cardiovascular d...

Objective: In the US, of 1.7 million people with traumatic brain injury (TBI), 52,000 die and 275,000 are hospitalized annually. Approximately 75% of TBIs are concussions or mild TBI. Concussion is a common sport injury that may be seen by doctors of chiropractic and should be managed following current practice guidelines. The purpose of this abstr...

Background: Back pain is a common musculoskeletal problem with a lifetime prevalence of 80%. Several studies have demonstrated an association between back pain and smoking, revealing smoking as one of few potentially modifiable back pain risk factors. While associations between smoking and back pain have been made, few studies have tested causal hy...

The purpose of this collaborative summary is to document current chiropractic involvement in the public health movement, reflect on social ecological levels of influence as a profession, and summarize the relationship of chiropractic to the current public health topics of: safety, health issues through the lifespan, and effective participation in c...

As the diversity of the United States (US) population continues to change, concerns about minority health and health disparities grow. Health professions must evolve to meet the needs of the population. The purpose of this editorial is to review current trends in the diversity of chiropractic students, faculty, and practitioners in the United State...

Objective: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with difficult-to-treat infections and high levels of morbidity. Manual practitioners work in environments where MRSA is a common acquired infection. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical overview of MRSA as it applies to the manual therapy professions (eg,...

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a term used to denote strains of S. aureus that have developed resistance to the drug methicillin and other antibiotics. MRSA has emerged as the most common cause of severe nosocomial infections in many countries and is associated with difficult to treat skin, blood, and respirator...

Background: The landscape of research and publication continues to evolve. What was acceptable publication practice 20 years ago may no longer be acceptable by today's standards. Researchers and authors must remain up to date with their knowledge of current publication norms. Objective: This presentation provides a description of current trends in...

Background: Public health in chiropractic is a developing domain. To build a body of literature and include publications in public health education for the chiropractic profession, it is essential that this literature is retrievable using search engines such as PubMed. Objective: This study provides a descriptive analysis of the PubMed search resul...

Background: The social ecological model (SEM) addresses public health issues using a systems approach. The SEM has five levels of influence, which include: intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational/environmental, community, and policy. Although chiropractic is the third largest health care profession in the United States, the focus has tended to...

Musculoskeletal complaints, most notably low back pain (LBP), are prevalent among veterans. Despite a focus on LBP management by chiropractors within the Veterans Health Administration, limited published accounts detail clinical outcomes with chiropractic management of LBP among veterans. This was a retrospective case series of 171 veterans with a...

The Journal of Chiropractic Education celebrates its 25th anniversary in the year 2011. The purpose of this article is to chronicle the history of the journal, which is unreported at this time. The entire collection of the journal was reviewed and information pertaining to important events and changes in the format, personnel, and processes of the...

The purpose of this study was to report demographic characteristics, chiropractic treatment methods and frequency, and clinical outcomes for chiropractic management of neck pain in a sample of veteran patients. This is a retrospective case series of 54 veterans with a chief complaint of neck pain who received chiropractic care through a Veterans He...

Escalating prevalence estimates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among recently returning Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) veterans highlight the need for early detection and management for reducing chronic mental illness and disability. Because PTSD and chronic pain are common comorbid conditions among veterans,...

Established during 20th century America's period of individualism and capitalism and lead by charismatic individuals for most of its existence, the chiropractic profession has struggled to define itself. As evidenced by the lack of literature about social justice and chiropractic, the profession has spent little energy participating in the dialog o...

Objective: To provide evidence-based guidelines regarding the appropriateness of physical activity (PA) for those with scoliosis. Design: Systematic review of the literature followed by consensus panel recommendations. Methods: A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, Index to Chiropractic Literature, and the National Guidelines Clearinghouse fro...

Objective: To describe health care programs for underserved communities provided by chiropractic educational institutions. Methods: Thirty-six international chiropractic educational institutions were invited to answer an email survey: Does your clinic system or clinical educational environment offer free chiropractic health care to local communit...

When the American Medical Association (AMA) began in 1847, one of its primary intentions was to improve medical education.1 At this time there was disagreement among both educators and practitioners as to how medical doctors should be taught and how diplomas should be granted. Some argued that the course of medical education, which weighed heavily...

Social justice in public health involves the process and product of a community acting to fairly distribute advantages and burdens to improve the health of its population and to reasonably take care of the disadvantaged. Although publications are available about chiropractic public health history, programs, and policy, the potential role of chiropr...

Non-radicular neck pain arising from local musculoskeletal structures, known as mechanical neck pain or somatic dysfunction, is highly prevalent in the fighter jet aviator population. The management of this problem includes both therapeutic and aeromedical decisions. In addition to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, waiver guides recommen...

To describe and discuss the processes used to write scholarly book reviews for publication in peer-reviewed journals and to provide a recommended strategy and book appraisal worksheet to use when conducting book reviews. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Index to Chiropractic Literature was conducted in June 2009 using a combi...

This editorial presents a brief description of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges Educational Conference and Research Agenda Conference, the components of the conference, and long range goals of the peer-review committee.

Objective: It is commonly thought that chiropractic care for older adults may result in adverse effects, such as fracture. This study analyzes the literature indexed in PubMed that includes the term fractures associated with chiropractic care or spinal manipulation in older adults. Methods: A PubMed search from 1984 to February 2009 was performed...

Introduction: The inclusion of chiropractic services into the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical facilities is the most systematic and wide spread example of the integration of chiropractic care in the United States. While both the DoD and VA are federal health care systems, there are many differences in the...

The purpose of this study is to describe the musculoskeletal rehabilitation model used to care for combat and severely wounded or ill US military service members at an integrated Comprehensive Combat and Complex Casualty Care center located at Naval Medical Center San Diego. Through a collaborative and iterative process, providers from the various...