Barbara Sawicka

University of Life Sciences in Lublin · Department of Plant Production Technology and Commodity Sciences

Streptomyces scabies is a worldwide disease that affects marketing, which affects the quality of tubers due to the superficial and deeper lesions that occur on the surface of the potato. Common Parch (Streptomyces scabies) is one of the top five of potato diseases. It is considered the most frequent disease factor. The two diseases (black leg and common scab) are a serious problem for potato growers in Europe and Africa, especially in recent years. The chemical control strategies used against bacterial diseases are theoretically based on the temporary elimination of the pathogen or through unfavorable environmental conditions for the development of the disease. The control of the disease is reduced after the disease has started due to the rapid multiplication and rapid spread of bacteria and the inability of chemical substances to penetrate internal tissues. The antimicrobial effectiveness of copper compounds depends more on the ability of copper compounds to retain on the surface of the plant rather than on their concentration or number of applications. The biostatic effect of copper makes it difficult to grow bacteria on the treated surface. Copper causes some changes in protein structures of fungi and bacteria that lead to disruption of protein function; this effect is aggressive especially in moist media. The fungicide cymoxanil had the potential to fight the late blight, as did the other pathogens of the Oomycetes and black dandruff in the potato. The basic mode of action of cymoxanil is still unclear, but has a secondary effect on the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Phosphoric acid (H3PO3) products such as Aliette and Phostrol act as fungicides, breaking metabolic processes and have been used worldwide to control downy mildew of grapevine and vegetable plants. Metalaxyl is a systemic fungicide that specifically inhibits RNA synthesis of certain fungal species. It is used to control diseases caused by fungi of Peronosporales carried by air and soil. Dimetomorph is a systemic fungicide against fungi belonging to Peronosporaceae and the genus Phytophthora. Sterol biosynthesis inhibits fungal cells through demethylation inhibitory fungicides (DMI). Fungicides from the group of ethylenebisydiocarbamates (mancozeb, maneb and metiram) decompose to cyanide, which reacts with thiol compounds in the cell and disrupts sulfhydryl groups. Mefenoxam (metalaxyl isomer) is a fungicide and causes selective inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis. There are many compounds, such as antibiotics, inorganic and organic salts tested separately or in combinations to reduce infection by Pectobacterium spp. And Dickey spp. Potato tubers. Antibiotic treatments prior to planting have led to a promising reduction in the incidence of blackleg, but intensive use is dangerous due to induced resistance in some bacterial pathogens of humans or animals. The presence of competing bacteria in wounds and vessels provides them with good protection. The use of gaseous germicides (chlorine), which may be more effective, is made more difficult by the fact that their penetration into tubers is weak and can be toxic to plants. The cultivation of disease-free tubers and soil treatments would reduce the infection caused by the pathogen living in the soil. The two main strategies to combat ordinary scab are the freedom to harvest tubers with scabs and use chemicals. A wide range of chemical compounds, such as mercury compounds, hot formaldehyde, copper sulphate, boric acid, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, metiram, captan, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, flusulphamide, fenpichlonil and antibiotics to combat the common arachnid were historically used and evaluated. Mercury salts, copper salts and boric acid have proven effective in treating seed tubers, but are unacceptable for a variety of reasons. Mancozeb, fluazinam, flusulphamide and fenpiclonil were promising in the treatment of tubers for seed purposes. However, soil sprinkling treatments such as formaldehyde, urea, formaldehyde, manganese sulfate and pentachlorobenzene have generally been unsatisfactory.

