Bakri Mat

Northern University of Malaysia | UUM · School of International Studies (SOIS)

The Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024 edition of the SINERGI: Journal of Strategic Studies & International Affairs examines key themes in geopolitics, history, and international relations, with a strong focus on China’s role in shaping global and regional dynamics. From its historical connections with Islam during the Tang Dynasty to its modern Belt and Road...

Objectives: This study explores the behavioral patterns of spectacle users with refractive errors in Medan City, Indonesia, and identifies the key factors influencing the decision-making process in choosing and using glasses, contributing to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by addressing vision health. Theoretical Framework: The research is guide...

The relocation of Indonesia’s capital from Jakarta to Nusantara (IKN) in East Kalimantan presents a compelling intellectual puzzle, raising significant implications. A primary concern revolves around the impact on neighbouring Malaysia’s border security and economic development, particularly Sabah and Sarawak. Considering the longue durée perspecti...

This study examines China’s energy security strategy in Central Asia through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Green BRI. The examination extends while integrating two theories, i.e., Energy Securitization and Complex Interdependence. By analyzing China’s investments in renewable and non-renewable energy projects, this research assesses how th...

The Indo-Pacific region has emerged as a significant global focal point due to the increasing influence exerted by China and the United States. In light of the dynamic nature of the global geopolitical landscape, Malaysia and Indonesia, as two prominent Southeast Asian states, find themselves at the nexus of this competition. China and the United S...

The year 2023, which is about to draw its curtain, has recorded various geopolitical changes and challenging issues due to complex interactions among various parties, which require a thorough solution for the benefit of humanity. The events of the Russia-Ukraine War, the conflict in the Middle East that is heating up, in addition to climate change...

Anthony Milner was Basham Professor of Asian History at Australian National University from 1994 to 2013 and Dean of Asian Studies from 1996 to 2005. His scholarly and professional relations with Malaysia have been close and long-established. He was the 4th Distinguished Pok Rafeah Chair in International Studies at the Institute of Malaysian and In...

In this editorial note, we present our overview of the selection process for the July issue of SINERGI's 2023 edition. Two main themes guided our choices for this issue. Firstly, we focused on the ongoing international issues and controversies that have shaped and redefined Malaysia's outlook. Secondly, we considered the global challenges that pers...

This study examines Rohingya living in Malaysia. Myanmar’s discriminatory citizenship laws have stripped nearly all Rohingya of their citizenship, making them the largest stateless ethnic group in the world. Malaysia is one of the most popular destinations for the displaced Rohingya from Myanmar. As Malaysia is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee C...

The influx of illegal immigrants (PATI) [or refugees] is one of the non-traditional security issues that has long plagued the Southeast Asian region. Malaysia is no exception. Despite not being a member of any international refugee-related conventions, including the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol, Malaysia has 185,920 registered refu...

This editorial note serves as an introductory explanation as we approach the dawn of 2023. The hardship of a total lockdown changes how we look at space and time or spatiotemporal beyond ordinary linearity of progress and regress. Nevertheless, how do we use space and time to make sense of the most significant concerns of threats to our security? H...

Issues and Problems : Glasses are a safe method for correcting refractive errors of the eye. A person with refractive error makes the decision to buy and use glasses because of various factors. One of them is caused by interests that are influenced by norms or other people's views about wearing glasses. Objective : This study was conducted to analy...

Political parties require strong financial backing to operate. Campaign activities require massive spending to convince electorates to accept the candidature of political parties in their locations. Yet, there are financial regulations on how campaigns and related activities should be conducted in Nigeria. This is to ensure transparency and account...

The plight of cybersecurity threats has drawn considerable international attention in recent years, but practical solutions to the emerging challenge remain elusive. The security and integrity of information systems lie at the heart of states' attempts to protect critical national information infrastructures. This article discusses the cybersecurit...

This study examines the implications of cybercrime and weak cybersecurity defense for Nigeria's national security and digital economy from the perspective of nontraditional discourse within international security debates. The research adopted a qualitative approach to data collection and analysis, with both primary and secondary source data employe...

