Babak Shaikh Baikloo Islam

• Prehistoric Archaeologist (PhD)
• Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch

“Human Ecology” and “Environmental Archaeology” are interdisciplinary approaches to analyze and interpret the mutual interactions of “Man” and “Environment” in the framework of synchronic and diachronic Research. A systemic view to the relationship between “Man” and “Ecology” causes “negation of the separation of culture from the environment”, “pay...

The consequences of climate change could be so severe and extensive that the issue has prompted human societies to change their subsistence system and adopt strategies to deal with those challenges. In the past, droughts and the reduction in water resources caused serious problems for human societies and made it difficult for water-dependent commun...

Climatic conditions shape the environmental situation of each region, something that the subsistence system of societies depends on and the belief system is based on. Therefore, any oscillation in the climate is not only able to change the way of life of humans but also affects their ideology and spirituality. Human cultural evolutions in the past...

Human health and subsistence have always been, directly and indirectly, affected by climate change events. Although the general trend of temperature in the Late Holocene has been toward cooling, due to the growing population and intense human activities over the past 150 years, the global temperature has risen. To mitigate climate change, the wides...

Natural hazards in ancient times were among the factors central to the decline of human cultures and civilizations. Climate change periods are associated with increased extreme weather events such as torrential rains and prolonged droughts, thus posing severe challenges to human societies. In the fourth millennium BCE, variable climatic conditions...

In the archaeological research of the Iron Age of Iran, the study of human-environment interaction has been largely neglected. Besides, due to the occurrence of climatic oscillations over the cultural period, conducting research with this approach seems necessary. The biggest limitation of this study was the shortage of absolute dating and reliable...

Art, which is the product of human thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and experiences, is strongly influenced by the artist’s quality of life and environmental conditions. Therefore, considering that any environmental change can affect the living conditions of human beings, especially humans dependent on the environment, it can be claimed that art ha...

Paleoclimate research is done with various methods. From the extraction of ice cores several kilometers from the poles to the examination of tree rings, they can produce useful information about past climatic conditions [1]. The time resolution of these researches is of great importance in archaeological and historical analysis. Furthermore, carryi...

During the Holocene, man's challenges with climate entered a new phase. Holocene climatic cycles, by creating dry events, have imposed many subsistence tensions on water-dependent communities. The semi-arid and arid region of North Central Iran, which has been very vulnerable to any climate change, experienced unfavorable environmental conditions d...

During the third millennium BC, while most parts of Iran were in cultural decline, the civilizations of the southeast were experiencing a period of prosperity. It was only at the end of this millennium that the stress of the 4.2 ka BP dry event (2200-1900 BCE) was able to lead to the collapse of the Bronze Age civilizations. The Akkadian dynasty, t...

During the Iron Age (1500 - 550 BC) extensive migrations and socio-political conflicts have taken place, especially in southwest Asia. Probably the main reason for these movements was related to the 3200 BP (1200 BC) and the 2800 BP (800 BC) climatic events. This study attempts to investigate the influential climatic events during the Iron Age in s...

Climatic events, especially severe droughts, have played a key role in cultural evolution and the challenge of civilizations. Climate change, which affects the natural resources and, consequently, the health and subsistence system of human societies, can lead to increased violence, migration, war, and the spread of epidemics. The main purpose of th...

Prior to the twentieth century and the exponential and unbalanced increase in population, human impact on the Earth's climate was negligible. Thus, previous climate change events were of natural origin and ended after their period. Throughout history, human societies have developed and used various strategies for resilience and adaptation in respon...

Climate change is characterized by an increase in the frequency of extreme events, such as droughts and torrential rainfalls. This situation can be seen both in the current global warming and by examining the sedimentary layers of previous periods. Paleoclimate research shows the successive occurrence of climatic events, and archaeological and hist...

Introduction: Human health, subsistence, and culture have always been influenced by climate change, from hunter-gatherer communities in the Pleistocene to food producer societies in the Holocene (DeMenocal, 2001; Prentice, 2009; Weiss, 2000). Climatic conditions have been constantly fluctuating at different temporal and spatial scales for a variet...

Introduction: The flood is a devastating event that occurs both due to natural causes and due to mismanagement of human factors. During periods of climate change, catastrophic floods have occurred, mainly due to extreme rainfalls, leading to widespread damages and heavy economic losses, displacement, migration, the spread of epidemics, and the mort...

Climate change is significantly affecting the livelihoods and health of human societies. During the Holocene, climatic events have occurred repeatedly. These events typically have affected large regions between 100 and 600 years. Paleoclimate studies of the Northern Hemisphere have identified climatic events of 9.2, 8.2, 5.2, 4.2, 3.2 ka BP, Roman...