Sustainable development is a concept that often appears in the development strategies of municipalities, provinces and regions. The most important assumption of sustainable development is socio-economic development leading to civilizational progress and economic development at the maximum limiting the adverse impact on the natural environment. Sustainable development is a series of activities aimed at balancing socio-economic needs with the need to protect the environment and natural resources, fair access to natural resources and optimal use of renewable and non-renewable resources of the environment. The assumptions of sustainable development, also known as sustainable development, can also be found in the development strategy of the European Union countries. Areas where the implementation and maintenance of eco-development principles is particularly important are rural areas where human management is directly dependent on environmental resources. On the EU territory, we can observe growing interest in rural tourism as the main form of rural tourism. The number of agritourism farms is dynamically increasing, as is the number of jobs created on these farms. The offer of agritourism farms is enriched with new and encouraging active and passive services every year vacation in the countryside. In recent years, there has been an intensive development of the ecotourism offer, which often complements agritourism. The aim of ecotourism is to learn about and admire areas of natural value, to preserve the harmony of natural ecosystems and the cultural identity of local communities, provide financial resources, effectively protect the value of natural and cultural heritage and bring real economic and social benefits to the local population. Ecotourism usually takes place in small groups with a precisely defined profile of interest or is a form of family tourism. During ecotourism expeditions, the tourist uses mainly the accommodation and catering facilities available on the premises of agritourism and eco-tourism farms, placing great emphasis on the opportunity to learn the specificity of both in terms of nature and culture. An important role for agrotourism is played by the possibility active rest, contact with culture and regional tradition, guide services offered on farms. One of the types of tourist product that enjoys great interest is the educational offer targeted at school children and youth. These products fit perfectly into the canon of ecotourism. Farms that have elements of active and educational tourism in their offer record a significant increase in the number of tourists visiting, which was associated with the increase in income derived from tourism and allowed for further expansion of the offer of farms. An interesting trend is the creation of family tourism companies on the basis of already existing agro and ecotourism farms.

Potato tubers contain 0.5-2.0% of minerals, such as: potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, sodium, chlorine, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, iodine and others. Potatoes are particularly rich in potassium, which affects the ionic and water management of the body. 200 g of potato covers up to 30% of the daily demand for this element. When boiling potato tubers in water, the loss of potassium reaches up to 33% of its content. These losses do not occur in the case of baking a potato. The consumption of potato in the amount of 200 g partially covers the body's demand for molybdenum (up to 100%), iodine (20%), chromium (50%), selenium (20%), fluorine (15%), magnesium (15%), iron ( 15%), copper (12%) and phosphorus (12%). When cooking potatoes there are some losses of these elements that go to the broth. Potato tubers contain the following amounts of vitamins, in 100 g of fresh weight: vitamin C (19.7 mg), vitamin B1 - 0.08 mg, B2 (0.032 mg), B6 ​​(0.295 mg), PP (1.054 mg); carotenoids, pantothenic acid (0.296 mg), folic acid (16 μg), vitamin E (0.01 mg), vitamin K (1.9 μg). Due to the fact that in the statistical diet of the Pole, the potato is often and in large quantities - it is an important source, or in the case of vitamin C, the main source. 200 g of potato covers the daily requirement of an adult human body for vitamin C - in about 50%, B6 - in 25%, and other vitamins - in 10-15%. Most of the vitamins contained in potatoes are water-soluble, so potatoes should be peeled immediately before the heat treatment, which should last as short as possible, and boiled in a small amount of salted water to reduce the loss of nutrients. Its amount in raw tubers is 5.7 mg · 100 g-1, while in baked potatoes - 12.8 mg · 100 g-1. The content of this vitamin in tubers in European countries ranges from 6.04 to 30.0 mg. 100 g-1 of fresh weight. Vitamin C is the most powerful antioxidant, a water-soluble antioxidant that also plays an important role in neutralizing the activity of free radicals that arise mainly during frying, smoking and storage. Antioxidants contained in potato can be used in the treatment of cancer, inflammation and pain, as well as in the treatment of bacterial and viral diseases.

 

With extensive research in the area of nutrition and diet some important conclusion have been drawn, such as, all starches are not the same in their effects on blood glucose and lipids and all starches are not completely digested. We have learned that the indigestible carbohydrates by humans are not just neutral bulking agents in “foods”, but have important physiologic effects, and even contribute energy to the diet. Starch is the main source of glucose in the diet for the rapid development of children. Starches from different crops naturally differ in their molecular structure and properties. Cooking, processing and storage can change their molecular properties and affect their digestibility and functionality. Starch digestion is affected by susceptibility to α-amylase and α-glucosidase (maltase), and susceptibility is determined by the granular structure of starch and glucan structures, as well as the interaction between starch and other food ingredients. In addition the starch is given as complementary feeding of young children in many cultures. Starch or modified starch is used in special formulas for baby foods or supplements. Although indigestible starch does not provide much energy, it can have a positive effect on the health. However, knowledge in all these areas is far from complete. In addition, there is unresolved controversy about how to define and how to measure indigestible carbohydrates and starch (dietary fibre, DF), DF was defined in 1953 by Hipsley as non-digestible constituents of plant cell walls however, and later many modifications were brought out to satisfy their structure – function relationship. And finally, Codex Alimentarius Commission defined DF as Dietary fiber means carbohydrate polymers with ≥10 monomeric units, which are not hydrolyzed by the endogenous enzymes in the small intestine of humans (4-6). Understanding the relationships between the compositions of raw food materials, the effects of processing on their structures and interactions, and their behaviour in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are crucial for elucidating the relationships between diet and health. The aim of the review is to discuss the importance of dietary fiber and starch and their role in the prevention and management of selected civilization diseases based on a review of the latest availabe literature