Food security is one of the components that form the basic needs of a nation, households, and individuals. Any disruption at the dimensions of availability, accessibility, utilization and stability of food security will threaten the security and wellbeing of citizens. Although food availability at the national level is guaranteed through local prod...

The spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a pandemic on a global scale. This pandemic proves the risk of non-traditional security threats to human security and its effects in various forms. The food security sector is no exception to its impact. The COVID19 pandemic and subsequent actions by relevant parties to addre...

The threat of cybersecurity has drawn considerable international attention in recent years but effective solutions to this emerging non-traditional security challenge remain elusive. The security and integrity of information systems lies at the heart of states attempts to protect critical national infrastructures. This article discusses the cyber s...

The aim of this paper is to affect the global energy politics on international trade. Energy is crucial to financial advance and social improvement and energy utilization around the world has multiplied, contributing essentially to exceptional financial development. Data for this study were obtained from existing literatures on international trade...

The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is the electoral umpire responsible for the conduct of general elections in Nigeria and other related electoral activities since the resurgence of democratic rule in 1999. One of these important electoral activities carried out by INEC is campaign monitoring and political party financing activiti...

Malaysia terkesan dengan pelbagai krisis yang menjejaskan sekuriti makanan secara sementara dan tidak dijangka seperti pada tahun 1997/1998 dan 2007/2008, walaupun situasi dalam negara masih dianggap selamat. Buku ini dihasilkan sebagai satu kajian ilmiah dalam sub disiplin bidang Hubungan Antarabangsa mengenai isu sekuriti makanan sebagai ancaman...

A periodic election is a fundamental pillar and backbone of any democratic regime, and for a proper election to take place there must be some activities, most especially by parties and contestants to vote for them most especially competing to secure the electorates. These activities require huge expenditure from the parties and their financiers thr...

Cybersecurity is one of the recent areas of concern for national and global security in the 21 st century. It is a required segment of security at individual, enterprise, national and international level both at public and private sector. The current economy in emerging economies is shifting towards digital activities and Malaysia is one of these e...

Various technological innovations in ICT have brought about profound changes in major aspects of education, namely the content delivery or pedagogy, and the structure or management of both formal and informal education. Current technology has also offered the ease of copying or reusing new innovation without the need to acknowledge or compensate th...

Food security is one of the non-traditional security components that forms the basic needs of a nation, households, and individuals. Any problem in food supply or disruption in any of the four key elements of food security will threaten security and well-being of the citizens. In Malaysia, although food availability is ensured through via local pro...

Civil Society Organisations have recently been active and playing a vital role in democratisation in Nigeria particularly in the Fourth Republic. They were instrumental in the success of the 2015 General Election. This paper is a research work that examined the role of Civil Societies in election monitoring in Nigeria during the 2015 General Electi...

Rohingya Survivors: Regional Security Implication of Gender-Based Violence is not only a research book. It also explains how the Rohingya ethnic group became a major security issue in the region, mainly in Myanmar. Due to the prior policy of the Burmese regime, the Rohingyas are stateless; they were forced to leave their homeland and have become re...

The 2015 General Election in Nigeria has been widely acclaimed as credible by many scholars because of changes in the conduct and outcome of the election. However, one aspect is totally neglected when it comes to the issue of credibility which is the unprecedented use of excessive money in the political party financing process and its impacts on th...

The end of the Cold War has not only transformed the international political landscape but it has also changed our understanding of international relations theory. Perhaps, international relations theory has started to move its focus from state to human survival. In recent times, the international political landscape witnessed how information techn...

In the world where war leads to more suffering, conflicts leads to displacement and movements of refugees and migrants on massive scales and injustice leads to violations of human rights-human insecurity still represents a significant challenge to many states, including in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the promotion and protection of human security is...

Opposition political parties in Nigeria have been battling with the politics of zero sum game where winner takes all and loser lose all in a democratic setting since political independence in 1960. The ruling party used powers of incumbency, state treasury, state apparatus and all advantages of power to emasculate and dominate the political arena....

Corruption is one of the socioeconomic malaises that bedeviled the Nigerian State for many decades which virtually eroded all aspects of good governance and effective service delivery to the populace. It has affected democratic governance particularly electoral process with vote buying, bribing of electoral body officials and manipulation of the en...

