Barbara Lesley Chadwick

• Cardiff University

Objectives To determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis, and factors associated with its occurrence in two cohorts of children exposed to different fluoride concentrations in the Malaysian water supply. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted among lifelong residents (n = 1,155) aged 9 and 12 years old living in fluoridated and nonfluorid...

Objective The increased availability of fluoride and concern over the impact of fluorosis, have led to guidance suggesting a decrease or cease in the optimal concentration of fluoride in water fluoridation schemes. To date there have been no systematic reviews looking at both impact of fluoride reduction and total cessation. This review aimed to ex...

Objectives The FiCTION trial compared co‐primary outcomes (dental pain and/or infection) and secondary outcomes (child oral health‐related quality of life [COHRQOL], child dental anxiety, cost‐effectiveness, caries development/progression and acceptability) across three treatment strategies (Conventional with Prevention [C + P]; Biological with Pre...

Background Historically, lack of evidence for effective management of decay in primary teeth has caused uncertainty, but there is emerging evidence to support alternative strategies to conventional fillings, which are minimally invasive and prevention orientated. Objectives The objectives were (1) to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effe...

This multicenter 3-arm, parallel-group, patient-randomized controlled trial compared clinical effectiveness of 3 treatment strategies over 3 y for managing dental caries in primary teeth in UK primary dental care. Participants aged 3 to 7 y with at least 1 primary molar with dentinal carious lesion were randomized across 3 arms (1:1:1 via centrally...

Background: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood and is associated with adverse health and economic consequences for infants and their families. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children have a higher risk of early childhood caries (ECC). Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions with pregnant women, new...

Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries (at dentine and enamel levels of diagnosis) amongst Malaysian children and to investigate determinant factors associated with caries detection at these different thresholds. Methods: This study involved life-long residents aged 12 years-old in fluoridated and non-fluoridated ar...

Objective: To assess the acceptability of fluoride varnish and fissure sealant treatments for children. To investigate the acceptability of delivering this treatment in a school setting for children, parents, clinicians and school staff. Basic research design: Semi-structured interviews (with children, parents, clinicians and school staff) and a...

Objective To assess the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis and caries among Malaysian children following the reduction in fluoride concentration from 0.7 to 0.5 parts per million (ppm) in the public water supply. Methods This study involved lifelong residents aged 9‐ and 12‐year‐olds in fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas in Malaysia (n...

Background Acceptability is an important aspect of the quality of health interventions and also has implications for the feasibility of future implementation. Process evaluations of complex interventions often assess the acceptability of interventions through qualitative interviews with participants, addressing participants’ experience of, satisfac...

Background Fissure sealant (FS) and fluoride varnish (FV) have been shown to be effective in preventing dental caries when tested against a no-treatment control. However, the relative clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these interventions is unknown. Objective To compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of FS and FV...

Aims: Whilst there is a considerable body of literature examining the pharmacology of conscious sedation, the social tasks required to successfully provide conscious sedation have not been reported. This paper discusses data regarding the interpersonal work integral to effective conscious sedation provision, from a larger qualitative study explori...

Fissure sealant (FS) and fluoride varnish (FV) are effective in preventing dental caries when compared with a no-treatment control. However, the relative clinical effectiveness of these interventions is uncertain. The objective of the study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of FS and FV in preventing dental caries in first permanent molars...

Background The 2013 Children's Dental Health Survey is the fifth in a series of national surveys.Aims To describe caries prevalence and severity and factors affecting these, in children in England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2013.Methodology A representative sample of children (aged 5, 8, 12 and 15 years) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland w...

Background Much concern appears to exist as to the scope and content of contemporary dental school programmes, with the oft-cited criticism being made that dental graduates are 'no longer as good as they used to be'.Aim The aim of this project was to survey the views of dentists - both new graduates and more established practitioners - on aspects o...

Objective: To assess examiner reliability when scoring dental fluorosis in Malaysian children using clinical (Dean’s Index) and photo- graphic methods. Method: The upper central incisors of 111 children were examined both clinically and photographically for fluorosis status using Dean’s index. Twenty children were re-examined after a two-week inter...

Aim An exploration of the threshold that dentists, doctors and nurses recognise for dental and child protection (CP) actions in sample clinical cases, and any differences between these professional groups. Method We present a cross-sectional survey of dentists, doctors and nurses (50 each), who regularly examine children, utilised five fictitious v...

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of interventions with pregnant women and mothers of infants up to the age of 12 months on dental caries experience in their children up to the age of 6 years. Specifically, the intervention types include: 1) clinical interventions, 2) or...