In the studies on the potato varieties there was a highly significant (P <0.01) variability among the tested varieties in terms of total starch content. The potato genotype has a significant effect on the total starch content in potato tubers. Significant differences in the total starch content of tubers among potato varieties can be attributed to varietal differences, and the concentration and desirable functional properties of starch can be obtained by selecting a potato variety. Potato varieties with a starch content of 13% and higher are preferred for tubers processed into preserved products. The content of crude protein is also significantly associated with the varieties. The lowest content of raw protein in the fresh weight of tubers is usually about 1.65% and the highest 1.9-2.1%. This variability of protein content in potato varieties may occur due to varietal differences. The crude protein (N × 6,25) in tubers constitutes about 2% of fresh mass, which makes up about 10% of dry matter, but the content of crude protein varies significantly depending on the genotype and growth condition of potato plants.

In the ecological distribution system, the application of non-chemical methods of weed control (thermal and mechanical) combined with the application of biological preparations improves soil structure, increases the number of earthworms in the soil and reduces CO2 emissions from the soil; however, these practices reduce the enzymatic activity of the soil. In turn, inter-row cultivation and the use of biological preparations in winter oilseed rape, provides a reduction in weed seedlings in the autumn and spring, a reduction in weeds in the field before harvest and high efficiency. The application of weed management methods by thermal and mechanical methods and the use of biological preparations causes a reduction in the number of rape plants in the autumn, in comparison with the use of self-regulating methods of weed infestation; however, plants show better post-winter survivability and are characterized by higher productivity

Daily brushing of teeth is the basis of oral hygiene and maintaining the teeth in a correct condition. Choosing the right toothpaste is therefore crucial, especially for children. Their selection, the range is currently very wide and you can choose a product that will be tailored to the needs of each consumer. Particular attention should be paid to people suffering from hypersensitivity to teeth and gums. Many pastes have a soothing and soothing effect, so using them should bring a lot of relief. It is also worth paying more attention to the selection of toothpaste for children. These, in addition to hygienic properties, should also have a taste adapted for children, so that they are more likely to brush their teeth and do not treat it as an unpleasant duty.

Mycotoxins cause a loss of seed quality and pose a threat in the food chain. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxins are the most common and most important mycotoxins, especially in maize. Aflatoxins, produced as a secondary metabolite by two species of fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are considered the most dangerous group of mycotoxins, because they increase the risk of liver cancer and affect the growth in young children. About 4.5 billion people are exposed to aflatoxins in developing countries due to food contamination. High concentrations of aflatoxin can lead to aflatoxicosis, which can cause serious illness and even death [63]. Penicillium verrucosum (ochratoxin), the main mycotoxin mildew commonly found in humid and cool climates (eg in Northern Europe), and Aspergillus flavus is most commonly observed in temperate and tropical climates. Mold during storage damages the seeds and also limits their germination. It also worsens the quality of grain with an increased content of fatty acids and a reduced content of starch and sugar. Lipid peroxidation is another phenomenon that causes deterioration of foods, changes taste and smell and may cause undesirable effects on human health. High oil content grades and varieties require special attention during storage, because high levels of moisture cause the degradation of vegetable oil and produce fatty acids, which sometimes also causes the seeds to self-heat. In developing countries, even rodents can damage a large part of the crop, while mushrooms can be the main reason for spoiling seeds when stored at high relative humidity. The use of professional storage structures and proper handling of seeds can reduce storage losses to less than 1%

The most important changes in the new cosmetics act are: - Introduction - what is a cosmetic product, definitions, borderline products - changes in the Act on cosmetic products relative to Regulation EC / 1223/2009 - changes in the manufacturer's obligations, documentation, registration of the cosmetic product - changes in the duties of distributors - penalties - the main threats resulting from the new law. - changes in the labeling of a cosmetic product as the first information to be checked - marketing declarations and cosmetics advertising; - side effects and how to react to them. - changes in marketing declarations

In reference to the safety of cosmetics (and the actions of individual substances contained in them), we pay attention to choose the cosmetics that are the most natural and do not succumb to advertisements, prompting us to buy more and more new products.