During the Bronze Age, the cultural region of North Central Iran (NCI) suffered a longterm cultural decline, probably due to severe droughts. According to paleoclimate research, during the overall period c. 5.4–3.5 ka BP, four widely observable climatic events occurred at c. 5.3–5.0, 4.9–4.7, 4.2–3.9, and 3.8–3.5 ka BP, and these appear to have cau...

Introduction: From prehistoric times to the present, drought has been a serious threat to mankind and has often changed the course of history. Historical texts are replete with events that show how long-term droughts have led to famine, widespread human migration, and social conflict [1]. Drought refers to a significant reduction in the average an...

The archaeological site of Mafin Abad, located in the central part of Islamshahr city and 3 Km to the south of Mafin Abad village, was excavated under the supervision of Ahmad Chaychi Amirkhiz in two seasons in 2005 and 2006 (Maps 1-2). Moreover, they have dug some trenches around the site for environmental sedimentology. Findings concerning prehis...

Introduction According to archaeological studies, the number of Chalcolithic settlements in North Central Iran decreased significantly in the late 4th millennium BC. This cultural decline continued until the end of the Bronze Age. By the mid-2nd millennium BC, the Iron Age cemeteries appeared largely without the settlement and agricultural activity...

بر طبق مطالعات دیرین اقلیم شناختی، شرایط اقلیمی زمین، چه در مقیاس جهانی و چه منطقه ای، به دلایل گوناگون پیوسته در حال تغییر و نوسان بوده است و وقوع مکرّر تغییرات اقلیمی ناگهانی باعث بروز تنشها و فشارهای شدیدی به طبیعت و شیوة زندگی جوامع انسانی شده است. با وجودیکه روند کلی دما در عصر هولوسن جدید) از حدود ۵۰۰۰ سال پیش تا کنون، احتمالا به دلیل کاهش بر...

Because of its semi-arid to arid climate and desert nature, Iran has been a vulnerable country in the face of drought, and population growth without adequate infrastructures and facilities, by breaking the balance between inventory and demand, could exacerbate the risky consequences of this situation. Therefore, the optimal management of resources...

Prehistoric archaeological sites in North Central Iran suddenly disappeared around the end of the 4th millennium BCE. At Tepe Sialk, near Kashan, the last cultural period, namely Sialk IV - probably established around 3400 BCE after the last settlements of Sialk III6-7b - was abandoned approximately after 500 years. The material culture of this per...

شرایط زندگی بر روی کرة زمین به شدت متأثر از تغییرات اقلیمی و محیطی بوده است. پژوهش‌های دیرین‌اقلیم نشان می‌دهند که طی عصر هولوسن، تغییرات اقلیمی ناگهانی و شدیدی رخ داده‌اند و اوضاع اجتماعی و سیاسی جوامع انسانی را به چالش کشیده‌اند. این تغییرات اقلیمی، با وقوع رویدادهای آب و هوایی حدّی (خشکسالی، بارش‌های سیل‌آسا، توفان‌های شدید، امواج گرما و هجوم سر...

تغییرات اقلیمی معمولا با رویدادهای آب و هوایی حدی همچون خشکسالی، بارش‌های شدید، امواج گرما و سرما همراه هستند. نشانه‌های این وقایع در نهشته‌های باستانی و مدارک تاریخی وجود دارند و نشان می‌دهند که اجتماعات انسانی تا چه اندازه با رویدادهای ناهنجار اقلیمی در حال مبارزه و سازگاری بوده‌اند. تغییرات اقلیمی ناگهانی و تأثیرگذار عصر هولوسن، رویدادهای ۸/۲، ۷...

The Cheshmeh Ali (CA) cultural period (ca. 5300-4300 BC), followed by the Sialk I culture, not only covers the North of Central Iran region (NCI), but also it is evidenced in neighboring regions. The genesis of this culture has coincided with the consolidation of sedentary-farming in this cultural region. This research is based on the palaeoclimato...

اقلیم نیمه‌خشک تا خشک ایران، بر ارزش و اهمیت احداث باغ افزوده است، تا جایی که می‌توان باغ ایرانی را یک مصنوع انطباقی با شرایط نامطلوب محیطی تلقی کرد. از اوایل دوران تاریخی، باغ یکی از عناصر مهم در شهرسازی ایرانی بوده و از نمادهای قدرت و تمایز حاکمان به شمار می‌رفته است. باغ‌شهر کوچک و کهن نیاسر، واقع در میان کوه‌های کرکس، یکی از ارزشمندترین محیط‌ها...