Children's missed healthcare appointments may be an alerting feature of neglect so it is essential that concerns are shared with other professionals. The aim of this clinical audit was to investigate the management of missed dental appointments for children in a city‐wide salaried community dental service. Standards for communication with (a) the f...

The management of carious primary teeth is a challenge for patients, parents and clinicians. Most evidence supporting different management strategies originates from a specialist setting and therefore its relevance to the primary care setting is questionable. The UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) ha...

Introduction: An avulsed permanent tooth is one of the few true emergencies in dentistry. Children who suffer this injury require urgent dental care and prompt follow-up care. There is very limited evidence available regarding the provision of treatment for avulsion injuries in primary dental care. Objectives: To explore the experience of UK den...

Background Neglect is the most common form of child abuse in the UK. One area of neglect that is frequently overlooked is dental neglect. This rarely occurs alone and is part of a wider picture. Referrals for dental neglect are made infrequently by dentists; Possibly because no clear threshold for referral exists and they perceive concerns about th...

Objective: To explore the purpose of dental conscious sedation provided within UK University-based secondary care dental settings as defined by patients, referrers and providers. Methodology: A qualitative investigation using semi-structured interviews was undertaken. Participants comprised of sedation staff in five UK University-based hospital set...

CORE INFO is an online source of up-to-date information from systematic reviews of the world literature with regard to child abuse and neglect. It includes reviews on bites, dental neglect and oral injuries. The issue of main concern to the forensic odontologist is that of bite mark analysis. Suggested interventions for dental neglect are based on...

The Seal or Varnish study is a pragmatic randomised trial to evaluate the relative cost and effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants and fluoride varnish in preventing dental caries in high-risk children in South Wales. In partnership with the Cardiff & Vale UHB Community Dental Service (CDS), the trial utilises the infrastructure of an existing s...

The role of the BDJ is to inform its readers of ideas, opinions, developments and key issues in dentistry - clinical, practical and scientific - stimulating interest, debate and discussion amongst dentists of all disciplines.

Community-based clinical teaching/outreach programs using a variety of approaches have been established in many predoctoral dental schools around the world. The aim of this article is to report current trends in the teaching of community-based clinical teaching/outreach teaching in dental schools in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In late 2010-earl...

The importance of understanding barriers to dental attendance of adults in the UK was acknowledged in the first Adult Dental Health Survey in 1968 and has been investigated in all subsequent ADH surveys. In 1968, approximately 40% of dentate adults said they attended for a regular check-up; by 2009 this was 61%. Attendance patterns were associated...

Background Dental caries remains a significant public health problem, prevalence being linked to social and economic deprivation. Occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars are the most susceptible site in the developing permanent dentition. Cochrane reviews have shown pit and fissure sealants (PFS) and fluoride varnish (FV) to be effective over n...

To investigate how a simple restoration evaluation training program affected restoration replacement decision making by a group of 16 dentists. The clinical examination of 66 dental restorations in nine female patients was carried out by two groups of dentists: one having previously received training in restoration assessment. The results of these...

Introduction Our objectives were to (1) systematically review the literature on the effectiveness of fluoride-containing adhesives in controlling decalcification in fixed orthodontic patients, (2) determine which fluoride-containing adhesives provide protection against decalcification, and (3) make recommendations on the usage of fluoride-containin...

Our objectives were to (1) systematically review the literature on the effectiveness of fluoride-containing adhesives in controlling decalcification in fixed orthodontic patients, (2) determine which fluoride-containing adhesives provide protection against decalcification, and (3) make recommendations on the usage of fluoride-containing adhesives i...

Over the past few years, community-based clinical teaching/outreach teaching programs have been established in many dental schools in the United Kingdom. One such program was developed by Cardiff University at the local St. David's Hospital in 2002. Students visit this unit throughout their dental school program--as an assistant/observer initially,...

Over the past few years, community-based clinical teaching programs have become established within many dental schools in the United Kingdom. One such primary care teaching unit was developed to support the dental undergraduate program at Cardiff University in 2002. Students visit this unit throughout their five-year dental school training-as assis...

Children with dental anxiety may refuse treatment, which can lead to dental emergencies. Shannu Bhatia and Barbara Chadwick review a number of ways in which to manage the anxious child, and the role of the dental nurse.

To identify the training in, experience of and barriers to reporting child abuse among dental therapists in the UK. Postal survey. A postal questionnaire was sent to all practising dental therapists (DTs) in the UK registered with the GDC (n = 851) in October-December 2007. A response rate of 49% (n = 420) was achieved; 24 (5.7%) questionnaires wer...