The greatest guarantee of safety is provided by ecological cosmetics and pharmacy dermocosmetics. For example, a cream, balsam, shampoo or peeling can be replaced with dermatological cosmetics. Many companies put on the packaging of their products the terms "ECO", "Bio", "100% natural", etc., but sometimes it is only a marketing gimmick. Therefore, the composition of cosmetics should be checked (INCI markings, fine print on the packaging) and avoid those that contain a mix: synthetic fragrances ("parfume", "fragrance"), preservatives (especially with a tip - parabens), silicones, paraffin, oil mineral (mineral oil, petrolatum), substance with the TEA designation (it has nothing to do with the tea extract!) - it's triethanolamine (it can cause allergic reactions, dries the skin).

General education and university-level education is the most important national investment, guaranteeing a safe and prosperous future for each country in the family of the nations of the world. In order for the social effort incurred for the development of education not to be wasted, it is necessary to clearly formulate the basic objectives of national education, and then to ensure that they are as soon as possible and best achieved. The basic goals and tasks of education can be synthetized in several points below:

Education in the school system and outside it should:

 Provide knowledge necessary for active and creative participation in the life of the contemporary world;

 To shape values ​​important for the successful functioning of a free, democratic society, such as tolerance, respect for rights, including minority rights, love for freedom, a sense of solidarity, shape the image and respect for the common good;

 Develop a sense of social bond and patriotism;

 Teach in a properly balanced way the skills of combining active cooperation and harmonious cooperation at work, in the family and local communities with the ability to choose and set their own goals and their implementation. It should teach responsibility to yourself and to account for your actions before others.

Modern agriculture has departed from the traditional farming system by intensifying plant production, causing unilateral depletion of soil from nutrients, an increase in pests and increasing the infectious pressure of diseases. In turn, the simplification of farming and the use of heavy agricultural machinery has led to soil compaction. Intensive application of mineral fertilizers, artificial growth regulators, pesticides, and on the other hand, reduced use of natural fertilizers, limits the physico-chemical and microbiological properties of the soil and contributes to a significant reduction in organic matter content in the soil. Soil fertility, in addition to the organic matter content, which is the main indicator of soil quality, depends on various life forms, from bacteria, fungi, insects, earthworms, nematodes, to mammals. Therefore, for several decades, effective microorganisms have been introduced into cultivation, the so-called EM, for which there is hope that they can meet the requirements of integrated pest management and can be an alternative to synthetic fertilizers as well as conventional plant protection products. Effective microorganisms, which are a mixture of naturally occurring microorganisms (mainly lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinuminum, photosynthetic bacteria and some fungi), are used in connection with the relationship to improve soil quality, increase the resistance of crop plants to pathogens and increase their yield, especially in organic production system.

Independent scientific discipline should be characterized by its own methods and a clearly marked research area. The question about the methodological status of the science of communication must imply a question about the subject of its reflection. The analysis of basic attempts at the theoretical approach to communication allows us to conclude that there is a definite need to undertake theoretical considerations regarding communication studies. The starting point should be the characteristics of terminological chaos inside learning about communication and a question about the legitimacy of identifying it with communication will be asked. This will allow you to ask about the problem to determine the area of ​​research and present the basic problems resulting from the specifics of the attitude of researchers from individual countries. The issue of the status of communication science can be presented in relation to the considerations Robert T. Craig, Richard L. Lanigan, or Wolfgang Donsbach. What is the attempt to answer the question: what is the science of communication dealing with / should be?

Innovation in macroeconomic terms is perceived as a driving force of the economy and an important factor of its development, while from the point of view of an enterprise it is treated as an opportunity to strengthen its offer and market position. Tourism is the field of socio-economic life based primarily on values natural features of tourist attractions, as well as on proper tourism development. Is there a place for innovation here? One can definitely say that space for innovative solutions it is huge, especially in the areas related to the creation and improvement of tourist products and the wider service of tourists. A possible approach to the promotion of tourism products and regions, which emphasizes innovation in the foreground instead of - as in traditional terms - values and tourist attractions.