Traditional knowledge related to medicinal plants of the indigenous people is a valuable asset to the community and could potentially bring economic returns to them if it is utilized appropriately. While much of the existing researches have been focused on documenting the knowledge, not much however, has been made known on the 'holistic' practice o...

The Nigerian 2015 General Election is one of the elections in the world that drew lots of attention and analysis as a result of its uniqueness and the many successes and challenges recorded which provide a lesson for future elections in Nigeria and other countries in the world. The aim of this work is to investigate the successes and challenges rec...

The proliferation of small arms, their illegal useand its threat can be felt directly by the people and the communities. Most of small arms in Nigeriaare those stolen arms from the government armories and stockpiles.In addition, there are othersmall arms thathavebeen trafficking into the country from war-ton and conflict zones of the African contin...

ABSTRACT [The original article was written in Bahasa] Traditional and non-traditional security issues continue to be debated until today. The question raised is, how does security studies approach influence the political landscape particularly in the Southeast Asia region? Southeast Asia region is highly relevant to be examined due to a range of u...

Godfatherism is one of the major obstacles towards genuine democratisation and good governance in Nigeria. In every political setting, there are financiers of politicians for elective positions and the financed ones. In Nigeria, the phenomenon of godfatherism denotes multi-billionaires sponsoring anointed candidates for elections at all levels in r...

Godfatherism is one of the major obstacles towards genuine democratisation and good governance in Nigeria. In every political setting, there are financiers of politicians for elective positions and the financed ones. In Nigeria, the phenomenon of godfatherism denotes multi-billionaires sponsoring anointed candidates for elections at all levels in r...

The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is the electoral umpire responsible for the conduct of general elections in Nigeria and other related electoral activities since the resurgence of democratic rule in 1999. One of these important electoral activities carried out by INEC is campaign monitoring and political party financing activiti...

Political Behaviour determines electoral process and voting pattern in every democratic regime. In Nigeria, the political and socioeconomic settings as well as historical background of the country shaped the behaviour and voting pattern of the electorates in the Presidential elections that took place in the history of the state so far. This paper e...

UNDP’s Human Development Report 1994 is perhaps among the earliest documents that recognized human security, a concept which eventually led to its frequent use among scholars and practitioners in the International Relations study. Relevantly, the study of drug trafficking from human security perspective represents a significant shift from the mains...

Political party financing is the process of funding the parties and the candidates that contested under their platform. However, in most developing democracies, elections and political party financing are marred with heavy allegations of corruption. The objective that this paper examined was the process of political party financing and how it’s inf...

Scholarly publishing plays a key role towards the dissemination of research findings and diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge. Yet, access to publications can sometimes become a problem due to high cost of journal subscription, a system protected by copyright law, thereby inadvertently hamper research, development and innovation. Several...

Various higher education institutions around the world have been adopting the Massive Open Online Courseware (MOOC), a new technological means to distribute and share knowledge across borders. While technology deem it convenient to share works online, the copyright issue cannot be taken for granted since it may lead to unnecessary legal actions tha...

Food insecurity has long been classified as one of the major threats to human wellbeing. In the field of international relations, the concept of human security as highlighted by the UNDP is viewed as an alternative to the mainstream state-centric paradigms designed to tackle the food insecurity issue. In this vein and to address this issue in South...

Walaupun dasar pembangunan di Malaysia turut memberi tumpuan terhadap isu sekuriti makanan, ia tidak efektif dan telah memberi kesan negatif terhadap keselamatan insan di Malaysia. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis isu dan cabaran pelaksanaan dasar berhubung sekuriti makanan di Malaysia dari tahun 1981 hingga 2012. Kajian ini menghujahkan isu dan...

DIPLOMASI MULTILATERAL DALAM FORUM SERANTAU ASEAN (ARF) Pendekatan diplomasi secara multilateral amat sinonim dengan kewujudan forum dan organisasi antarbangsa. Kewujudan forum dan organisasi-organisasi antarabangsa menyediakan medan untuk membolehkan proses diplomasi multilateral dilaksanakan dengan baik dan berkesan. Buku ini akan membincangkan s...