The role of the BDJ is to inform its readers of ideas, opinions, developments and key issues in dentistry - clinical, practical and scientific - stimulating interest, debate and discussion amongst dentists of all disciplines.

The effect of a 0.1 per cent hexetidine mouthwash on the microorganisms associated with aphthae and healthy mucosa in six volunteers was investigated in a cross-over study. No significant differences in total anaerobic, total streptococcal or dextran-producing streptococcal numbers or anaerobe/aerobe ratios were seen before or after either treatmen...

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a dental material which allows a one-visit apexification and is considered an effective alternative to calcium hydroxide. It is important for the whole dental team to understand the clinical techniques used and the materials involved.

This paper provides a pragmatic approach to analysing qualitative data, using actual data from a qualitative dental public health study for demonstration purposes. The paper also critically explores how computers can be used to facilitate this process, the debate about the verification (validation) of qualitative analyses and how to write up and pr...

This paper explores when and how to conduct qualitative research with children in dentistry, using research interviews as a method of data collection. Methodological guidance is also provided, based on research and a recent dental public health study in which 74 children from Years 2 (6-7-year-olds) and 6 (10-11-year-olds) were interviewed about th...

This paper explores the most common methods of data collection used in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. The paper examines each method in detail, focusing on how they work in practice, when their use is appropriate and what they can offer dentistry. Examples of empirical studies that have used interviews or focus groups are also p...

This paper is the first in a series of four that provides an overview of the key elements of qualitative research. In particular, it discusses issues such as what qualitative research is, when its use is appropriate, what it can offer dentistry and approaches to data collection and analysis. Where appropriate, examples of dental studies that have u...

An evidence-based (EB) approach has been a significant driver in reforming healthcare over the past two decades. This change has extended across a broad range of health professions, including oral healthcare. A key element in achieving an EB approach to oral healthcare is educating our practitioners, both current and future. This involves providing...

An evidence-based (EB) approach has been a significant driver in reforming healthcare over the past two decades. This change has extended across a broad range of health professions, including oral healthcare. A key element in achieving an EB approach to oral healthcare is educating our practitioners, both current and future. This involves providing...

To determine the views of general dental practitioners (GDPs) in North Wales on the use of preformed metal crowns (PMCs) for the treatment of primary molars. Following ethical approval, all GDPs in the North Wales Health Authority (85) were invited to participate in the study. After consent was given, a trained GDP conducted all interviews regardin...

To compare the colour of incisors depicted in teenage magazines with a sample of Welsh teenagers. A representative one month sample of magazines aimed at 9- to 16-year-old girls was obtained from a retail outlet. All images containing photographs of anterior teeth were identified and the colour of the incisor teeth measured using two commercial sha...

AimTo measure the distribution of choices for the treatment of a child with differing severities of caries in a primary molar tooth among specialists in paediatric dentistry and general dental practitioners (GDPs) in England.Method Two surveys were undertaken using the same tool. The populations invited to take part in the study were confined to de...

The aim of this study was to examine whether a single topical application of proenamel or tooth mousse would prevent enamel erosion Enamel samples were treated with either proenamel or tooth mousse applied for 15 min. The control group was placed in distilled water for 15 min. All specimens were then exposed to an erosive challenge of 0.2% citric a...

This paper details a qualitative study which explored how 6-11 year olds in Cardiff, Wales, think about information they receive about food and nutrition, and how this affects preferences and practices. Seventy-four children from four local primary schools participated in semi-structured one-to-one interviews. The data indicate that in both age gro...

The 2003 Children's Dental Health Survey is the fourth in a series of decennial national children's dental health surveys of the United Kingdom. This paper is concerned with how children are reported to have been affected by their oral condition during the 12 month period immediately preceding the survey and how this relates to the children's exper...

Background: The 2003 Children's Dental Health Survey is the fourth in a series of decennial national children's dental health surveys. Aims: This paper reports the survey-derived estimates of dentinal caries experience of children aged five, eight, 12 and 15 years, considering the trends over recent decades and the position in 2003 following cha...

Decalcification is a significant problem during fixed orthodontic treatment. Topical Fluorides can reduce or eliminate the problem, but the relative effectiveness of different treatments or combinations of topical fluoride preparations is unknown. This systematic review was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of topical fluoride preparations...

To identify the advice given by piercing parlours prior to orofacial piercing and to determine how many dental practitioners see complications from orofacial piercings. Administered questionnaire to 19 piercing parlours and postal questionnaire to 400 dental practitioners in south-east Wales. Ninety-nine per cent of 227 dental practitioners in sout...