Sustainable agriculture is an alternative concept regarding the way of farming and a less extreme form of intensive farming. The main idea of ​​this concept is to maximize profits from cultivation and breeding, and at the same time take care of the future not only of itself, but also of future generations. That is why it combines the use of the latest technologies and technologies with broadly understood ecology, both on a micro and macro scale.

 This concept was developed over 40 years ago, and its assumption was to achieve economic development without losing to the natural environment. The intense development of technology, which began at the end of the nineteenth century, caused large losses to the environment, deepened by the destruction of many ecosystems through armed conflicts and ecological disasters. That is why, at the end of the 20th century, the idea of ​​unlimited progress began to be abandoned without weighing down environmental costs, which resulted in, among others, developing a concept of sustainable agriculture.

Sustainable agriculture assumes that man-made changes in the environment should be balanced with the rate of renewal of ecosystems. This idea is based on several principles, such as:

- The intensity of exploitation of resources available in the environment can not exceed the rate of their renewal

The amount of pollutants delivered to the environment should not be greater than the absorption capacity of the environment, i.e. the ability to self-absorb, process or neutralize them.

- The supply of substances to the environment must be compatible with the natural processes that take place in it.

Following these rules, you can ensure not only the continuity of crops, but also their higher quality and at the same time care for the environment and the good of future generations.

 

Of the cruciferous vegetables, head cabbage is world-wide and is grown in Europe, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, central, eastern and western Africa, Central and South America and the Caribbean. Important cultivation centers for cabbage are China, India, Russia, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Poland, the USA, Indonesia and Ukraine. In turn, cauliflower grows best in a cool and humid climate. However, there are varieties that can withstand quite high temperatures (eg Indian cauliflower group). Tropical type varieties can be grown almost all year, especially in the northern and central parts of India. The difference between the two groups of cauliflower varieties is based on the ability of plants to adapt in different humidity and thermal conditions. The tropical group forms cauliflower roses at a temperature of 20-25 ° C and a group of varieties adapted to the temperate climate - at a temperature of 10-16 ° C. Cauliflower leaves can be resistant to snow, but the skin is damaged. The optimal, average monthly air temperature for growth and development is cauliflower plants of 15-20 ° C, the average maximum is 25 ° C, and the average minimum - 8 ° C. Short periods of low temperature (-10 ° C), as well as high temperatures (40 ° C) can be tolerated. Very low temperature during the development of inflorescence causes elongation of knots between vesicular and open cauliflower roses. The high temperature of the air after the formation of the hemosta results in a return to the vegetative growth leading to the development of the spines on the "head". In the inflorescence initiation phase, which lasts 10-15 days, the air temperature should not fluctuate too much, because it will increase the occurrence of physiological disorders

Potato genotypes (Solanum tuberosum ssp. Tuberosum) differ in the content of dry matter, starch, general and specific protein, vitamin C and L-ascorbic acid. In the case of some genotypes, there is environmental convergence in the assessment of the aforementioned value. Antioxidants in peeled purple pelleted potatoes were found equivalent to 332 μg Trolox per gram of dry matter (TE μg / g DW), followed by 82 μg TE / g DW in red TE and 79 μg / g DW yellow-colored potato pulp. Purple potato varieties are particularly rich in phenolic compounds (2914 μg per gram dry matter (GAME μg / g DW), varieties with red flesh - about 944 μg GRY / g DW and yellow flesh - about 941 μg GRY / g DW potato. 1.671 mg / g of anthocyanin dry matter were found in the purple-colored varieties, compared to 0.014 mg / g DW and 0.014 mg / g DW of the red and yellow color of the rind, however, as much as 20-40% of losses in the total content of anthocyanins were observed. (TA) in all three drying methods with 41 and 45% losses and in drying lyophilization - 77% KW Potentially rich in antioxidants colored potatoes should provide excellent opportunities for the production of food, nutrients.Thanks to the antioxidant properties of many polyphenols, direct chemical neutralization is possible oxidants, free radicals and environmental carcinogens, thus preventing damage to the genetic material Therefore, it is recommended to consume polyphenol-rich products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases or cancer.