In the Holocene, despite the increase in climate sustainability compared to the last glacial, Abrupt Climate Change (ACC) has occurred repeatedly and periodically on global and regional scales, which have affected the culture and lifestyle of human societies. Effective human responses to these climatic events have always been possible through adapt...

رفتارها و شیوۀ زندگی انسان بستگی مستقیمی به وضعیت محیط‌زیست او دارد. در عصر هولوسن تغییرات اقلیمی ناگهانی و شدیدی رخ داده‌اند که این رویدادها بر روند تطور فرهنگی، نظام معیشتی جوامع، تغییرات جمعیتی و پراکندگی استقرارهای انسانی تأثیر گذاشته‌اند. بررسی‌های دیرین‌اقلیم‌شناختی نشان می‌دهند که در نیمۀ دوم هزارۀ هفتم ق.م. طی یک رویداد اقلیمی سرد و خشک شدی...

در هزاره سوم ق.م، منطقه جنوب شرقی ایران، کرمان، شاهد شکوفایی فرهنگ هایی بود که مصنوعات هنری، آیینی و کاربردی خود را با کیفیتی استادانه تولید کرده و به مناطق همجوار و دوردست صادر می کردند. ظروف و پیکره های ساخته شده از سنگ نرم (کلوریتی | استیتایتی) از برجسته ترین و با اهمیت ترین مجموعه دست ساخته های شهرهای بزرگ (جیرفت، یحیی و شهداد) این منطقه در عصر...

کیفیت حیات جوامع انسانی به وضعیت آب و هوایی و شرایط محیطی بستگی دارد. با بررسی نمودارهای نسبتاً دقیق دیرینه‌اقلیم‌شناختی هولوسن که با آزمایش‌های گوناگون در مناطق مختلف زمین حاصل شده‌اند، چندین دورة خشکسالی شدید، شناسایی شده‌ که به طور قابل ملاحظه‌ای بر روی محیط زیست و زندگی جوامع انسانی تأثیر گذاشته‌اند، به طوری که برخی از آنها چنان اقتصاد جوامع را...

منطقة فرهنگی «مرکز فلات ایران» که اگر بجای این نام، گفته شود: «حوضة دریاچة نمک و غرب دشت کویر»، حدود آن بهتر مشخص می‌گردد، شامل چندین ناحیة مساعد برای استقرار جوامع انسانی است. این منطقه که از طرف شمال به دامنه‌های جنوبی رشته کوه‌های البرز، از شرق و جنوب به بیابان‌های مرکزی ایران و از غرب به رشته کوه‌های زاگرس می‌رسد، دارای اقلیمی کم بارش و خشک است...

حکومت الیمایی ها که ادامة حکومت ایلامیان است، پس از سقوط سلسلة هخامنشی، به تدریج استقلال یافت و تا پایان سلسلة پارتی (اشکانی) یک قدرت محلی مهم در گذرگاه جنوبی فلات ایران به میان رودان سفلی به شمار می رفت. از اواسط قرن نوزدهم تاکنون آثار فراوانی از این سلسله، همچون مجسمه ها، نقش برجسته ها و محوطه های نیایشگاهی، در محدودة کوه های بختیاری، خصوصا مسجد...

شواهد نخستین استقرار در سرزمین ری، بر اساس یافته های باستان شناختی به هزارة ششم ق.م باز می گردد. نام این شهر با واژه های مختلفی همچون راگا، اوروپوس، اَرشَکیّه، محمّدیّه و ری در بسیاری از متون پیش از اسلام، چه کتیبه و چه کتاب، به عنوان یک مکان بسیار مقدس زردشتی یاد شده است، به وجهی که ظاهراً حتی حکومت مخصوص و تقریباً مستقلی برای خود داشته است. در زم...

Situated at about 3 kilometers, west of Varamin, the Ahmed Abade Kuzeh Garan Site belongs to Age of the Advanced Ruralism (Because we did not find clues of copper in this site and many sites of this age within the Central Plateau of Iran, I have found this name more appropriate than 'Chalcolithic Period'. Based on this classification, the Age of Ad...

From the Neolithic periodup to now, the alluvial fanVaramin has been an appropriate area for settlement of human societies because of its rich and fertile soil. Many prehistoric sites in this part of the vast plain of Rey have been discovered and excavated. The archaeological site, Ahmed-Abade Kuzeh-Garan, is situated at3km from the west of Varamin...

ترجمه کتاب "هیروگلیفهای مصری خودت را بنویس" به قلم دکتر آنجلا مکدونالد