Design A split-mouth randomised controlled trial conducted over a 1-year period.Intervention A conventional resin-based fissure sealant (Fluroshield® Dentsply Caulk, Milfor, DE, USA) was applied on randomly assigned upper/lower primary and permanent molars of one side of the mouth. A flowable restorative system (Bond 1+Flow-It! (Jeneric/Pentron, In...

Background: Caries levels in pre-school children remain high in some areas of the UK. Studies of glass ionomer fissure sealants show their potential for caries prevention in permanent teeth, but their use in primary teeth has not been reported. Aim: To determine whether a glass ionomer fissure sealant placed on primary molars in pre-school children...

Data sources Medline was the only data source for this review.Study selection Only studies that dealt with inlays, onlays or crowns and that were published in English were included. Studies that lasted less than 2 years were excluded, as were those published in abstract form only.Data extraction and synthesis The studies were divided into two categ...

Dental anxiety is a problem for many adults and children and for many patients anxiety acts as a barrier to treatment: avoidance of treatment, irregular attendance or attendance for emergency treatment only being typical ways of dealing with the problem. For the dental team a patient's anxiety poses major management problems, as an anxious patient...

Assessment of clinical activity is common in dental schools. An audit project to confirm that dental undergraduate clinical activity recorded by electronic data capture is an accurate representation of the clinical case entry is reported. A printout of clinical activity for a period of a week was generated retrospectively and used to identify case...

Competency-based education, introduced approximately 10 years ago, has become the preferred method and generally the accepted norm for delivering and assessing the outcomes of undergraduate (European) or predoctoral (North America) dental education in many parts of the world. As a philosophical approach, the competency statements drive national age...

A systematic review is a method of evaluating the published and unpublished literature relating to a specific area or topic. The objectives of this paper are to identify and discuss problems encountered in synthesising the available literature; and to make recommendations for the future conduct and reporting of clinical trials that aim to determine...

As a result of a European Union funded project (DentEd), a programme of visits to dental schools throughout Europe has been underway since 1998. This report describes the philosophy behind DentEd, gives a brief description of the features of a visitation, and covers the orthodontic and paediatric dentistry teaching as reported in 26 different denta...

Tuberous sclerosis is a hamartoneoplastic syndrome characterised by early onset of convulsive seizures with mental retardation. Oral abnormalities, including enamel hypoplasia and mucosal fibromas, have been previously reported. We report here a 17-year-old girl with this disorder who had received repeated dental trauma. She presented with a swelli...

This article describes the development and use of an electronic data acquisition system for monitoring and assessing the clinical activity of undergraduate dental students. The advantages of such a system over a paper-based one is that it can generate reports quickly and easily, showing the variety of clinical experience gained by the undergraduate...

In some areas of the United Kingdom, the dental health of young children is deteriorating, with levels of disease reverting to those of ten years ago. The recent enquiry into the education and training of personnel auxiliary to dentistry recognised that other health care staff working in primary care have an important role to play in the education...

Twenty-six persons with Laband syndrome have been reported in the literature to date. We report two further unrelated cases and suggest that a skeletal anterior open bite and symmetric soft tissue swelling of the vault of the palate be added to the variable features associated with the syndrome. There is clear evidence in the literature of autosoma...

The management of 11 oral complaints in community pharmacies was investigated. The most frequently encountered conditions were teething and cold sores, both of which were seen on a daily basis by the majority of the 32 pharmacists studied. A diversity of medications, predominantly topical preparations, was recommended for each complaint. Advice giv...

Community pharmacies in South Glamorgan were circulated with a questionnaire aimed at obtaining information on the frequency with which customers requested help for a cold sore and the types of medication suggested and aspects of advice given. The questionnaire was sent to 98 community pharmacies on three separate occasions (June and September, 199...

A number of compounds have been used in the management of recurrent oral ulceration, including antimicrobials. This was a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study to assess the value of a 0.1% hexetidine mouthwash in the management of minor aphthous ulceration and as an adjunct to oral hygiene. Forty patients with a catalogued history of ul...

The effect of a 0.1 per cent hexetidine mouthwash on the microorganisms associated with aphthae and healthy mucosa in six volunteers was investigated in a cross-over study. No significant differences in total anaerobic, total streptococcal or dextran-producing streptococcal numbers or anaerobe/aerobe ratios were seen before or after either treatmen...

Objectives: To utilise novel methods to compare the fate of carious primary molar teeth and surfaces using data from a cohort study of 2,654 children aged ~5 years at baseline, undertaken by Cardiff University School of Dentistry in 1999-2003, and augmented with Dental Practice Board treatment data. Methods: Children were selected from fluori...